Designation: F1789 − 14

Standard Terminology for

F16 Mechanical Fasteners1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:6

1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity assessment -- General require-
definitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners. ments for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity
assessment bodies
1.2 Terms in this terminology are organized alphabetically. ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of
In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic. testing and calibration laboratories
1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASME
B18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; and SAE 3. Terminology
J412. Mechanical Fastener Definitions
2. Referenced Documents acceptance number—numerical value representing the maxi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 mum number of permissible non-conformances within a
A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts sample submitted for testing and acceptance of the popula-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics tion.
F432 Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and Accessories
accredited laboratory—an organization found to be operating
F2328 Test Method for Determining Decarburization and
in conformance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 by
Carburization in Hardened and Tempered Threaded Steel
an accrediting body that has been found to be compliant to
Bolts, Screws and Studs
ISO/IEC 17011, and is recognized as a signatory to the
F2482 Specification for Load-Indicating Externally
International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
Threaded Fasteners
Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3
B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners age hardened—precipitation of constituents within certain
2.3 IFI Standards:4 alloy metals to increase mechanical properties.
Glossary of Terms Relating to Aerospace Fasteners
alloy group—materials grouped by their chemical designation
IFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Test-
and considered to be functionally or chemically similar for
ing Laboratories
general purpose use.
IFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for
Mechanical Fasteners alloy steel—steel is considered to be alloy when the maximum
2.4 SAE Standard:5 range given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definite
SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments of minimum quantity for any of the following elements is
Steels specified or required within the limits of the recognized field
of constructional alloy steels: chromium, molybdenum,
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on nickel, or any other alloying element added to obtain a
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.94 on Terminology. desired alloying effect.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1789 – 12a. DOI: alter—to change fastener properties such as hardness, tensile
10.1520/F1789-14. strength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or fastener through such processes as heat treatment, plating,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on and machining.
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., alteration
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 6363 Oak Tree Blvd.
6
Independence, OH 44131. http://www.indfast.org Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
5
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. www.iso.ch.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
1
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
insignificant alteration—any change to the fastener from its grains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve the
purchased condition that results in no diminished or modi- ductility and decreases residual stress in work-hardened
fied mechanical, metallurgical, or functional properties. steel.
significant alteration—any change to the fastener from its as solution annealing—heating an austenitic stainless steel to a
purchased condition that results in modified mechanical, temperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel is
metallurgical, or functional properties. held at this temperature long enough to achieve grain
growth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling,
alteration distributor—distributor of fasteners who alters a which prevents most of the carbides from reprecipitating.
fastener prior to sale and assumes the full responsibilities of The process achieves optimum creep strength.
the alteration and its affected mechanical and performance
characteristics. spheroidize annealing—type of subcritical annealing used to
soften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating fine
anchor bolt—steel rod or bar, one end of which is intended to pearlite for a long time just below the lower critical
be cast in concrete while the opposite end is threaded and temperature of the steel, followed by a very slow cooling,
projects from the concrete for anchoring other material to the produces a spheroidal or globular form of the pearlite.
concrete. The end cast in concrete may be either straight or
provided with an anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head, stabilization annealing—heating an austenitic stainless steel
or a tapped or welded attachment to resist forces imposed on used in severe aqueous corrosion environments by first
the anchor bolt as required. solution annealing and then reheating to about 1600°F, and
holding at that temperature. The treatment causes grain
annealing—general term applied to a variety of thermal boundary precipitation of carbides, but also the hold time
treatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softening permits the chromium remaining in the austenite solution to
or homogenizing material properties. The specific types of redistribute within the grains, restoring corrosion resistance,
annealing are: even adjacent to the grain boundaries.
full annealing—heating steel above the upper critical transfor- applicable standards—those having the capability of being
mation temperature, holding it there long enough to fully applied in some fashion to the host standard.
transform the steel to austenite, and then cooling it at a
arbitration hardness location—prescribed location on the
controlled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified tempera-
fastener, such as at mid-radius, using 90° intervals taken
ture. A full anneal refines grain structure and provides a
through the cross section, one diameter from the threaded
relatively soft, ductile material that is free of internal
end for bolts and screws.
stresses.
assembly lot—assembly lot may consist of a combination of
intercritical annealing/isothermal annealing—heating a steel
different products. As long as the products that make up the
above the lower critical transformation temperature, but
assembly are in accordance with lot, the quantity of assem-
below the upper-critical transformation temperature, to dis-
blies determine the sample size. Example: ten assemblies
solve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite to
consisting of a bolt, nut, and a washer would have a lot size
austenite. Cooling slowly from this temperature, through the
of ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot.
lower critical temperature, produces a structure of ferrite and
However, if any of the components in the assembly are not
pearlite that is free of internal stresses. In intercritical
in accordance with lot then the ten assemblies will have to be
annealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace,
separated into lots that meet all the requirements of lot.
