TYPES OF PSU

There are two broad categories of PSU

1) Linear Regulated PSU

2) Switched Mode PSU

 Linear Regulated PSU
• A.C voltage is first stepped down using a low Freq
Transformer which is large in size and weight
• Then it is rectified using diode rectifier & rectified
D.C Voltage is filtered(cap) across its O/P
• Voltage across capacitor is still unregulated and is
load dependent
• A Linear regulated circuit comprising a Transistor
is used to give a pure DC supply as output for
connecting to load and remaining excess voltage
is wasted as heat in the regulator
Linear Regulated PSU
 SMPS
❖ I/P AC volt is first rectified and filtered to produce
un-regulated DC Voltage
❖ Un-regulated DC volt is converted into square wave
at high freq using transistor based circuit
❖ The chopper employs a switch which is basically a transistor
based circuit
❖ High freq switching (100Khz) and a fast control over duty
cycle of switch, will produce desired V of very high freq to
O/P side
❖ The output from chopper is fed to a High Freq Pulse T/R for
voltage scaling & isolation
❖ The output DC is again given as feedback to chopper to
regulate through a Error Amplifier & Compensating N/W
Ref voltage comparator
 Main reason for going to
SMPS
is due to
Small size, Less weight,
High efficiency & Low cost
 LINEAR REGR SMPS
SIZE & Weight BIG in size & wt due to LESS in size & weight due to
low freq switching high freq switching

CIRCUIT SIMPLE COMPLEX

I/P VOLTAGE Limited(210V – 250V) wide range(90V – 270V )
RANGE

EFFICIENCY < 60% > 90%

RELIABILITY Very much Less reliable

RIPPLE&NOISE QUEITER NOISY

INTERFERENCE DOES’nt create creates interference due to
interference High freq switching

TRANSIENT Recovers fast to Recovers little slower than

RESPONSE change in load Linear regr
 INTEGRATED POWER SUPPLY (IPS) for Signals
Specification of IPS?
❖ The latest spec of IPS is RDSO/SPN/165/2012 Versn.3

Cost of an IPS?
❖ The cost of IPS varies depend upon the no. of SMRs, INV,
Signal/Track transformers, no. of other modules and
Capacity of Battery. Cost Varies between 8 to 10 Lakhs

❖ As per Rly board letter, IPS shall not be included in work

schedules. To be procured through placing non-stock
indents on CMM.
 Advantages of IPS
• Blanking of Signals to drivers is avoided.
• Centralized system of P/S for all AC & DC Signal loads in a stn.
• Easy Monitoring thru Status monitoring panel in ASM room
• Modular in construction, less volume & weight
• Flexibility in design(enhancement by just adding modules)
• O/P regn ±1%, efficiency > 90%, PF > 0.95, Ripple < 1% rms
• Tolerance is high in 110V DC(i.e. between 98V to 132V DC) of
I/P supply, Output D.C voltages will not vary.
• Very high MTBF due to redundancy provided for all DC loads
• Very low MTTR - online replacement of module w/o interuption
• Reduces Inventory
VENDOR DIRECTORY for IPS 1-1-2021 to 30-06-2021

RDSO Approved firms (PART – 1)

1. M/S Amara Raja Power System Pvt Ltd., TPTY
2. M/S HBL Power Systems Ltd., HYB
3. M/S Statcon Power Systems Ltd., Noida

(VENDORS for DEVELOPMENTAL ORDERS)

1. M/s Medha Servo Drives Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad
2. M/s Shukila Power Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Moula-Ali,
Hyd-bad
3. M/s Electric Industries, New Delhi,
4. M/s Crompton Greaves Ltd. Office, UP
5. M/s Statcon Energiaa Pvt. Ltd., MP
 IPS SYSTEM consists of

SMR BATTERY
MODULES

IPS
SYSTEM
CONSIS
DC TO DC TS
ASM PANEL
CONVERTERS OF

CVT’S &
INVERTERS
CHANGE
OVER
RELAYS
MODULES of INTEGRATED POWERSUPPLY
 LPD BOX
ACDP DCDP SMPS

BATTER
Y

ASM
PANEL
 Our Standard Configurations
ACDP Panel DCDP Panel Details:

Conv ( <5 A) : 29
DC
EM- 1 EM- 2 EM- 3 VM DC-DC CONV- SMRs
CSU 25-29 ( 110V/20A ) : 6
Inventer
(up to 1.5 KVA) : 3

INV XFR INV XFR Step Dn XFRs

& AC & DC-DC (up to 0.5 KVA) : 6
SMR-1 CHOKES INV
VM/AM CHOKES CONV-19-24
CVTs
(up to 1.5 KVA) : 2
SMR-2

XFR-6
XFR XFR-5 XFR-4
DC-DC CONV- Dimensions:
SMR-3 13-18

DCDP Panel
SMR-4 XFR
XFR-1 XFR-2 XFR-3 1525(H)X635(W)X725(
D)
DC-DC CONV-
SMPS Panel
SMR-5 7-12
1525(H)X575(W)x725(
D)

CVT-1 CVT-2 ACDP Panel

SMR-6 1525(H)X750(W)x725(
DC-DC CONV- 1-6 D)
 VARIOUS IPS equipments
• IPS upto 4 lines without AFTC Non-RE Area (300AH)
• IPS upto 4 lines without AFTC RE Area (200AH)
• IPS upto 6 lines w/o AFTC Non-RE area(INV,AVR - 2KVA)
• IPS upto 6 lines without AFTC RE Area
• IPS INT fr Medium size stns in RE/NRE area(w/o AC rack)
• IPS EXT fr Medium size stn in RE/NRE area(INV,AVR-3KVA)
• IPS config for IBS in RE/Non RE Area (INV,AVR - 1KVA)
• IPS for I/L LC in RE/Non area 110V DC batt bank
(EOLB of 24V DC or 110V DC or 110V AC)
• IPS for I/L LC in RE/Non area with Bi-directional INV based
48V DC batt bank(EOLB of 24V DC or 110V DC or 110V
AC)
 BATTERY PATH CURRENT LIMIT
• For 300AH, BPCL is 22.5Amps
• Batt Path current limit can be set : 5-15% of batt AH cap
If the charging current is > 10% of BPCL then system will
go to Boost charging mode
• If the charging current is < 10% of BPCL then system will
go to Float charging mode

Batt Type Float Boost

LMLA 2.15v/cell - 118.25V DC 2.42v/cell - 133.0 VDC
VRLA 2.25v/cell - 123.8V DC 2.3v/cell - 126.5 VDC
 Technical Parameters of SMPS Panel
• I/P Supply - 230V AC (150-275V AC)
• Output Current - 20A per module
• Regulation - < ±1% for 25% to full load
• Efficiency - > 90% at normal I/P & rated ld
• Ripple(w/o batt) - < 300mV P-P or < 10mv
pshophometric w/o batt
• Harmonic dist - < 10% at 50 - 100% of rated load
• Over load prot - Current limiting with voltage droop
• Short ckt prot - Provided with auto reset facility
• DC OV prot - shuts off at 2.37/2.5V (VRLA/Lmla)
• Battery UV iso - at 1.80/1.85V/cell for(VRLA/Lmla)
 Basic function of IPS Modules

• SMRs: When AC power in Stn or GEN is started, converts Input

supply of 150-275V AC to 110V DC to charge batteries and to
power all sub systems (DC-DC conv & Inv) in IPS. Rating of each
SMR module is 110V DC/20A.
• DC-DC Converters: Converts 110V DC to 6,12,24,60V DC for all
relays, panel ind, axle counter, block local & line, HKT, Data log,
SSI & Block ph
• Inverter: Converts 110V DC to 230V AC for all signal thru
230V/110V AC step down transformers. Avoids blanking of signals
and rating is 1.5KVA
• AVR: Converts Input AC supply of 150 – 275V AC to constant 230V
AC supply to cater for all signal/Track circuits thru 230V/110V AC
step Down (T/F)
• Step Dn Transformers: Converts 230V AC to constant 110V AC
supply to cater for all signal/Track loads. Secondary of step Dn
T/F have 100, 110, 120 & 130 AC taps
 Feeder cable from BATT to SMR of IPS

