● functions

○ arguments, side effects, return values

int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}
source code
01111111 01000101 01001100 01000110 00000010 00000001 00000001 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000010 00000000 00111110 00000000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000
10110000 00000101 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
11010000 00010011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00111000 00000000
00001001 00000000 01000000 00000000 00100100 00000000 00100001 00000000
00000110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000101 00000000 00000000 00000000
01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
01000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
01000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
11111000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
11111000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100 00000000 00000000 00000000
00111000 00000010 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
...
machine code
input → → output
source code →
source code → → machine code
source code → compiler → machine code
correctness, design, style
Visual Studio Code
code.cs50.io
syntax highlighting
make hello

./hello
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}
arguments → function → side effects
→ →
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
printf("hello, world\n");
escape sequences
header files
libraries
Manual Pages
manual.cs50.io
stdio.h
manual.cs50.io/#stdio.h
printf

...
manual.cs50.io/3/printf
cs50.h
manual.cs50.io/#cs50.h
get_char

get_double

get_float

get_int

get_long

get_string

...
arguments → function → return value
→ →
string answer = get_string( );
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name? ");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name? ");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name? ");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name? ");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name? ");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
printf("hello, %s", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
types
bool

char

double

float

int

long

string

...
conditionals
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
variables
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
counter = counter + 1;
counter = counter + 1;
counter += 1;
counter++;
counter = counter + 1;
counter--;
loops
int counter = 3;
while (counter > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
counter = counter - 1;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i = i - 1;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i -= 1;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 1;
while (i <= 3)
{
printf("meow\n");
i++;
}
int i = 0;
while (i < 3)
{
printf("meow\n");
i++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{

}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
while (true)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
while (true)
{

}
while (1)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
Linux
graphical user interface
GUI
command-line interface
CLI
cd

cp

ls

mkdir

mv

rm

rmdir

...
constants
comments
pseudocode
operators
+

%
00000000000000000000000000000000
11111111111111111111111111111111
4294967295
2147483647
-2147483648
integer overflow
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
format codes
%c

%f

%i

%li

%s
9223372036854775807
truncation
type casting
floating-point imprecision
1999
1999
1900
19 January 2038
13 December 1901