Lecture 10

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Chart 2:
In the following lecture, I want to talk about heat pumps and their
use in building and plant engineering.
First, I will explain the basics and the dimensioning of heat pumps.
In the second part there are explanations of the heat sources,
system solutions and for energy and economic assessment of heat
pump systems.
Chart 3+4:
What are types of heat pumps?
The most common type is the electric compression heat pumps with
a market share of over 95%. Furthermore, there are gas motor heat
pumps, absorption heat pumps and adsorption heat pumps. The
pictures show examples of existing products.
Chart 5:
Now I want to explain to you the operation of the heat pump types.
The electric compression heat pump consists of an electric motor as
the drive unit and a compression refrigeration cycle. The same
principle is used in refrigeration machines, for example, also in the
household refrigerator.
The compression refrigeration cycle consists of the following main
components:
- evaporator
- Compressor
- Condenser
- Expansion valve

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 Lecture 10
The four major components are connected by pipes and form a
closed system, that is separated from the atmospheric environment.
Within the closed system is a working substance which is also
referred to as a refrigerant. The evaporator is a heat exchanger which
receives environment heat with a low temperature level. The
refrigerant boils and evaporates completely. The cold steam is sucked
in by the compressor and compressed. The electric motor drives the
compressor in order to allow compaction.
Through compression the pressure and the temperature of the
refrigerant vapor rises sharply. The hot steam is passed to the
condenser. The condenser is also a heat exchanger whichadds the
heat content of the hot steam to the heating medium and is thereby
heated. The steam is condensed and cooled down again. In order to
be returned to the initial state, the warm refrigerant must flow
through the expansion valve. By the Joule-Thomsen effect (cooling by
pinching off) the temperature of the refrigerant is reduced greatly.
Then the circulation process can begin again.
The ideal comparing process is referred to as Carnot-cycle. The
Carnot-cycle has no losses that occur in the real process. The Carnot
cycle can be represented in the TS-diagram. The envelope describes
the separation of the liquid phase and vapor phase of the working
fluid. Between them is the wet steam region. At the critical point the
change of state occurs abruptly.
The ideal comparing process takes place only in the wet steam region
and consists of the isothermal evaporation, the isentropic
compression, the isothermal condensation and the isentropic
expansion. The absorbed heat of vaporization Q0 corresponds to the
product of the evaporation temperature T0 and the entropy
difference (S2-S1). The heat of condensation QC is equal to the
product of the condensation temperature TC and the entropy
difference (S3-S4). The difference between the heat of condensation

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 Lecture 10
QC and evaporation heat Q0 corresponds to the compression work
WT.
The ratio of benefit QC to cost a heat pump WT is called the
coefficient of performance. For the Carnot cycle coefficient of
performance is thus: ....
Using an example, the theoretical coefficient of performance is to be
calculated.
example calculation
The real cycle is shown in lg p-h-diagram. This graph is shown for the
example in the right part of the slide. The coefficient of performance
of the real heat pump process can be described by the enthalpy. In
the example shown, it is the ratio of QC = (h4 - h5) to WT = (H4 - H3).
example calculation
These are just 32% of the Carnot COP!
Reliable performance figures for heat pumps are in the range of 2 to
5 and corresponding 30% to 50% of the Carnot COP!
Chart 8:
The gas motor compression heat pump has the same refrigerant
circuit. Only the drive of the compressor is performed by a gas
engine. These are internal combustion engines to be used as well as
in combined heat and power systems. Since combustion engines emit
a significant part of the energy released as heat, there are special in
that additional heat energy for the heating system is provided by the
engine cooling.
It can be achieved performance factors of 1.6.
Chart 9:
The absorption heat pump works on the same principle as the
adsorption chiller. In contrast to the chiller ambient heat to the
evaporator used, the amount of heat from the cooling of the
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 Lecture 10
absorber and the condenser used as available heat for heating the
building.
In appropriate cases, the application can be heated and cooled at the
same time. The performance factor is about 1.5.
Chart 10:
The absorption heat pump is analogous to adsorption chiller and has
the same boundary conditions as the absorption heat pump.
Chart 11:
Heat pumps can be used with different modes of operation. It
consists of:
- Monovalent operation
- Mono-energetic operation
- Bivalent-parallel operation
- Bivalent-alternative operation
Optimal operation conditions depends on several factors.
Significant factors include the available environmental heat source,
the age of the building and the heating system.
Chart 12:
In monovalent operation of the heat pump is used exclusively as heat
source. The coverage ratio of heat supply is 100%. Particularly
suitable brine-water and water-water heat pumps.
Monoenergetic operation refers to the use of an additional heat
source that will support the heat pump in extreme cases and supply
the same energy.
In general, it is electrically powered air-water heat pumps with an
additional electric heater.

