Dos 1

DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTED FILE
SYSTEMS
Topics
 Introduction
 File Service Architecture
 DFS: Case Studies
 Case Study: Sun NFS
 Case Study: The Andrew File System
Introduction
 File system were originally developed for
centralized computer systems and desktop
computers.
 File system was as an operating system
facility providing a convenient
programming interface to disk storage.
Introduction
 Distributed file systems support the
sharing of information in the form of files
and hardware resources.
 With the advent of distributed object
systems (CORBA, Java) and the web, the
picture has become more complex.
 Figure 1 provides an overview of types of
storage system.
Introduction
Sharing Persis- Distributed Consistency Example
tence cache/replicas maintenance
Main memory 1 RAM
File system 1 UNIX file system
Distributed file system Sun NFS
Web Web server
Distributed shared memory Ivy (Ch. 18)

Remote objects (RMI/ORB) 1 CORBA
Persistent object store 1 CORBA Persistent
Object Service
Peer-to-peer storage system OceanStore(Ch. 10)
Figure 1. Storage systems and their properties

Types of consistency between copies: 1 - strict one-copy consistency
√ - approximate consistency
X - no automatic consistency
Introduction
 Figure 2 shows a typical layered module
structure for the implementation of a non-
distributed file system in a conventional
operating system.
Introduction
Directory module: relates file names to file IDs
File module: relates file IDs to particular files

Access control module: checks permission for operation requested
File access module: reads or writes file data or attributes

Block module: accesses and allocates disk blocks
Device module: disk I/O and buffering
Figure 2. File system modules

Introduction
 File systems are responsible for the
organization, storage, retrieval, naming,
sharing and protection of files.
 Files contain both data and attributes.
 A typical attribute record structure is
illustrated in Figure 3.
Introduction
File length
Creation timestamp
Read timestamp
Write timestamp
Attribute timestamp
Reference count
Owner
File type
Access control list
Figure 3. File attribute record structure

Introduction
 Figure 4 summarizes the main operations
on files that are available to applications in
UNIX systems.
Introduction
Figure 4. UNIX file system operations
filedes = open(name, mode) Opens an existing file with the given name.
filedes = creat(name, mode) Creates a new file with the given name.
Both operations deliver a file descriptor referencing the open
file. The mode is read, write or both.
status = close(filedes) Closes the open file filedes.
count = read(filedes, buffer, n) Transfers n bytes from the file referenced by filedes to buffer.
count = write(filedes, buffer, n) Transfers n bytes to the file referenced by filedes from buffer.
Both operations deliver the number of bytes actually transferred
and advance the read-write pointer.
pos = lseek(filedes, offset, Moves the read-write pointer to offset (relative or absolute,
whence) depending on whence).
status = unlink(name) Removes the file name from the directory structure. If the file
has no other names, it is deleted.
status = link(name1, name2) Adds a new name (name2) for a file (name1).
status = stat(name, buffer) Gets the file attributes for file name into buffer.
Introduction
 Distributed File system requirements
 Related requirements in distributed file systems
are:
 Transparency
 Concurrency
 Replication
 Heterogeneity
 Fault tolerance
 Consistency
 Security
 Efficiency
File Service Architecture

 An architecture that offers a clear separation of
the main concerns in providing access to files is
obtained by structuring the file service as three
components:
 A flat file service
 A directory service
 A client module.
 The relevant modules and their relationship is
shown in Figure 5.

Client computer Server computer
Application Application Directory service

program program
Flat file service
Client module
Figure 5. File service architecture


 The Client module implements exported
interfaces by flat file and directory services on
server side.
 Responsibilities of various modules can be
defined as follows:
 Flat file service:
 Concerned with the implementation of operations on
the contents of file. Unique File Identifiers (UFIDs)
are used to refer to files in all requests for flat file
service operations. UFIDs are long sequences of bits
chosen so that each file has a unique among all of
the files in a distributed system.