• 120AH 10 sq.mm copper

• 200AH 16 sq.mm copper

• 300AH 25 sq.mm copper

(to ensure V.Drop between IPS & Batt is < 0.5v)

 DIFF between SIGNAL & TELECOM IPS
• 110VDC batt bank for SIGNAL • 48VDC batt bank for TELECOM
• + & - ve of 110 V not linked • + ve of 48V is earthed. Since
to earth. Hence ELD can be earth connected to +wire, ELD
connected can’t be connected
• As per Rly board norms, only • Either VRLA/LA can be used.
LA can be used Mostly VRLA used for telecom
• Cap of each SMR mod - 20 A • Cap of each SMR mod - 25 A
• INV reqd for Sig(AC rack avbl • INV NOT reqd(no AC rack avbl
• Since DC-DC conv are used • Ripple value has to be low for
there is no variation in Ripple Telecom since it affects clarity
voltages. (< 300mV at of voice, creates humming and
switching Freq measured) communication gets affected.
Since DC-DC conv are used
there is no variation in Ripple
voltages. (< 300mV at
switching Freq measured)
Draft Specfn of TIPSS is : RDSO/SPN/TC/102-2013
Formula for no. of MODULES reqd
• Hot standby module are wired & load connected in parallel
No. of SMR modules required(hot standby HS)
= (C/10 load of battery + DC load of station) + 1(Hot standby)
20 / 25A (Fraction taken as next higher value)
• SMR n+1 means, w.r.t normal load 1 more module should be
provided and connected in Hot standby mode and
No. of DC-DC conv required(hot standby HS)
• = Load current/(module - 5 / 10A) + 1(Hot standby)
• INT (SIG) DC-DC conv = n+2(HS) for other DC-DC conv=n+1(HS)
• INT(SIG) DC-DC conv, n+2 means - w.r.t to normal load 2
more module be provided and connected in Hot standby
mode.
• Cold standby modules are always kept spare and not wired
 PRECAUTIONS
• No fuse & No twisting of wire to be provided in neutral
• Lugs for wire terminations, batt & tight connections be
ensured
• V.D in I/P from No load to Full load should be (˂10%)
• Ensure bet I/P of 150-270vac, IPS is withstanding load
• Ensure V.D between IPS and battery is less than 0.5v
• Ensure even sharing of Current in SMR&DC–DC conv
• Keep 230V AC/48VDC chgr wiring to battready for IPS
• Ensure wkg of ASM panel before commissioning of
IPS. If ASM panel defective, feedback of IPS system
cannot be given by ASM
•Ensure backup of IPS should be minimum for 6hrs else
checkup batt
 PRECAUTIONS

•Ensure Batt V matching with ASM Status Monitorg panel reading

• Ensure wiring of IPS potential free contact to Data loggers
• Pre-commissioning check list of IPS should be carried out before
commissioning of IPS
• Connecting wires from LPD module to IPS system should
always be kept as short as possible. (between 1 to 3Meters)
• Earthing to be provided & value must be less than 5Ω.
•Ensure Lighting & Surge protection are provided and are healthy
• Maintain proper insulation of 48v DC power cable since same
voltage is extended to Telecom loads and if fails, hampers whole
Telecom system equipments
• Failure history should be maintained of IPS
• IPS load should be provided with a reliable phase(R, Y & B)
•SET correct voltages for start G,emer Start & system shut down
S Name of Working Required
N Equipment Voltage Current
1. 25W VHF Set 12V DC 2-3 Amp
2. VF Repeater 12V DC 0.5 Amp
3. Gate Telephone 12V DC 100 - 500mA
4 Gate Telephone 24V DC 200mA - 1A
5. Way Station 12V DC 100mA
Control Telephone
6. Magneto Telephone 3-6V DC 50mA
7. STM1/4 OFC eqpt 48V DC 3 Amp
8. PD MUX 48V DC 2 Amp
9. Router 12V DC 3 Amp
10 Switch 12V DC 2 Amp
CODAL LIFE of TELECOM ASSETS(2021)
• CABLE (PIJF) • 25 yrs
• BATTERY CHARGERS, DG sets, INV • 10 yrs
• Electronic,Wireless incldg OFC Eqpt • 15 yrs
• EXCHANGE incldg Telephone eqpt • 15 yrs
• BATTERIES
• 4 yrs
• Personal Computers & PRINTERS
• Walkie-Talkie sets/VHF • 3 yrs
• 6 yrs WT
• 8 yrs 25W VHF
1 yr-WT batt for Dri/Guard,
2 yr-WT batt for others
• OFC measuring equipments : 8 yrs
• Cell phones : 3 yrs
• Video Phone & WLL phone : 8 yrs
• Portable VSAT, Satellite phone : 6 yrs
• Datacom eqpts,Router,Modem,Switch : 8 yrs
• LED display Boards for PIS : 8 yrs for
RDSO appd specfn., & 5 yrs for COTS items