similarly to full annealing. In isothermal annealing, cooling
is stopped just below the lower critical, assuring complete austenitic stainless alloys—steel alloys that contain a mini-
transformation to ferrite and coarse pearlite, and eliminating mum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel.
the potential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlite Some alloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. The
structure greatly improves machinability of medium carbon metal is predominantly face centered cubic in structure and
steels. hardenable only by cold working. Essentially nonmagnetic
in its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from cold
normalizing—variation of full annealing in which steel is working. Austenitic stainless steels can be grouped into three
heated above the upper critical temperature and is then air categories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-
cooled in air, rather than in a furnace. Normalizing relieves Mo-Ti.
the internal stresses caused by previous working, and while
it produces sufficient softness and ductility for many average coating thickness—determined as either the value
purposes, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensile obtained by analytical methods or the mean value of a
strength than full annealing. To remove cooling stresses, specified number of local thickness measurements that are
normalizing if often followed by tempering. evenly distributed over the significant surface.
process annealing—sometimes called subcritical annealing or average coating thickness on a specimen—the sum of the
stress relieving, performed at temperatures just below the coating thickness measurements taken on a specimen di-
lower critical temperature. Process annealing neither refines vided by the number of measurements.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
2
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
baking duration—time measured from when the plated prod- of a flanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flats
uct reaches a specified temperature in the baking furnace or or corners of the nut.
oven until it is removed.
carbide precipitation “sensitization”—condition which af-
bar—solid rolled or forged section that is long in relationship fects some austenitic stainless steels which have been
to its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constant subjected to temperatures in the critical range, typically 800°
cross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steel to 1400°F. Complex chromium carbides precipitate and
bars are produced from hot rolled or cast billets, or from reside primarily at the grain boundaries, causing deteriora-
blooms rolled single strand into coils. tion of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areas
of chromium.
barrel-plating process—fastener-coating process which em-
ploys a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed to carbon boron steel—carbon steel in which boron has been
move a given batch of fasteners together through each of the intentionally added at a minimum of 0.0005 % and a
process steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of process- maximum of 0.003 % in order to obtain an expected hard-
ing solutions and rinses. As the barrel moves through the enability.
process steps, it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fasteners
carbon steel—steel for which no minimum content is specified
to cascade over one another, and in the electrocleaning and
or required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any other
electroplating steps, and electric current is applied.
element added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel for
batch average thickness—calculated average thickness of a which maximum content specified for manganese does not
coating if it were uniformly distributed on the surfaces of the exceed 1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added to
items. killed carbon steel with a maximum allowable of 0.003 %.
batch lot—a quantity of identical fasteners of the same part carburization—process or result of increasing carbon content
number, taken from a production lot subjected as one batch of the surface layers of the steel fastener product. F2328
to the same fastener manufacturing processes such as plating case hardening—a process which intentionally produces a
or heat treatment, etc. surface hardness for a steel fastener that is harder than its
bend test—various tests in which a fastener is bent through its core.
axis or on a round mandrel to determine the toughness and center hardness—hardness of the core of a bolt, screw, or stud
ductility of the fastener. measured at the center of a transverse section. Center
bendable bolts—bolts furnished with an altered section at hardness measurement is not the location for determining
some location at which the bolt will bend. conformance of hardness to product specifications. Refer to
mid-radius hardness and surface hardness.
beveled washer—a washer which is square or rectangular with
a beveled one to six ratio surface for use with American certificate of compliance—document or electronic record,
Standard beams and channels. signed by an authorized party, affirming that the supplier of
the fastener or related service, or both, has met the require-
bilateral specifications—specifications that have both an up- ments of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.
per and a lower value.
certificate of conformance—document or electronic record
bolt—headed and externally threaded fastener designed to be affirming that the fastener has met the requirements of the
assembled with a nut. relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.
bolt load - elongation behavior—when tensile loaded, a bolt certification—procedure and action by a duly authorized body
will elongate elastically until stressed beyond its propor- of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to the
tional limit where it will behave plastically. qualifications of personnel, processes, procedures, or items
bolt-nut-washer assembly—a combination of bolt, nut, and in accordance with applicable requirements.
washer components from singular lots that have been certified quality assurance system—system so designated
assembled, lubricated as necessary, tested as required, and officially by a recognized accrediting body as having met all
prepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique set of the criteria within a national or an international third party
and certifiable lot. quality system standard.
break loose torque—torque applied in a removal direction chemical anchors—chemical materials that provide anchor-
necessary to start the fastener in motion from its fully age between a bolt or bar and a drilled hole.
preloaded installed position.
check analysis—see product analysis.
breakaway torque—torque necessary to start a fastener in
motion after the axial load of the mating components has clamp load—sometimes called preload or initial load. It is a
been reduced to zero. tension on a bolt or screw, which results in equal and
opposite forces which exist at the interface between two
burst—open break in the metal during forging located on the members generated through the cumulative effect of tight-
flats or corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the periphery ening one or more fasteners.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
3
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
clipped washer—a washer that is circular or beveled for use f = specified proof stress of nut (MPa), and
where space limitations necessitate that one be clipped. As = tensile stress area of nut (mm2).
