HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TLE ( TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION)

- One of the learning areas of the Secondary Curriculum used in the Philippine secondary
schools. As a subject in high school, its component areas are: Home Economics Agri-
Fishery Arts, Industrial Arts, information and communication Technology. TLE is also
referred to CP TLE for Career Pathways in Technology and Livelihood Education. The CP
TLE is required to , include practical work experience in the community which may
extend beyond its specific school hours.

And study the well-being of individuals, families, or societies

TLE – its nature is dominantly a skill subject, hence the teacher must engage the students in an
experiential and authentic teaching-learning process. Demonstration project based method and
hands -on learning provide effective and efficient result thus, improve the learners’ skills and
capabilities.
SCOPE AND NATURE OF TLE
TLE is considered as the real life related subject for it entails lessons that are relevant to
practical wages of life as in the house, in business and at work.
The legal basis of teaching TLE is based on Republic Act 10647, entitled an Act
Strengthening the ladderized interface between the Technical Vocational Education and
training (TVET, an education that leads to higher education, middle-level manpower,
entrepreneurship, and employment.
The Home Economics (senior secondary) will provide students with opportunities to
understand basic human necessities and study the well-being of individuals, families and
societies, building up their awareness of the various dimensions affecting well-being.
The curriculum at the secondary level will prepare students for further studies for work or
both. The curriculum at this level therefore aims to strike a balance between breath and depth
and to respond to current social, economic, and technological developments both globally and
locally.

DESCRIPTION OF FRAMEWORK
TLE encompasses the field of Home Economics, Industrial Arts, Agri-Fishery Arts.
 AGRICULTURAL ARTS

PLANT PRODUCTION
 Plant Production- means an economic technical agricultural industry in connection to the
cultivation of agricultural crops, ornamental plants, and edible mushrooms for human use.
Production of agricultural crops including the production of wild plant products for commercial
purposes.
Plant Production also means production of agricultural crop including the production of
wild plant products for commercial purposes.
It is also the multiplication and or propagation of more plants by either sexual or asexual
propagation methods

Agricultural Arts- is the study of arts or science of cultivating the ground including
harvesting crops and the rearing, management of stock, farming as one of the important areas
of TLE.
Plant Propagation can be divided into 4 basic types:
1. Sexual
2. Asexual (vegetative)
3. Layering
4. Grafting
Materials commonly used for plant propagation are seeds and cuttings.

7 Methods of Plant Propagation:

1. Sexual Propagation
Involves the union ( fertilization) of pollen and egg leading to seed formation. It can
also be called “seed propagation”, an old easy, single and effective technique for
ornamental or flowering plants, vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plant.
It also involves the sowing of seeds which result in most new seedlings being unique in
genetic make up.
Disadvantages:
- Delayed flowering and fruiting, plants that do not produce seeds can be propagated by
this method, identical plants cannot be produced and mass production is harder to
achieve.

Sexual Production
There are six types of Sexual Reproduction:
1. Fusion
2. Budding
3. Spore formation
4. Regeneration
5. Fragmentation
6. Vegetative propagation

Asexual Reproduction
- Means of propagation are- difficulty in producing new varieties, the practice and
skillsets required to follow these methods and plant being more prone to any kind of
stresses.
- Involves taking cuttings from a desirable plant and encouraging them to form roots.,
thus new plants. The offspring is genetically identical to the parent plant. This includes
tissue culture production.

Asexual Reproduction in Plants:

 1. Involves only one parent.
2. Does not
involve seeds.
3. Instead parts
of a plant’s stem,
leaves, or roots
can become new
plants.
4. Produce
offspring/clones genetically identical to the plant.
5. Allows plants to be produced much faster than sexual reproduction.

1. Cutting

- Cutting the vegetative part of the plant (leaf, stem, and roots) and planting it again to
regenerate the whole plant. The 3 types of cutting are named after the plant part being
detached/cut.
-
1. Stem cutting

2. Leaf cutting

3. Root cutting

Stem Cutting
 Leaf Cutting

ROOT CUTTING

2.DIVISION – suitable technique for perennial plants that live more than 2 years. It
involves dividing the plant by digging and moving it to an already prepared site. This
helps the plant to rejuvenate and reduce water and nutrient competition.
 3.Layering
In this technique the attached and bent branch of the plant is covered with soil
and allowed to roots after the emergence and development of roots that specific
part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow as a new plant.