COTS - commercially off the shelf items

• GPS based Digital clocks : 10 yrs
• VOIP based Train Control Commncn sys : 10yrs
• Voice Logger for control, auto ph, LC ph : 8 yrs
for RDSO apprvd specfn.,& 6 yrs for COTS
• Control Commcn & Gate comm. Eqpts : 8 yrs
• Telecom Batt chgr/SMPS P/S eqpt/INV :15yrs
• CCTV and associated equipments : 8 yrs

(Rly Bd lr no. 2019/AC-II/2/6e dated 26/2/2021)

Formula for no. of MODULES reqd
• Hot standby module are wired & load connected in parallel
• No. of SMR modules required(hot standby)
= (C/10 of battery + DC load of stn) + 1or2(Hot standby)
25A(module rating)
• No. of DC-DC conv mod(ie., 48 DC - 24/12vDC) (Hot
standby)
= ( DC load of eqpt) + 1(hot standby)
5A(module rating)
• Fraction is considered next higher value
• Hot standby mod for SMR : n+1 (VRLA) & n+2 for (LMLA)
for DC DC conv : n+1 for all modules
• Cold standby modules are always kept spare and not wired
 Transformer

• Its a Passive device. Steps UP or step DN Volt.

Accordingly Current decreases during Step UP &
Current increases during Step DN of voltage
• In other words transfers power fm PRI - Secdy
• Rated in KVA. Having 90 - 95% efficiency.
• For MAX voltage in Secondary, MIN Primary tap
and MAX secondary tap should be used.
 ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
Advantages:
It is provided for Safety, to Reduce Surge & Noise

They are electrically separated and used for protection

of electronics circuit for any kind of faults

If current is > 25 mA, Human body will be affected by

shock and person may die

For carrying out repairs and for maintenance personnel,

isolation transformer is used because it is safe
Disadvantages:
Additional cost and small amount of loss in T/R
Effect of ISOLATION T/R
 SOLAR CELLS
• Renewable source of energy
• PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS converts LIGHT into
ELECTRICITY (DC)
• Light ray entering wafer, force electrons to move
towards rear surface which results in electl energy
• A simple solar cell is a PN junction diode. Consists
of thin wafer of silicon with back surface silvered
• Each PV cell is of 0.5volts and 2.2 amps
• Some solar panel consist of 36nos of 0.5V PV cells
in series to give an O/P of 12V/35W(No load V-18v)
• COST approx Rs. 50 per watt Efficiency 15 – 20%
• MAX. WATT solar panel available 400W / panel
•Very much suitable for remote areas
•Can be connected in series / parallel
combination for achieving desired output
•Solar charge controller is a constant voltage
chgr
•Proper orientation should be done for max o/p
SERIES - PARALLEL COMBINATION OF
SOLAR PANELS
 ADVANTAGES
• NO - MOVING PARTS
• No REPLACEMENTS
• No fuel and hence No pollution
• No maintenance
• No NOISE
• INDEPENDENT of any external source of POWER SUPPLY
• Excess power can be sold back to power company
• Can be installed anywhere(in a field or on a building)
LIFE : between 25 to 40 years
 DIESEL GENERATOR SET
• DG conv chemical energy in diesel to Electrical energy
• uses diesel engine & AC alternator coupled together
• Maintained by Signal or Electrical dept.,
• Cap & type of DG set based on load : 1-Ø or 3 Ø
• Normally 1Ø,230V AC (3% regn) is used with
50hz freq ± 5% from NL to FL
• 6KVA,7.5KVA,10KVA,12KVA & 15KVA used
• To be maintained fortnightly
• Efficiency of Gen 65 – 70%
 POTENTIAL FREE CONTACTS
• NO voltage potential on them. known as volt free contact
• used for monitoring purpose, ie., status of Eqpt working
• They are physically operated with main device, but not
electrically connected to it. ex., a Charger when wkg gives
DC O/P. But if I/P supply is available and doesn’t give O/P,
Position of contacts will change fm NO to NC or vice versa
• Also called as "dry contacts” ie., No current. It is not
"wetted" by a voltage source. Dry contact can refer to a
secondary set of contacts of a relay circuit which does not
make or break primary current being controlled by relay.
Potential free contact diagram
▶ Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) It
provides emergency power to load when input
power source(230V AC mains) fails.