cold forged—formed by hammering or pressing with the
material at or near ambient temperature. To meet the requirements of the cone proof load test, the nut
shall support its specified cone proof load without stripping or
cold forming—process of forming material below the recrys- rupture.
tallization temperature by forcing or pressing metal into
various dies. cone proof load test—test performed using a conical washer
and threaded mandrel to determine the influence of surface
cold heading quality material—material that has discontinuities (that is, forging cracks or seams) on the
dimensional, chemical, and residual limits such that it will load-carrying capability of hardened steel nuts. The test
successfully form a given fastener geometry when machine- includes a simultaneous dilation and stripping action of the
applied pressure produces a metal flow that results in the nut.
desired geometry. Additionally, subsequent treatment as
necessary to achieve given mechanical properties results in a conical washer—washer that has a crown height that flattens
fastener with freedom from internal or external imperfec- under load and is partially recovered following load re-
tions that would impair its intended use. moval.
cold heading wire—wire produced by specially controlled consensus standard—widely available standard developed by
manufacturing practices to provide satisfactory quality for ASTM, ASME, SAE, ISO, or any other standards-setting
heading, forging, and roll threading. organization which has under its structure those parties
which include users, producers, and other interested persons.
commingling—mixing of fasteners from different lots that are
of the same grade and size in the same container. control limit—limits on a control chart which are used as
criteria for signaling the need for action, or for judging
common cause—common cause variation affects all the indi-
whether a set of data does or does not indicate a state of
vidual values of the process output being studied. In control
statistical control. E456
chart analysis, it appears as part of the random process
variation. control plan—written description of a system for controlling
fasteners and the processes used in their manufacture. Three
compressible-washer-type direct tension indicator
distinct phases are used in a control plan, including
(DTI)—a washer-type element inserted under the cap screw
prototype, pre-launch, and production.
or bolt head, hex nut, or hardened washer, having the
capability of indicating the achievement of a required bolt core hardness—hardness of a fastener measured at a specified
tension by the degree of direct tension plastic indicator location beneath the surface, at the point where sub-surface
deformation. hardness ends. For externally threaded fasteners, core hard-
ness is measured at mid-radius: See mid-radius hardness.
compression load—load which tends to compress or shorten
the member. The value for compressive strength may depend corrosion resistance—ability of a fastener to resist corrosion
upon the degree of distortion. under specified conditions.
cone proof load—inch series—a calculated value derived crack—crystalline fracture passing through or along the grain
from the formula boundaries which is normally caused by overstressing the
CPL 5 ~ 1 2 0.30D ! 3 f 3 A s (1) metal during manufacturing, such as forging, forming, or
heat treating.
where:
CPL = cone proof load (lbs), cut thread—produced by removing material from the surface
D = nominal diameter of nut (in.), with a form cutting tool.
f = specified proof stress of nut (psi), and decarburization—loss of carbon from the surface layer of the
As = tensile stress area of nut (in.2).
fastener, normally associated with heat treatment.

To meet the requirements of the cone proof load test, the nut gross decarburization—a complete decarburization character-
shall support its specified cone proof load without stripping or ized by a sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined
rupture. ferrite grains.

cone proof load—metric series—a calculated value derived partial decarburization—a loss of carbon sufficient to cause a
from the formula lighter shade of tempered martensite than of the immediately
adjacent base metal, but as being of insufficient carbon loss
CPL 5 ~ 1 2 0.012D ! f 3 A s 3 0.001 (2)
to show clearly defined ferrite grains.
where:
defect—departure of a quality characteristic from its intended
CPL = cone proof load (kN), level or state (or the sum of departures of different quality
D = nominal diameter of nut (mm), characteristics) that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
4
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
a fastener not to satisfy intended normal, or reasonably elongation—increase in length of the gage length expressed as
foreseeable, usage requirements. The term defect is appro- a percentage of the original gage length.
priate for use when a quality characteristic is evaluated in
terms of its usage. endurance limit—maximum stress below which a bolt or
screw can presumably endure an infinite number of stress
deoxidation—process of reducing the oxygen content from cycles.
steel during the process of steel making, either by adding
end user—party that installs the mechanical fastener during
strong oxide forming elements, such as silicon or aluminum,
assembly of a component or product.
or by the process of vacuum degassing to such a level that no
oxidation of carbon or other elements takes place during environmental hydrogen embrittlement—can be “corrosion-
solidification of steel. assisted hydrogen embrittlement” caused by the liberation of
hydrogen during the corrosion process, which is absorbed as
destructive test—test to determine the properties of a material
atomic hydrogen, resulting in embrittlement under certain
or the behavior of an item which results in the destruction of
conditions of material strength and applied external stress.
the sample or item.