 Directory service:
 Provides mapping between text names for the files
and their UFIDs. Clients may obtain the UFID of a file
by quoting its text name to directory service.
Directory service supports functions needed
generate directories, to add new files to directories.

 Client module:
 It runs on each computer and provides integrated
service (flat file and directory) as a single API to
application programs. For example, in UNIX hosts, a
client module emulates the full set of Unix file
operations.
 It holds information about the network locations of
flat-file and directory server processes; and achieve
better performance through implementation of a
cache of recently used file blocks at the client.

 Flat file service interface:
 Figure 6 contains a definition of the interface to a flat
file service.

Read(FileId, i, n) -> Data if 1≤i≤Length(File): Reads a sequence of up to n items
-throws BadPosition from a file starting at item i and returns it in Data.
Write(FileId, i, Data) if 1≤i≤Length(File)+1: Write a sequence of Data to a
-throws BadPosition file, starting at item i, extending the file if necessary.

Create() -> FileId Creates a new file of length0 and delivers a UFID for it.
Delete(FileId) Removes the file from the file store.
GetAttributes(FileId) -> Attr Returns the file attributes for the file.
SetAttributes(FileId, Attr) Sets the file attributes (only those attributes that are not
shaded in Figure 3.)
Figure 6. Flat file service operations


 Access control
 In distributed implementations, access rights checks
have to be performed at the server because the
server RPC interface is an otherwise unprotected
point of access to files.
 Directory service interface
 Figure 7 contains a definition of the RPC interface to
a directory service.

Lookup(Dir, Name) -> FileId Locates the text name in the directory and
-throws NotFound returns the relevant UFID. If Name is not in
the directory, throws an exception.

AddName(Dir, Name, File) If Name is not in the directory, adds(Name,File)
-throws NameDuplicate to the directory and updates the file’s attribute record.
If Name is already in the directory: throws an exception.
UnName(Dir, Name) If Name is in the directory, the entry containing Name
is removed from the directory.
If Name is not in the directory: throws an exception.
GetNames(Dir, Pattern) -> NameSeq Returns all the text names in the directory that match the
regular expression Pattern.
Figure 7. Directory service operations


 Hierarchic file system
 A hierarchic file system such as the one that UNIX
provides consists of a number of directories arranged
in a tree structure.
 File Group
 A file group is a collection of files that can be located
on any server or moved between servers while
maintaining the same names.
– A similar construct is used in a UNIX file system.
– It helps with distributing the load of file serving
between several servers.
– File groups have identifiers which are unique
throughout the system (and hence for an open
system, they must be globally unique).

To construct a globally unique
ID we use some unique
attribute of the machine on
which it is created, e.g. IP
number, even though the file
group may move subsequently.
File Group ID:

32 bits 16 bits
IP address date
DFS: Case Studies

 NFS (Network File System)
 Developed by Sun Microsystems (in 1985)
 Most popular, open, and widely used.
 NFS protocol standardized through IETF (RFC 1813)
 AFS (Andrew File System)
 Developed by Carnegie Mellon University as part of Andrew
distributed computing environments (in 1986)
 A research project to create campus wide file system.
 Public domain implementation is available on Linux
(LinuxAFS)
 It was adopted as a basis for the DCE/DFS file system in
the Open Software Foundation (OSF, www.opengroup.org)
DEC (Distributed Computing Environment
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Figure 8 shows the architecture of Sun NFS.
NFS architecture
Client computer Server computer
Application Application
program program
UNIX
system calls
UNIX kernel
UNIX kernel Virtual file system Virtual file system
Operations Operations
on local files on
file system
remote files
UNIX NFS NFS UNIX
file file
Other
client server
system system
NFS protocol
Figure 8. NFS architecture (remote operations)
*
Case Study: Sun NFS

 The file identifiers used in NFS are called
file handles.
fh = file handle:
Filesystem identifier i-node number i-node generation

Case Study: Sun NFS

 A simplified representation of the RPC
interface provided by NFS version 3
servers is shown in Figure 9.
Case Study: Sun NFS