UPS is used for : Line voltage

fluctuations
Low line voltage
Supply lost for more than few milliseconds
Standby UPS diagram
 Types of UPS
▶ There are three types of UPS

They are
Off-line UPS

Line Interactive UPS

On-line UPS
 TYPES OF UPS

• OFF-Line UPS - Invertor is switched ON

automatically as soon as AC power is put off

• Line – interactive UPS - like Off line UPS, but

always interacts with AC line voltage

• ON-Line UPS - Invertor is always in ON

irrespective of AC power supply ONcondition
Off-line UPS circuit
 Line Interactive UPS
▶ Similar to Off-line UPS with addl. stabiliser
•During I/P voltage variation, o/p voltage will
be stabilised which will be supplied to load
thru AC switch which is normally ON.
▶ Less stress on INV since power for load is
always from Input supply
▶ Cheap, good voltage regulation, used for 0.5 to
5KVA, highly reliable and efficient
 ON-line UPS
▶ In ON-line UPS, system always remains on battery &
INV, whether I/P AC present or not. (good voltage
conditioning & no switchover time)
▶ When mains AC is present, it provides power to DC
supply of inverter section as well as charges the
battery simultaneously.
▶ When I/P AC is not present, battery will be
connected to load till recommended dischargeable
level.
▶ INVERTOR ALWAYS IN ON CONDITION
 Online UPS
▶ Shape of O/P waveform is pure Sine Wave
▶ Safeguards load against fluctuations of input
power supply & power outage
▶ Low eff, more cost, used for capacity > 5KVA
▶ Battery capacity decides backup time of UPS
• ADVANTAGES:- No Changeover time fm mains to
batt mode in case of power failure
• USES:- used for Medical, Surgicals, Banks, Data
centre and big computer systems where data is
most impotent
Block diagram of Online UPS
 CALCULATION for UPS(ex., IPIS)
• Formulae for finding backup time of batt
= Batt V x Batt AH rating/Total watts on Load
ex: PIS(230V) of load 5A backup reqd. for 5hrs
What is Rating of UPS =
12V x Batt AH rating / 230V x 5Amps = 5hrs
1150 X 5 / 12 = 5750 / 12 = 480AH(batt rating)
For 50% DOD, it will become 960AH
Hence batt rating will be 12V, 100AH(10nos)
UPS rating={1150+1200}(x1.5)/0.8 x 0.8 ~ 6KVA
 CALCULATION for UPS(ex., Comp)
• Back up Time of computer UPS
= Batt V x Batt AH rating=(UPS rating)/Total Load(W)
ex: V - 230V, I - 0.6A ie., P - 150W: backup reqd. 20min
What is Rating of batt & UPS =
12V x Batt AH rating / 230V x 0.6A = 20min
150x 20/60 / 12 = 50/12=4.2AH(batt rating)
For 70% DOD, it will become 7AH of 12V
UPS Rating=(150+8.4)x1.5/.8x.8=372va ≈ 0.5KVA