The end result is brittle failure. The hydrogen may also be
detection process—past-oriented strategy of quality control absorbed from other external chemical sources.
that attempts to identify the nonconforming product after it expansion shells—anchorage devices that expand to grip the
has been produced, and then to separate it from the conform- sides of a drilled hole mechanically, and transfer load from
ing product. the location of the anchor to the bar or bolt F432
detection system—system which relies on final inspection as extensometer—device for sensing the elongation of fastener
the primary means of controlling the quality of finished material while it is subjected to tensile stress, for the purpose
fasteners. of measuring linear deformation under controlled test con-
distributor—person or organization who purchases fasteners ditions.
for the purpose of reselling them. A distributor may or may eye bolt—bolt having a head which is a closed or open ring
not alter the fasteners prior to resale. (Significant alterations which as a threaded shank and has a defined breaking
and insignificant alterations are defined separately.) strength, proof load, and tensile strength.
drill-drive test—test in which a self-drilling screw is driven fastener—see mechanical fastener.
into and through a test plate, under specified test conditions,
to determine drilling and thread forming performance char- fastener electroplating—electro-deposition by electrolysis of
acteristics of the screw. an adherent metallic coating upon a fastener serving as an
electrode. This coating may function as protective,
drive test—test in which a tapping screw is driven into a test decorative, or in a defined engineering function such as
plate hole to determine thread forming or thread cutting wearability or abrasive resistance.
performance characteristics.
fastener manufacturer—organization or firm that procures a
drive torque—the maximum torque to install a screw prior to raw material, fabricates it into a mechanical fastener, and
contact of the head of the fastener with the surface of the test processes it to have certain mechanical properties.
plate.
fastener quality—conformance of a fastener to its specifica-
dry-to-touch—a condition of coated fasteners in which no tion for dimensions, mechanical properties, performance
significant visibly discernable material is transferred when requirements, and other requirements of a specification.
they are manually gripped with an absorbent material.
fastener specification—precise statement of a set of require-
ductility of externally threaded fasteners—ability of a fas- ments to be satisfied by a fastener, its material, or its
tener to deform before it fractures. Machined test specimens processing. It also indicates the procedure used to determine
made from a fastener allow the measurement of elongation whether the requirements given are satisfied.
and reduction of area which are criteria used to evaluate the
fastener standard—document which details the attributes of a
specimen. However, since yielding and fracture normally
finished fastener and includes such characteristics as
occur in the screw threads, these are impractical for the
geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, lot
actual fastener. Hardness and the wedge tensile test are
size, and packaging.
ductility indicators for the actual fastener. The lower the
ratio of its specified minimum yield strength to its specified fastener tensile stress area—assumed cross sectional area of
minimum tensile strength, the greater the fastener ductility. a threaded fastener through the thread, which is used when
computing the load a fastener can support in tension.
dud—incomplete, mutilated, or foreign part.
fastener testing—determination or verification that the fas-
effective case depth—perpendicular distance from the surface tener meets its specification requirements.
of a hardened case to the furthest point where a specified
level of hardness is maintained. fatigue limit—see endurance limit.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
5
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
fatigue strength—maximum stress on an externally threaded high temperature bolts—bolts that are specifically manufac-
fastener which can be tolerated for a specified number of tured of high temperature alloys to sustain tensile loads at
repeated cycles prior to failure. temperatures between 500°F and 1800°F, depending upon
the alloy and processing during manufacture.
fold—doubling over of metal which occurs during forging at or
near the intersection of diameter changes which are found on high temperature fastener alloys—those alloys that will
the shoulders, heads, or shanks of bolts and screws, or on maintain their anticipated strength and characteristics within
nuts at the intersection of diameter changes on the top face the high temperature range.
or on the bottom face.
high temperature galvanizing—a galvanizing process carried
forging cracks—occur during fastener manufacturing at the out in a ceramic vessel (kettle) at an approximate tempera-
cutoff or forging operations and are located on the top of the ture between 530 and 560°C (990 to 1040°F).
head or on the raised periphery of indented head bolts and
screws. high temperature for mechanical fasteners —this term is
generally understood to refer to a temperature range of
forming—primary operation in the fastener industry which approximately 500°F (260°C) to 1800°F (982°C).
includes heading, upsetting, extruding and forging. hot dip galvanizing—immersion of fasteners in a bath of
molten zinc for a controlled time period to obtain specified
fracture—the separation of a fastener or test specimen into
coating weight or thickness.
two or more separate pieces in service or during testing.
hot forged—formed by hammering or pressing of metal at a
brittle fracture—a separation accompanied by little or no
temperature which allows recrystallization to occur simulta-
macroscopic or microscopic plastic deformation. The frac-
neously with deformation, and avoids strain hardening.
ture typically has a bright granular appearance with little or
no necking apparent. hot forming—heat is applied to wire or rod to enhance metal
ductile fracture—a separation accompanied by tearing with flow into dies using machine applied pressures as opposed to
appreciable gross plastic deformation. metal removal by cutting for forming purposes.