• read(fh, offset, count) -> attr, data
• write(fh, offset, count, data) -> attr
• create(dirfh, name, attr) -> newfh, attr
• remove(dirfh, name) status
• getattr(fh) -> attr
• setattr(fh, attr) -> attr
• lookup(dirfh, name) -> fh, attr
• rename(dirfh, name, todirfh, toname)
• link(newdirfh, newname, dirfh, name)
• readdir(dirfh, cookie, count) -> entries
• symlink(newdirfh, newname, string) -> status
• readlink(fh) -> string
• mkdir(dirfh, name, attr) -> newfh, attr
• rmdir(dirfh, name) -> status
• statfs(fh) -> fsstats
Figure 9. NFS server operations (NFS Version 3 protocol, simplified)

Case Study: Sun NFS

 NFS access control and authentication
 The NFS server is stateless server, so the user's
identity and access rights must be checked by the
server on each request.
 In the local file system they are checked only on the
file’s access permission attribute.
 Every client request is accompanied by the userID
and groupID
 It is not shown in the Figure 8.9 because they are
inserted by the RPC system.
 Kerberos has been integrated with NFS to provide
a stronger and more comprehensive security
solution.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Mount service
 Mount operation:
mount(remotehost, remotedirectory, localdirectory)
 Server maintains a table of clients who have
mounted filesystems at that server.
 Each client maintains a table of mounted file
systems holding:
< IP address, port number, file handle>
 Remote file systems may be hard-mounted or
soft-mounted in a client computer.
 Figure 10 illustrates a Client with two remotely
mounted file stores.
Case Study: Sun NFS

Server 1 Client Server 2
(root) (root) (root)
export . . . vmunix usr nfs
Remote Remote
people students x staff users
mount mount
big jon bob . . . jim ann janejoe
Note: The file system mounted at /usr/students in the client is actually the sub-tree located at /export/people in Server 1;
the file system mounted at /usr/staff in the client is actually the sub-tree located at /nfs/users in Server 2.
Figure 10. Local and remote file systems accessible on an NFS client
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Automounter
 The automounter was added to the UNIX
implementation of NFS in order to mount a remote
directory dynamically whenever an ‘empty’ mount
point is referenced by a client.
 Automounter has a table of mount points with a
reference to one or more NFS servers listed against
each.
 it sends a probe message to each candidate server
and then uses the mount service to mount the
filesystem at the first server to respond.
 Automounter keeps the mount table small.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Automounter Provides a simple form of replication
for read-only filesystems.
 E.g. if there are several servers with identical copies
of /usr/lib then each server will have a chance of
being mounted at some clients.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Server caching
 Similar to UNIX file caching for local files:
 pages (blocks) from disk are held in a main memory
buffer cache until the space is required for newer
pages. Read-ahead and delayed-write optimizations.
 For local files, writes are deferred to next sync event
(30 second intervals).
 Works well in local context, where files are always
accessed through the local cache, but in the remote
case it doesn't offer necessary synchronization
guarantees to clients.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 NFS v3 servers offers two strategies for
updating the disk:
 Write-through - altered pages are written to
disk as soon as they are received at the
server. When a write() RPC returns, the
NFS client knows that the page is on the
disk.
 Delayed commit - pages are held only in the
cache until a commit() call is received for
the relevant file. This is the default mode
used by NFS v3 clients. A commit() is
issued by the client whenever a file is
closed.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Client caching
 Server caching does nothing to reduce
RPC traffic between client and server
 further optimization is essential to reduce
server load in large networks.
 NFS client module caches the results of
read, write, getattr, lookup and readdir
operations
 synchronization of file contents (one-copy
semantics) is not guaranteed when two or
more clients are sharing the same file.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Timestamp-based validity check
 It reduces inconsistency, but doesn't
eliminate it.
 It is used for validity condition for cache
entries at the client:
(T - Tc < t) v (Tmclient = Tmserver)
t freshness guarantee
Tc time when cache entry was last
validated
Tm time when block was last
updated at server
T current time
Case Study: Sun NFS