4. GRAFTING-
Involves cutting a twig of one plant with the stem of another plant in such a
matter that they form a unit and function, it is a bit of a complex process to bring
the desired character to your plant. However, be sure to sterilize your hands and
tools to make sure you don’t transfer any infections during the process.
5. Budding

In this method, a cut is made in the rootstock and a single bud with little or no wood
is inserted into it, in such a way that they unite ang grow as a new plant.

6. TISSUE
CULTURE

Most recent and advanced technique in which plant tissues are grown in media
under controlled and sterile condition of environment. It is extensively used for
commercial purposes to produce clones of plants or mass produce plants.
Advantages:

1. It allows for the production of clones or exact copies of the mother plant.
2. Plants with desired traits or characters can be grown using this technique.
3. It is beneficial in propagating plants without seeds.
4. It allows the production of plants in a shorter period of time compared to traditional
concerned with animals.
5. Plants that are difficult to grow by traditional method can be grown by this method.
6. Disease-free plants can be produced.
7. Mass production of plants is possible with this technique.
8. Enhance productivity.
9. Easy transportation of plants

FOUR (4) METHODS OF PLANT PRODUCTION

11. Vegetative Reproduction

AA. Natural Methods of Propagation
aa. Lower Plants
  Budding

2. Asexual Reproduction
A. By Fission: In many unicellular algae, fungi, and bacteria, the mother cell splits
into two (2) new cells.

3. Sexual Reproduction
A. By conjugation

4. Induced Sex Modification

A. By growth hormones

The following points highlighted the 4 methods of plant reproduction:

1. Vegetative Reproduction
A. In lower plants:
(i) By Budding
Experiment:
Some yeast are grown in sugar solution and observed under the microscope
from time to time.

Observation:
It is observed that one or more tiny outgrowth s appear on one or more
sides of the vegetative cells immerged in sugar solution. In some cases the
outgrowths may be etched from the mother cells (which will grow into new
individuals)

Inference:
This method of outgrowth formation is known as Budding. After
budding continues one after the other so that finally a chain of cells is
formed. All the individual cells of the chain separate from one another and
form new yeast parts.

(ii) By gemmae
 A gemma (plural of gemmae) is a single cell or a mass of cells, or a modified
bud of tissue, that detaches from the parent and develops into a new
individual. This type of asexual reproduction is referred to as
fragmentation.

Experiment:
Some gemmae cups are collected from Marchantia and placed in natural
habitat.
Inference:
This is a new method of vegetative reproduction. The gemmae develop
in the gemmae cup and each gemmae is a small more or less circular
flattened structure with a conspicuous depression on each side. The growing
point lies in the depression.

(iii) By leaf tip

The leaf tip of adiontum is made to touch the soil in which it grows and after
a few days, observation is made. When the leaf bends down and touches the
ground, the tip strikes root and forms a bud. The bud grows into a new
independent fern plant.

(b) In higher plants:

(i) By underground stems:
Some tubers of potato or bulb of onions or rhizomes of ginger are planed
in pots, observation is made after 10-15 days.

Observation:
Many flowering plants reproduce themselves by means of rhizome,
tuber, bulb. New buds are produced on these modified stems which usually
grow up into new plants.

(ii) By sub aerial stems:

Experiment:
Some pistia, Hydrocotyle, Colocasia or Chrysantimum plants are
observed:
Observation and Inference:
Here, vegetable propagation takes place by means of sub-aerial stems.
Example by runner in Hydrocotyle, by offset in Pistia, by stolon in Colocasia
and by sucker in Chrysantimum.

(iii)By event status buds

Experiment:

Some Bryophyllutn leaves are kept in moist soil.

Observation and Inference:

A series of event status foliac buds are produced in the leaf margin, each
at the end of vein. These buds grow up into new plants.

(i) By Bulbs
In Globba or Allium sativum of the lower flower of the
inflorescense become modified into small multicellular bodies known
as bulbils. Some bulbils are kept in moist ground and observed after
a few days.
 Observation and Inference:
Bulbils grow up into new plants (sometimes they are seen to
grow
to some extent on the plant itself.