full size specimen—tension test specimen consisting of a hydrogen embrittlement, internal—see internal hydrogen
completed fastener for testing in the ready to use condition embrittlement.
without altering the configuration. hydrogen embrittlement relief—process applied to fasteners
grade identification symbols—inch series standardized sym- which reduces or eliminates embrittlement caused by the
bols denoting the combination of the fastener’s base absorption of hydrogen during processing. Normally, this is
material, its strength properties, its performance capabilities, described as a baking operation.
and the engineering standard against which it was produced. impact strength—often referred to as impact energy; it is the
hardness—measure of a material’s ability to resist abrasion or amount of energy required to fracture a fastener, usually
indentation, or both. measured by either an Izod or Charpy test.

head-to-shank integrity—assurance that a headed fastener inch threaded Class 2A coating thickness—a coating thick-
under load is able to meet its mechanical and performance ness which does not exceed 1⁄6 of the allowance for Class 2A
requirements without failure at the junction of the head to threads to avoid interference.
shank. indentation hardness—resistance of a material to indentation.
heat analysis—chemical analysis of a given heat by the This is the usual type of hardness test in which a pointed or
producer which determines the percentages of its elements. rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substan-
tially static load.
heat control—the control by a manufacturer at any step in the
processing of a fastener, which allows identification of the in-process control—system that provides a method to detect
heat of material from which it is manufactured. the variation of product characteristic(s) during manufactur-
ing and processing and initiates corrective action to maintain
heat resistance—extent to which a material retains useful the product characteristic(s) within its specified limits.
properties as measured during exposure of the material to a
specified temperature and environment for a specified time. in-process material control and traceability—a system that
maintains product traceability back to the original mill heat
hexavalent chromium—corrosion inhibitor often used in of raw material.
passivation and conversion coatings. It consists of chromium
in the +6 (hexavalent) oxidation state. in-process sampling inspection—random sample of product
drawn from prescribed points of the processing stream
high strength bolts—term which is used commercially to (usually characteristic sensitive) and performing specific
denote ASTM A325 or A490 bolts which are primarily used inspections and tests to determine conformance of the
in construction applications. product at that point of the processing stream.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
6
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
inspection—process of measuring, examining, testing, gaging, low carbon martensite—as-quenched phase of low carbon
or using other procedures to ascertain the quality or state of, steels, particularly to which Boron has been intentionally
detect errors or defects in, or otherwise appraise materials, added to increase the hardenability of the material, and some
products, services, systems, or environments to a preestab- stainless steels.
lished standard.
machine process capability study—study conducted to pro-
inspection plan—set of instructions defining product vide a level of confidence in the ability of a machine/process
characteristics, specifications, or frequency of inspection, or to meet engineering specification requirements.
a combination thereof, for product at a specified operation.
machined specimen—test specimen machined from a full-size
inspection test—fastener or its selected characteristics tested fastener to specific dimensions to standardize test results;
in process or after manufacture to determine conformance of often specified when a full-size fastener cannot be reason-
the fastener or its selected characteristics to the manufactur- ably or practically tested.
ing specifications.
macro-etch test—immersion of a prepared fastener specimen
inspection torque—torque necessary to maintain tightening into a hot acid or aggressive media followed by examination
motion in a fastener at its fully preloaded installed tension. of the etched surface. The examination is done with the
unaided eye or at magnification not exceeding 10×.
installation failure—a failure that occurs during installation of
a fastener such that the fastener is no longer able to fulfill its macrograph—photographic reproduction of any object that
intended function. has not been magnified more than ten times.
internal hydrogen embrittlement—embrittlement caused by macroscopic—visible either with the naked eye or under low
residual hydrogen from fastener processing, such as magnification (as great as about ten diameters).
cleaning, pickling, phosphating, or electroplating.
macrostructure—structure of metal as revealed by macro-
ladle analysis—see heat analysis. scopic examination.
liquid medium—liquid used to quench a steel fastener to magnetic permeability—degree which a material becomes
achieve desired mechanical properties. The selection of the magnetically attractive.
medium must be compatible with the basic material and
geometry to avoid quench cracks. manufacturer—see fastener manufacturer .

load-indicating externally threaded fastener—these fasten- martensitic alloys—iron-chromium alloys with 12% to 17%
ers utilze mechanical, electronic, or ultrasonic means to chromium and sufficient carbon to permit strengthening by
indicate fastener tension. F2482 conventional heat treatment.

load indicating fastener—externally threaded fastener material lap—longitudinal surface discontinuity extending
equipped with a load indicating device capable of measuring into rod, bar, or wire, caused by doubling over of metal
fastener tension during the tightening process or residual during hot rolling.
tension after tightening, or both. material review—evaluation by a team of fastener experts to
local thickness—mean of the thickness measurements of determine the fasteners’s fitness for general use, fitness for
which a specified number is made within a reference area. intended use, or fitness for specified use.

