Review of Related Literature: Surigao Del Norte National High School Peñaranda ST., Surigao City

Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section presents previous studies, articles, and much

other information from published journal and internet that are
related to the study at hand.
Badjao Tribe
In Sabah, the badjao is considered as a regional identity
and being considered as well as the sub-ethnic group of sama. The
Borneo originated badjao is being called as badjao Kota Belud, a
community of people that is very proximate to Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia. In the Philippines, on the other hand, sama is
considered as the badjao sub grouping. In its island municipality
of ‘Capul’ in Northern Province of Samar which is inhabited by
Sama-Abaknon is badjao speaking people. It is inhabited by people
known as samarenyos. In the adjacent island of Davao City which
is Samal Island, it is inhabited by people called samalan or
samalon. Like the samarenyos, the people of samal island speak a
language that is nearer to bisayan dialect than to badjao
language. It appears that their language has been radically
changed to fit their environment but their community can still be
called badjao by reason of commonality in origin. Badjao is an
indigenous group of Austronesians residing in the stretches of
the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas and beyond. Although, they are not
originated from the Philippines, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago is
their home place (Saddalani, 2019).
1
Values of Badjao
In addition to their seasonal jobs, farming crops
and growing seaweeds are their other sources of income.
But still, economic difficulties are present for a number
of reasons such as poor soil quality and problematic tides.
Badjao also encounter problems in seaweed farming due to
unproductive and limited area of seabed and unfriendly tides
that eventually damage and undermine the seaweed. Aside from
these predicaments, water and electricity or power supply are
another immediate problem that hindered the progress of their
living condition (Gonzales, 2018).
Badjao live in a place of difficulty and hardship. It is
greatly different from the definition of “urban”. For instance,
the Badjao people from the area depended upon far-away deep wells
and rainwater as water supply. Every household store invaluable
rainwater in containers. Daily, they fetch water out of wells
with carrying poles and transport them via bangka from the shore
to their houses (Shedada, 2019).
Beliefs of Badjao
Hundred years before the coming of Islam, the badjao
navigated the Sulu Sea, the main island of Mindanao Reo-Grande
(part of Cagayan De Oro), and the seas between Malaysia and
Indonesia. These marine areas were their habitual fishing ground
that made them earned the moniker as the legendary guardians of
2
the Sea. TabbaTaha (now Tubataha) is the longest reef in the
Philippines that had been the fishing ground of the badjao during
the golden age of their civilization. The Sama Lepa Boat which is
yearly honoured in Sabah and Tawi-Tawi as part of their local
cultural festivity; the traditional performing art known as Igal
(dance) which is commonly practiced in Tawi-Tawi and the rest of
the Nusantara region (now BIMP: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and
Philippines) by the local themselves; and the traditional
knowledge of Pandoga which takes place of the navigational aid of
our modern time, are some of their enduring traditions that this
study intends to revisit. These and along with the traditional
craftsmanship are their cultural heritage, sourced of their
business strength and cultural legacy, that have been recognized
by UNESCO and asked to be preserved as part of the
intergenerational responsibility (Bernardo, 2022).
As seen in the television and online news, it is apparent
that the Philippine government provides aid to deported
undocumented Filipino migrants, not only from Sabah but from
other Asian places as well. However, this government aid for the
Sama-Badjao halawis regarded by other Filipinos as not necessary
for they perceive Badjao as people who commit illegal deeds.
Furthermore, their illegal entry is their last resort for
economic survival in our modern competitive world. Some consider
this desperate entry as an idiotic act. However, despite of all
the difficulties, challenges and criticisms, the Sama-Badjao
3
halawcontinue to migrate to Sabah. Most of the known halaware
from Tawi-Tawi, particularly in South Ubian, an island
municipality located near Sabah. The responsibility to support
their family financially trigger them to move out to Sabah,
Malaysia and leave their homeland and loved ones behind
(Hairulla, 2022).
Traditions of Badjao
One lifestyle, making use of small wooden sailing vessels.
Their village is in the southern Philippines, on a little stretch
of beach on Sarangani Bay, which is just a few miles south of
General Santos. Traditionally Badjao had no permanent dwellings
and lived on their boats throughout the year. Badjao was
displaced by wars and the death of their traditional fishing
culture. Their homeland has been taken away from them and their
culture is gradually slipping away. Amongst themselves, they’re
known as Sama Laus (Sea Sama) and are found living on houseboats
where they make their livelihood solely on the sea as expert
fishermen, deep-sea divers, and navigators (Jaocult, 2017).
Building or repairing houses in South Ubian is another
seasonal job for its native Sama-Badjao carpenters. Stilt
houses in South Ubian are mostly made of wood and dried
coconut leaves while a few are made of concrete. The houses,
like wooden footbridges, need to be repaired or rebuilt regularly
at least once in 4 years. The dried coconut leaves that serve as
4
roofs are also temporary and needed to be replaced regularly. As
the population grows higher, the demand for new houses also
increases. This opportune situation provides Sama-Badjao
carpenters jobs, however, still seasonal. Seasonal jobs in
South Ubian could not improve their living condition. This
situation urged Sama-Badjao carpenters to move out to
Sabah and find jobs there to sustain immediate and future
needs of their family (Jildon, 2019).