 t is configurable (per file) but is typically set
to 3 seconds for files and 30 secs. for
directories.
 it remains difficult to write distributed
applications that share files with NFS.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Other NFS optimizations
 Sun RPC runs over UDP by default (can use TCP
if required).
 Uses UNIX BSD Fast File System with 8-kbyte
blocks.
 reads() and writes() can be of any size
(negotiated between client and server).
 The guaranteed freshness interval t is set
adaptively for individual files to reduce getattr()
calls needed to update Tm.
 File attribute information (including Tm) is
piggybacked in replies to all file requests.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 NFS performance
 Early measurements (1987) established that:
 Write() operations are responsible for only 5% of
server calls in typical UNIX environments.
– hence write-through at server is acceptable.
 Lookup() accounts for 50% of operations -due to
step-by-step pathname resolution necessitated by
the naming and mounting semantics.
 More recent measurements (1993) show high
performance.
 see www.spec.org for more recent measurements.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 NFS summary
 NFS is an excellent example of a simple,
robust, high-performance distributed
service.
 Achievement of transparencies are other
goals of NFS:
 Access transparency:
– The API is the UNIX system call interface for
both local and remote files.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Location transparency:
– Naming of filesystems is controlled by client
mount operations, but transparency can be
ensured by an appropriate system configuration.
 Mobility transparency:
– Hardly achieved; relocation of files is not
possible, relocation of filesystems is possible,
but requires updates to client configurations.
 Scalability transparency:
– File systems (file groups) may be subdivided
and allocated to separate servers.
Ultimately, the performance limit is determined
by the load on the server holding the most
heavily-used filesystem (file group).
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Replication transparency:
– Limited to read-only file systems; for writable
files, the SUN Network Information Service (NIS)
runs over NFS and is used to replicate essential
system files.
 Hardware and software operating system
heterogeneity:
– NFS has been implemented for almost every
known operating system and hardware platform
and is supported by a variety of filling systems.
 Fault tolerance:
– Limited but effective; service is suspended if a
server fails. Recovery from failures is aided by
the simple stateless design.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Consistency:
– It provides a close approximation to one-copy
semantics and meets the needs of the vast
majority of applications.
– But the use of file sharing via NFS for
communication or close coordination between
processes on different computers cannot be
recommended.
 Security:
– Recent developments include the option to use
a secure RPC implementation for authentication
and the privacy and security of the data
transmitted with read and write operations.
Case Study: Sun NFS

 Efficiency:
–NFS protocols can be implemented for use in
situations that generate very heavy loads.
Case Study: The Andrew File System (AFS)

 Like NFS, AFS provides transparent
access to remote shared files for UNIX
programs running on workstations.
 AFS is implemented as two software
components that exist at UNIX processes
called Vice and Venus.
(Figure 11)
Workstations Servers
User Venus
program
Vice
UNIX kernel
UNIX kernel
User Venus Network

program
UNIX kernel
Vice
Venus
User
program UNIX kernel
UNIX kernel
Figure 11. Distribution of processes in the Andrew File System


 The files available to user processes running on
workstations are either local or shared.
 Local files are handled as normal UNIX files.
 They are stored on the workstation’s disk and
are available only to local user processes.
 Shared files are stored on servers, and copies of
them are cached on the local disks of
workstations.
 The name space seen by user processes is
illustrated in Figure 12.
Local Shared
/ (root)
tmp bin . . . vmunix cmu
bin
Symbolic
links
Figure 12. File name space seen by clients of AFS


 The UNIX kernel in each workstation and server
is a modified version of BSD UNIX.
 The modifications are designed to intercept
open, close and some other file system calls
when they refer to files in the shared name
space and pass them to the Venus process in
the client computer.
(Figure 13)
Workstation
User Venus
program
UNIX file Non-local file
system calls operations
UNIX kernel
UNIX file system
Local
disk
Figure 13. System call interception in AFS


 Figure 14 describes the actions taken by Vice,
Venus and the UNIX kernel when a user process
issues system calls.