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 Lecture 10
Dual-mode systems except the heat pump have an additional heat
source that is usually operated with a different energy sources.
Chart 13:
With bivalent-parallel operation, the heat pump is supported by the
second heat source above a certain switching point. As the switching
point, the outdoor temperature is mostly used which is usually
between +3 ° C and -3 ° C.
The dual mode alternative operating mode is used when the heat
pump is below the switching point temperature, and is no more or
only works poorly. Then the heat pump is turned off and the second
heat generator takes over the complete heat supply.
Chart 14+15+16:
The dimensioning of the heat pump is dependent on several factors.
Basis of the dimensions is the load of the building and the heating
power required to heat DHW.
The supply of heat pumps with electric power to drive the
compressor is common with special rates possible. This electric
energy is cheaper, but is not always available. The electric power
supply to the heat pump is interrupted three times per day for a
maximum of 2 hours. Therefore, the heat pump must be sized with a
standby power. This results from the inhibition time factor fSZ.
The efficiency of a heat pump is characterized by the coefficient of
performance and describes the ratio of useful heat output to the
consumed electrical power input. Thus, the heat capacity of
environmental energy source can be determined. This quantity
represents the basis for the dimensioning of the heat source. The
heat sources for example can be geothermal heat collectors,
groundwater or ambient air.

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 Lecture 10
Chart 17:
Because heat pumps do not work permanently under constant
operating conditions, the energy efficiency is not used the coefficient
of performance but the annual coefficient of performance for
evaluation. The annual coefficient of performance represents the
ratio of the total amount of heat a year spent electric energy amount,
making it an (integrated) Annual mean of all coefficient of
performances. The inverse of the annual coefficient of performance
is referred to as effort figure eWP.
Chart 21:
The COP of the heat pump is determined under defined conditions as
specified in the technical documents. For example, the manufacturer
of air-water heat pumps must specify the performance numbers for
pairs of values the air temperature and the heating water
temperature
L -7 ° C / W 35 ° C
L 2 ° C / W 35 ° C
L 10 ° C / W 35 ° C
In consideration of temperature correction factors, the annual
coefficient of performance or the effort figure of a heat pump can be
calculated.
Chart 22:
This slide shows some evidence that should be strictly observed in
the planning and implementation of a heat pump system. Particularly
important are the adequate design of the heat source and the
appropriate definition of the temperatures of the heating system.

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 Lecture 10
Chart 23:
In the design of bivalent systems for hydraulic decoupling a buffer is
required. This also allows the blocking times of the electric power
supply can be bridged. The DHW heating is possible with heat pumps,
but some features are observed. The decentralized heating or
reheating of drinking water is usually advantageous.
In air-water heat pumps for outdoor noise emission in the
environment must also be followed so that neighbors are not
disturbed.
Chart 24+25:
Finally, I want to briefly mention the dimensions of the buffer. The
volume of the tank must be at least equal to the heat pump and must
switch a maximum of 2 times per hour. With an average heat pump
power of 50% to 25% of the energy thus produced can be saved. Thus
resulting in the calculation of the storage volume in accordance with
the specified equation.

Thank you for your attention!

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