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Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section presents previous studies, articles, and much

In Sabah, the badjao is considered as a regional identity

and being considered as well as the sub-ethnic group of sama. The

Borneo originated badjao is being called as badjao Kota Belud, a

community of people that is very proximate to Kota Kinabalu,

Sabah, Malaysia. In the Philippines, on the other hand, sama is

considered as the badjao sub grouping. In its island municipality

of ‘Capul’ in Northern Province of Samar which is inhabited by

Sama-Abaknon is badjao speaking people. It is inhabited by people

known as samarenyos. In the adjacent island of Davao City which

is Samal Island, it is inhabited by people called samalan or

samalon. Like the samarenyos, the people of samal island speak a

language that is nearer to bisayan dialect than to badjao

language. It appears that their language has been radically

changed to fit their environment but their community can still be

called badjao by reason of commonality in origin. Badjao is an

indigenous group of Austronesians residing in the stretches of

the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas and beyond. Although, they are not

originated from the Philippines, Tawi-Tawi in Sulu Archipelago is

their home place (Saddalani, 2019).

In addition to their seasonal jobs, farming crops

and growing seaweeds are their other sources of income.

But still, economic difficulties are present for a number

of reasons such as poor soil quality and problematic tides.

Badjao also encounter problems in seaweed farming due to

unproductive and limited area of seabed and unfriendly tides

that eventually damage and undermine the seaweed. Aside from

these predicaments, water and electricity or power supply are

another immediate problem that hindered the progress of their

living condition (Gonzales, 2018).

Badjao live in a place of difficulty and hardship. It is

greatly different from the definition of “urban”. For instance,

and rainwater as water supply. Every household store invaluable

rainwater in containers. Daily, they fetch water out of wells

to their houses (Shedada, 2019).

Hundred years before the coming of Islam, the badjao

navigated the Sulu Sea, the main island of Mindanao Reo-Grande

(part of Cagayan De Oro), and the seas between Malaysia and

Indonesia. These marine areas were their habitual fishing ground

that made them earned the moniker as the legendary guardians of

the Sea. TabbaTaha (now Tubataha) is the longest reef in the

yearly honoured in Sabah and Tawi-Tawi as part of their local

cultural festivity; the traditional performing art known as Igal

(dance) which is commonly practiced in Tawi-Tawi and the rest of

the Nusantara region (now BIMP: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and

Philippines) by the local themselves; and the traditional

knowledge of Pandoga which takes place of the navigational aid of

study intends to revisit. These and along with the traditional

craftsmanship are their cultural heritage, sourced of their

business strength and cultural legacy, that have been recognized

by UNESCO and asked to be preserved as part of the

intergenerational responsibility (Bernardo, 2022).

As seen in the television and online news, it is apparent

that the Philippine government provides aid to deported

undocumented Filipino migrants, not only from Sabah but from

Sama-Badjao halawis regarded by other Filipinos as not necessary