User process UNIX kernel Venus Net Vice
open(FileName, If FileName refers to a
mode) file in shared file space,
pass the request to Check list of files in
local cache. If not
Venus. present or there is no
valid callback promise ,
send a request for the
file to the Vice server
that is custodian of the
volume containing the Transfer a copy of the
file. file and a callback
promise to the
workstation. Log the
Place the copy of the callback promise.
file in the local file
Open the local file and system, enter its local
return the file name in the local cache
descriptor to the list and return the local
application. name to UNIX.
read(FileDescriptor, Perform a normal
Buffer, length) UNIX read operation
on the local copy.
write(FileDescriptor, Perform a normal
Buffer, length) UNIX write operation
on the local copy.
close(FileDescriptor) Close the local copy
and notify Venus that
the file has been closed. If the local copy has
been changed, send a
copy to the Vice server Replace the file
that is the custodian of contents and send a
the file. callback to all other
clients holding ca llba ck
promises on the file.
Figure 14. implementation of file system calls in AFS


 Figure 15 shows the RPC calls provided by AFS
servers for operations on files.

Fetch(fid) -> attr, data Returns the attributes (status) and, optionally, the contents of file
identified by the fid and records a callback promise on it.
Store(fid, attr, data) Updates the attributes and (optionally) the contents of a specified
file.
Create() -> fid Creates a new file and records a callback promise on it.
Remove(fid) Deletes the specified file.
SetLock(fid, mode) Sets a lock on the specified file or directory. The mode of the
lock may be shared or exclusive. Locks that are not removed
expire after 30 minutes.
ReleaseLock(fid) Unlocks the specified file or directory.
RemoveCallback(fid) Informs server that a Venus process has flushed a file from its
cache.
BreakCallback(fid) This call is made by a Vice server to a Venus process. It cancels
the callback promise on the relevant file.
Figure 15. The main components of the Vice service interface

Application
Distributed file systems can be advantageous because they make it easier to
distribute documents to multiple clients and they provide a centralized storage
system so that client machines are not using their resources to store files.
NFS from Sun Microsystems and Dfs from Microsoft are examples of
distributed file systems.
Scope of Research
1. Research on Implement Snapshot of pNFS Distributed File System

2. Scale and Performance in a Distributed File System
3. A Scalable Distributed File System for Cloud Computing
Application
Distributed file systems can be advantageous because they make it

easier to distribute documents to multiple clients and they provide a
centralized storage system so that client machines are not using their
resources to store files.
NFS from Sun Microsystems and Dfs from Microsoft are examples of
distributed file systems.

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DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM

Distributed shared memory Ivy (Ch. 18)

Figure 1. Storage systems and their properties

Directory module: relates file names to file IDs

File module: relates file IDs to particular files

File access module: reads or writes file data or attributes

Device module: disk I/O and buffering

Figure 2. File system modules

Figure 3. File attribute record structure

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

Application Application Directory service

Flat file service

Figure 5. File service architecture

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

Write(FileId, i, Data) if 1≤i≤Length(File)+1: Write a sequence of Data to a

-throws BadPosition file, starting at item i, extending the file if necessary.

Figure 6. Flat file service operations

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

-throws NotFound returns the relevant UFID. If Name is not in

the directory, throws an exception.

Figure 7. Directory service operations

File Service Architecture

File Service Architecture

File Group ID:

DFS: Case Studies

Case Study: Sun NFS

Client computer Server computer

Case Study: Sun NFS

Filesystem identifier i-node number i-node generation

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Figure 9. NFS server operations (NFS Version 3 protocol, simplified)

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

export . . . vmunix usr nfs

big jon bob . . . jim ann janejoe

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: Sun NFS

Case Study: The Andrew File System (AFS)

Case Study: The Andrew File System (AFS)