K.R.

MANGALAM WORLD SCHOOL, GK-II

CLASS – X
SUBJECT – COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
NOTES
CHAPTER-1 – INTERNET BASICS
INTERNET
Internet is a computer-based world wide communications network, which is composed of large number of smaller
interconnected network.
It can be assumed as an example of WAN (Wide Area Network).
Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with
each other.

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW was proposed between 1989-91 by Tim Berners – Lee.
WWW is a set of programs, standards and protocols that allows the multimedia (a document that contain a
combination of text, photographs, graphics, video and audio) and hypertext files to be created, displayed and
linked on the Internet.

Difference Between WWW And Internet

WWW Internet
It is a collection of computers or networking It is a collection of documents, linked via special
devices connected together. links called hyperlinks. It forms a large part of
Internet but is not the Internet.

CLIENT
Any computer on the networks that requests services from another computer on the Internet.

SERVER
Any computer that receives requests from client computers, processes and sends the output.

Difference Between A Server And A Webserver

Server Web Server
A server is a computer or device on a network A web server is a specific protocol type of
that manages network resources for clients. server, looking only for HTTP requests instead
of many different types of resource requests.

Services provided by a server are : Services provided by a web server are :

I. Equipment/Resource sharing I. Serving Web Pages
II. Centralised File Saving for Data II. Running Gateway Programs
Sharing (CGI) and Returning output
III. Centralised Virus Scanning III. Controlling Access to the server
IV. Centralised backups IV. Monitoring and Logging all
access.
V. Server side scripting

Examples : File Server, Mail server Examples : Apache webserver, Apache tomcat,
Jigsaw web server

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WEBPAGE
Any digital page / document (containing text, colour, graphics, animations etc.) hosted on Internet (i.e. accessible
via Internet) and viewable by anyone connected to internet is a web page.

WEBSITE
A web site is a collection of web pages which are digital files generally written using Hyper Text Markup Language
(HTML) hosted on a web-server.

Difference Between Web Portal (Portal) And Website

Web Portal (Portal) Website
Collection of launch web pages of array of web Collection of webpages offering a specialized
services like email, search engine, weather, content pertaining to the need and goal of the
gaming, news etc. organization owning the website.
Generally linked to many other websites that A website is generally linked to its own
provides these services. webpages.
A complete environment for managing and Caters to or delivers one specific type of
integrating a large number of diverse application or content as per the goal of the
applications. website.
Examples : Google, Yahoo, Rediff etc. Examples : cbseacademic.nic.in, ncert.nic.in etc.

COMPONENTS OF A WEBSITE
(a) Webhost
Hosting is where a website is physically located. On a webserver, somewhere are a set of files that are
transmitted to user computers when they specify the address of the website.

(b) Address
This is the address of the website (also called URL).

(c) Homepage
It is the first web page that appears when viewers go to a website.

(d) Design
It is the overall look and feel the website how all its content displays.

(e) Content
All the webpages together make up the content of a website.

COMPONENTS OF A WEBPAGE
(i) Content wise

(a) Hypertext – It refers to the combination of text, graphic images, audio & video tracks, and hyperlinks.

(b) Hyperlink – It refers to a dynamic link upon clicking at which a new web page or program opens. It can be in
the form of a graphic or text.

(ii) Structure wise

(a) Page Title – It is a single line text which is displayed on the title bar of the browser displaying web page.

(b) Header – It defines purpose of the web page which may be text/image displayed at the top of the web page.

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(c) Body – This contains actual content of web page displayed below header of web page.

(d) Navigational links – These are the hyperlinks using which you can move to the linked web pages/documents.

(e) Footer – This section contains copy right notice, website contact information etc. displayed at the bottom of
the web page.