locking ability—characteristic intentionally manufactured or material specification—proprietary or consensus standards

added to a fastener to resist loosening. document which defines the material, acceptable chemical
limits, and other requirements used in fastener manufactur-
lot—quantity of product of one part number that has been ing.
processed essentially under the same conditions from the
same heat treatment lot and produced from one mill heat of material test report—written document or electronic record,
material and submitted for inspection at one time. signed by an authorized party, attesting that the raw material
is in accordance with specified requirements, including the
lots from blanks—A quantity of bolts or screws having the actual results of all required chemical analyses, tests, and
same diameter which has been manufactured from preformed examinations.
blanks, processed essentially under the same conditions from
the same heat treatment lot and produced from one mill heat of maximum hardness—hardness specified in fastener standards
material and submitted for inspection at one time. Lots of bolts above which the fastener is considered nonconforming to the
or screws manufactured from preformed blanks may consist of standard.
multiple lengths and different part numbers as applicable.
mechanical deposition—coating process in which particles of
lot sampling inspection—random sample drawn from a lot the plating metal are impacted against the fastener surface
and performing specified inspections and tests to determine such that cold welding of the plating metal to the fastener
the acceptability of the lot. surface is accomplished.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
7
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
mechanical fastener—mechanical device that holds or joins physical properties—those properties inherent in the raw
two or more components in definite positions with respect to material which remain unchanged or exhibit only slight
each other and is often described as a bolt, nut, rivet, screw, alteration in the fastener following manufacture.
washer, or special formed part.
plain washer—fastener accessory that accepts a bolt or screw
mechanical properties—fastener characteristics which relate through its center hole and provides a surface to distribute
to its reaction to applied loads; these properties may be those bearing stress. It also serves to provide a surface for head or
of the basic raw material or result from the manufacturing nut rotation during tightening.
process.
plastic deformation—permanent distortion of a material un-
metallography—study of the structure of fastener metals der the action of applied stresses.
using optical or electronic microscopes that produce a
magnified image of the material structure of the fastener. plasticity—ability of the metal to undergo permanent defor-
mation without rupture.
microstructure—structure of a given metal revealed by mi-
croscopic observation of an etched surface. plating—deposition of an adherent metal onto the surface of
the base metal of the fastener. A specific process should be
minimum hardness—hardness value of a fastener below specified; that is, electroplating, hot dip galvanizing, me-
which it is not in conformance with the specification. chanical deposition, etc.
minimum local thickness—lowest local thickness value on PPM—an acronym for parts per million used as a description
the significant surface of a single article. of perceived quality. For mechanical fasteners, it is an
modulus of elasticity—for a given material, the ratio of unit expression of the maximum theoretical number of noncon-
stress to unit strain within its elastic range which may be formances in a theoretical million-piece lot.
used as a measure of stiffness. Sometimes called Young’s
precipitation hardening alloys—group of alloys that can be
Modulus.
hardened by participation of second phases or intermetallic
nick—indentation on the surface of a bolt, nut, screw, or stud. compounds by cooling during a thermal or thermal-
Also referred to as a gouge. mechanical aging treatment.
nominal—a convenient numerical term used to express the pre-launch production plan—written description of the
approximate dimension of a fastener without listing toler- dimensional, mechanical, chemical, and performance testing
ances or other factors. that will be carried out during initial production, prior to full
production.
non-alteration distributor—distributor of mechanical fasten-
ers who buys, resells, and may repackage the fasteners, but prevailing torque—torque necessary to rotate a fastener
does not change the individual fasteners in any way. relative to its mating component with the torque being
measured with the fastener in motion and zero axial load in
nonconformance—fastener or fastener component which does
the assembly.
not conform to a specification or other inspection standard.
nonferrous alloys—alloys that do not contain iron as their prevention process—future-oriented strategy that, through
main constituent although iron may be present as an impu- analysis and action toward correcting the process itself,
rity. The most common nonferrous groups are copper, nickel, enriches quality through continuous improvement activities.
aluminum, and titanium alloys. prevention system—system which outlines advance quality
nut—internally threaded product intended for use on external planning, in–process inspection, process controls, and statis-
or male screw threads such as a bolt or a stud for the purpose tical methods to control the processes and seek continuous
of tightening or assembling two or more components. improvement.

organic coating—a layer of material on a fastener that has a private label distributor—distributor who, by prearrange-
compound containing a carbon chain as its binder. ment with a manufacturer, markets fasteners identified with
the distributor’s unique identification marking and who
part identifying number (PIN)—alphanumeric sequence assumes responsibility for the fasteners.
used to code B18 fasteners. The system was developed by
ASME Standards Committee B18. process flow—current or anticipated sequential process steps
required to produce a fastener.
passivation—process of forming an oxide film on the surface
of stainless steel fasteners by chemical treatment, usually process parameters—combination of conditions originating
nitric acid solution, to improve corrosion resistance of from people, measurement, materials, method, and environ-
stainless steel fasteners. ment that contribute to a given output.
performance properties—design feature(s) manufactured product analysis—chemical analysis performed on the fin-
into the fastener to achieve a specific characteristic relative ished fastener to verify that the chemical composition is
to the fastener application, such as torque-tension. within specified limits.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
8
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
production lot: zinc coating, hot-dip—batches of fasteners employs other acceptable methods for controlling quality.