B. Artificial Methods of Propagation

(1.) By Cutting
a. By Stem Cuttings he physiological polarity should be maintained) int moist
soil they strike roots at the base and develop buds which grow up
(b) By root cutting
When some root cuttings of lemons, citrus, tamarind, etc. are into moist soil they uproot
forming roots and shoots.
(ii) By layering:
 In this case, a lower branch of lemon, rose, jasmine, is bent down, a
ring of bark to the ground to the length of 1-2 inches are removed
and this portion is pushed into the soft ground, keeping the upper
part free. The bent portion is covered with soil and remove bark or
stone 2-4 months), the or a brick is placed on it. When the roots have
developed (usually 2-4 months) the branch is cut out from the
mother plant and grow separately. A sufficient thick plaster of
grafting clays ( clay 2 parts, cow dung 1 part and some finely- cut hay
mixed with water) is applied all around the ringed potion which is
then wrapped up with straw and tied in a secured manner. It should
be wetted with water every morning and afternoon or may be kept
moistened with the help of a wick from a water reservoir. Usually
within 1-3 months, the gootie is ready as indicated by its striking
roots. It is then cut out below the bandage and grown separately.

(iv) By Grafting:
(a) Inarching or approach grafting
By this method a branch (scion) of a plant is made to unite with
seedling (stock) by firmly tying them together by means of a chord.
Before doing this, a small portion of the bark is sliced of from each o
ensure closed contact and quicker union between the two. When proper
fusion has taken place (usually within 2-3 months) the stock is cut out
above the joining and the scion, thus leaving the scion standing on the
stock. Some of the fruit tress like mango, litchi, guava, plum, etc readily
respond to this method.

(b) Bud Grafting

For this method, a T-shaped incision is made in the bark of the bark
and a bud, cut out clean from a selected plant, is inserted into the T-
 shaped slit and properly bandaged. From this method, it has been found
possible to grow several varieties of roses on one rose stock , good
varieties of orange, lemon, etc. on inferior stocks, several varieties of
china rose on one, cacti on one and so on.

Bud grafting

(c) Whip or Tongue grafting

The stock usually ½ to ¾ inch thick is cut down a few inches above
the ground, sloping cuts are then made in it 2-3 inches long.
 Scion of the same thickness is also cut in such a way to fit exactly into the
stocks. It is then inserted into the stock and tied firmly. The wound is of
course covered with grafting wax ( a mixture of tallow (animal fat) one
part plus bees wax one part plus resin 4 parts melted together and made
into soft dough under water). All buds are removed from the stock but
not from the scion.

Whip or tongue grafting

(d) Wedge Grafting

The stock is cut 8-10 inches above the ground and the wood of the
stem incised with clean cut in the form of a “V”. The scion, cut obliquely
downward so as to closely fir into the stock, is inserted into the stock and
tied firmly. Grafting wax is used for covering the wound. All buds are
removed from the stock but not from the scion.
 Wedge Grafting

(e) Crown Grafting

An old tree may be rejuvenated by this method. The stem is cut
across 8-10 inches above the ground. The bark of the stock is cut through
from the surface downward to a length of 5- 6 inches.
The bark is partially opened on either side. Prior to this a small
branch cut out from a tree is incised at the base with a sloping cut, and
this is now inserted into the slit in the bark and tied firmly. The wound is
covered with grafting wax.
 Crown grafting

A. PLANTATION

- Is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown in a large
area. The plantation has an interface of agricultry and industry.
- Plantation covers a large tracts of land using capital intensive inputs with the help of
migrant labourers.
Plantation agriculture comes under the category of Commercial Farming; mainly focuses on
commercial crops that give a good amount of profit in return and they can be grown in all the
seasons. (rice, coconut, abaca, trees, etc.)

B. GARDENING

An activity of tending and cultivating a garden especially as a pastime.

- It is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of Horticulture. In gardens,
ornamental plants are often grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall appearance,
useful plants, such as root vegetables, leaf vegetables, fruits, and herbs are grown for
MODERN APPLIED PLANT SCIENCE
HORTICULTURE
- Is the science of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of
plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs,
sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds, and non-food crops such as grass and
ornamental trees and plants. It also includes plant conservation, landscape restoration,
landscape and garden design, construction and maintenance, and aboriculture,
ornamental trees and lawns.

Science of Growing Fruits

POMOLOGY
- Is the science of growing fruits which divide fruits into groups based on plant
morphology and anatomy. It is important to the production of fruits that the USDA (
United States Department of Agriculture) established a division of pomology in 1886.
The goal of fruit tree improvement includes enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of
production periods
and reduction of production cost. One involved in the science of pomology I called
Pomologist.
 Image of Pomology

CULTIVATION OF SILKWORMS TO PRODUCE SILK

- SERICULTURE OR SILK FARMING is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. The

caterpillars of the domestic silk moth (also called Bombyx Mori) are the most commonly
used silkworm species (such as Eri, Muga and Tasar) are also cultivated for the
production of wild silk.