States To Make Web Page Work

(a) Creation of Webpage

(b) Uploading / Publishing the Web page

(c) Retrieval

WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a program that lets you visit different sites on the Net and display their offerings on your own
computer. Browsers are intended to let you access resources on World Wide Web.
Examples of
(a) Graphical Browser – Internet Explorer, Opera, Safari, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla FireFox, Google Chrome,
Torch etc.
(b) Text only Browser - Lynx

BLOG
A blog refers to an online journal where entries are posted.
A person who writes and maintains a blog is called blogger.
An art of writing a blog is called blogging.
Types Of Blogs
(a) Personal blog – This is the most common type of blog in which a typical blogger may be keen on posting
stories about their interests.
(b) News and views – This type of blog contains factual stories about News, maintained by journalists.
(c) Company blogs – This type of blog runs by companies to let their customers and clients know what is going in
the company.
(d) Micro blogs – This is a new type of blog where one can post very short comments that other can follow.
Example – Twitter (limit – 140 characters)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Blogs

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up, don’t need much technical Personal blogs may be biased or contain
knowledge. inaccurate information.
Easy and quick to update. Time-consuming.
People can leave comments on your blog. People may leave rude or inappropriate
comments.

WEB ADDRESS (URL)

A location on a net server is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
Elements of a URL
 The type of server or protocol
 The name/address of the server on the Internet
 The location of the file on the server (path)

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URLs look like this :
type : // address / path
Example :
http : // www.yahoo.com / styles.asp

Internet Servers And What They Provide

Server Protocol Information it provides
ftp File Transfer Protocol Text and binary files organized
like a family tree (hierarchical
structure)
gopher Transfer Control Protocol / Text and binary files organized
Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) in a menu structure
http Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hypertext / Hypermedia files
Mail Post Office Protocol (POP) Messages sent via electronic
Version 3 and Simple Mail mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
News Network News Transfer Newsgroups that are
Protocol (NNTP) organized in a hierarchical
structure.

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

The characters based naming system by which servers are identified is known as domain name system.
Some Most Common Domains
S.No. Domain ID Affiliation Remarks
1. com Commercial For commercial firms
2. edu Education For educational firms
3. gov Government For government organizations / bodies
4. mil Military For Military
5. net Network resources For ISPs / networks
6. org Usually non-profit For NGOs and other no-profit organizations
organizations
7. co Company For listed companies
8. tv Television For TV channels and companies

Some Country abbreviations

au Australia
ca Canada
dk Denmark
fr France
in India
jp Japan
nz New Zealand
uk United kingdom
us United states

NEWSGROUP / FORUM / CLUBS / BULLETIN BOARDS / MESSAGE BOARDS / USENET

It is online community bulletin board, where users can post messages, respond to posted messages, or just read
them. Groups of related messages are known as Threads.
Examples are : alt.tennis , alt.astrology, comp.language.c++ etc.

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HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE)
This language was invented in 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee.
This language tells the browsers how to display text, pictures and links on the screen.
Terms that make up HTML
(a) Hypertext – It is a special type of digital text that contains links to other text.
(b) Markup – It refers to special symbols or instructions indicating the format, style or structure for a webpage.
(c) Markup Language – It is a set of standards to create an appropriate markup scheme for a webpage.

PROTOCOL
A protocol is usually a standardized method i.e. system of rules for transmitting data and/or establishing
communications between different devices.

Difference Between HTTP And HTTPS

HTTP HTTPS
It stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Secure.
It is a system for transferring information over It is a system of transferring information with
Internet without any security feature. SSL (Secure Socket Layer) that encrypts and
sends information over a secure connection,
making it hard to steal.
It is useful for sending non-sensitive It is useful for sending sensitive information.
information.
It is generally used for blogs, entertainment It is used for exchanging information such as
information and general articles etc. login details, bank details, payment details etc.
It does not require any additional technology It requires additional SSL certificate for secure
for data exchange/transfer. exchange of data/information through secure
connection.

Some Other Internet Protocols

Name Full Form Used For
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol Communication over Internet
/ Internet Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol Receiving Incoming Emails
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Sending and distributing
outgoing Emails.
FTP File Transfer Protocol Transferring files from one
machine to another.
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Making calls on Internet.

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