originating from the same manufacturing lot, processed This may include provisions for prototype development,
continuously through cleaning, pickling, fluxing, dipping in initial production, and full production including advanced
molten zinc, and, spun in a centrifuge, or other means, quality planning, continuous improvement, defect
without any significant change in time, temperature, and prevention, and in-process controls of dimensional,
concentration of constituents of the process. mechanical, and performance characteristics of the fastener.
production plan—complete written plan of fastener and quench cracks—surface discontinuities which usually trans-
process characteristics, process controls, tests, and accep- verse an irregular or erratic course on the surface of the
tance procedures that will occur during full production. fastener which may occur because of excessive high thermal
or transformation stresses, or both, during fastener heat
proof load, externally threaded fastener—tension applied
treatment.
load that the fastener must support without evidence of
permanent deformation (for most carbon or alloy steel rack-plating process—fastener coating process in which in-
fastener strength grades or property classes, proof loads are dividual fasteners are placed on a support called a rack
established at approximately 90 % to 93 % of the expected which moves the fasteners together through the process steps
minimum yield strength). while providing ready ingress and egress of processing
solutions and rinses. In process steps which utilize an
proof load, internally threaded fastener—axially-applied electric current, the rack serves to maintain electrical conti-
load using a bolt or mandrel that must be supported by a nut nuity.
without evidence of thread stripping or rupture.
random sampling—method of sample selection for fasteners
property class—system of strength classifications used for in a lot where each fastener has an equal and independent
bolts, nuts, and screws manufactured to metric standards. chance of being selected for the sample.
property class symbols—metric series standardized symbols raw material manufacturer—organization which manufac-
denoting the combination of the fastener’s base material, its tures rod, wire, or bar, used to produce mechanical fasteners,
strength properties, its performance capabilities, and the from raw material it manufactures and controls in terms of
engineering standard against which it was produced. chemistry and mechanical properties.
proportional limit—greatest stress that the material is capable reduced diameter body—fastener having a body diameter not
of sustaining without a deviation from the law of propor- less than the minimum pitch diameter of its thread nor more
tionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s Law). In many cases, than its minimum full body diameter.
the elastic limit is so close to the proportional limit that no
distinction is made. recrystallization—formation of a new, strain-free grain struc-
ture from that which exists in cold worked metal, usually
protective finish—a surface condition that may be the result of accomplished by heating; the change from one crystal
oxidation of the basic material or the addition of a chemical structure to another as occurs on heating or cooling through
or metallic coating, which enhances corrosion protection in a critical temperature.
the intended application.
reduction of area—difference, expressed as a percentage, of
protrusion bearing diameter (PBD)—the best fit diameter of the original cross sectional area of a tensile test specimen at
a circle bounded by the outermost points of the outside face its minimum cross section after fracture.
of protrusions on a direct tension indicator.
referee test method—a method specified in a standard to be
prototype plan—written description of the dimensional, used to settle any disputes concerning measurement of
mechanical, chemical, and performance tests that will be conformance for a given characteristic.
used to facilitate the building of a prototype.
referenced standards—those which contain guidelines or
qualification (personal)—characteristics or abilities gained nondated requirements germane to one or more elements of
through training or experience, or both, that enable an the host standard.
individual to perform a required function.
registered quality assurance system—system that a registra-
quality assurance—all of the planned and systematic activi- tion body has found to be in compliance with a designated
ties carried out for the purpose of establishing that a fastener quality system standard.
lot is within specified tolerances, limits, and other require-
ments. registration—evaluation of a fastener manufacturing facility’s
quality assurance system by an accredited registration body
quality assurance program—specific requirements within a resulting in a certification of full compliance with a desig-
quality system which serves to focus the activities of a nated quality system standard; the registration body shall be
fastener organization in pursuit of stated requirements of the accredited by a third party registration accreditation body,
quality plan. for example, ANSI/RAB.
quality assurance system—manufacturing system for assur- reinspection—inspection of a fastener lot that has been sorted,
ing quality that incorporates either a written control plan or reworked, or reprocessed, or a combination thereof, for the

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
9
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
characteristic(s) originally found nonconforming and also roll thread—thread produced by action of a form tool which,
those characteristics that would be affected by reworking or when pressed into the surface of a blank, displaces material
reprocessing operations. radially.
related standards—those standards which possess certain roof and rock bolts—headed hot-rolled bars with cold-rolled
relevance to the host standard in terms of understanding its or machine-cut threads at the end to be used with anchorage
concepts, but do not of necessity specify any mandated devices to hold up mine roofs, hold back walls, or hold down
requirements. equipment or foundations.
relaxation—a loss of bolt or screw clamp. rotational capacity test—test in which a zinc-coated bolt is
long-term relaxation—loss of clamp load over a period of time, inserted in a steel joint or tension measuring device, as-
which is related to transient loads that exceed the initial sembled with a lubricated zinc coated nut, and initially
clamp load or temperature induced creep. tightened to not less than 10% of the bolt proof load. After
initial tightening, the nut is rotated through specified degrees
short-term relaxation—loss of a portion of a fastener’s clamp of rotation.
load, usually within 24 hours after initial tightening.
routine hardness locations—hardness readings made on pre-
stress-relaxation—a phenomenon that takes place after a bolt
scribed fastener surfaces, such as wrench flats, unthreaded
or screw is preloaded and the preload decreases as a function
shank, bearing face, etc., after removal of oxide, platings, or
of time. This may be introduced, for example, by a rise in
other coating materials. Used for testing the hardness of a
temperature.
finished fastener.
repeatability—variation in the values of measurement ob-
tained when one operator uses the same gage for measuring salt spray test—corrosion test in which the metallic fastener
identical characteristics of the same parts. specimens are exposed to a fine mist of salt water solution,
either continuously or intermittently.
reprocess—repeating of a process that has already been
conducted on a fastener as part of the standard requirement. scrapping of fasteners—the process of removing fasteners
from commerce or placing the fasteners into a state,
reproducibility—variation in average measurements obtained condition, or form that renders them unusable.
when two or more people measure the same parts or items
using the same measuring technique. screw—mechanical fastener having basic design characteris-
tics which facilitate its assembly into a tapped hole or to
residuals—measurable elements present in a metal or alloy
form its own threads during installation.
which were not intentionally added to meet a specification
requirement. screw thread—helical ridge generally of uniform cross section
resilience—tendency of a material to return to its original formed on a cylindrical surface used to facilitate assembly of
shape after the removal of a stress. mechanical components.

responsibility for the fastener—party responsible for the seam—straight or smooth curved line surface discontinuity
fastener shall be the organization that supplies the fastener to running longitudinally on the fastener thread, shank, and
the purchaser and certifies that the fastener was head.
manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance secondary manufacturer—any entity, including the original
with the specification and meets all of its requirements. manufacturer, that alters the fastener.
A563
secondary processing—process that is performed to a fastener
responsible party—responsible party for the fastener shall be
in order to add further value, such as drilling, assembly with
the organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser
other fastener components, lubricating, coating, and machin-
and certifies that the fasteners were manufactured, sampled,
ing. This product may already be tested (or certified when
tested, and inspected in accordance with applicable specifi-
applicable, or both) in compliance with a given standard.
cations and meets all of the requirements.
review—deliberately critical examination, including observa- shall—used to denote a mandatory requirement.
tion of plant operation, evaluation of audit results, shear burst—open break in the fastener metal at approxi-
procedures, certain contemplated actions, and after-the-fact mately 45° to the product axis, usually at the periphery of
investigations of abnormal conditions. fasteners having flanged or circular heads or on the side of
rivet—a headed fastener whose shank is passed through joint hex heads.
plies and the unheaded end is then upset to form a second
shear strength—maximum load applied normally to a fasten-
head while pulling the joint plies together. Rivets may be
er’s axis that can be supported prior to fracture. Single shear
solid, tubular, or split.
is load occurring in one transverse plane, thus cutting the
rod—produced from hot rolled or cast billets, usually rolled in fastener into two pieces; double shear is load applied in two
a multiple strand mill to a round cross section then coiled planes so that, at fracture, the fastener would be cut into
into one continuous length. three pieces.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
10
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
shear stress area: bolt or screw—area perpendicular to the take appropriate actions to achieve and maintain a state of
fastener axis which is based on the root diameter (minor statistical control and to improve the process capability.
diameter) of an externally threaded bolt or screw.
strain—deformation produced on a fastener by an outside
should—used to denote a recommendation. Not suitable for force.
specification use to denote mandatory requirements.
strain hardening—increase in hardness and strength resulting
signature—a certification signature may be hand written, a from plastic deformation by cold working.
digital or stamped facsimile, or a code that provides trace-
ability to the individual within the organization who is strength grade—system of strength classifications used for
responsible for the accuracy and authenticity of fastener bolts, nuts, and screws made to inch standards.
certification content. stress—force expressed in units per unit of area, which
significant surface—surface area where the minimum thick- represents resistance that a fastener offers to deformation.
ness to be met shall be designated on the applicable drawing stress corrosion cracking—cracking phenomena that occurs
or by the provision of a suitably marked sample. However, if when an installed fastener under stress is exposed to a
not designated, significant surfaces shall be defined as those corrosive service environment.
normally visible, directly or by reflection, which are essen-
tial to the appearance or serviceability of the fastener when stress relief annealing—heating process applied to fasteners
assembled in normal position, or which can be the source of having a geometry with a high degree of upset (round head
corrosion products that deface visible surfaces on the as- square neck, for example) to relieve mechanical stresses
sembled fastener. generated during forming.
significantly alter—any action which would change the me- structural bolt—heavy hex head bolt having a controlled
chanical or performance capabilities of the fastener follow- thread length intended for use in structural connections and
ing its original manufacture. assembly of such structures as buildings and bridges.
solution treat—see annealing, solution annealing. subgroup—one or more events or measurements used to
analyze the performance of a process.
source inspection—inspection by the purchaser prior to ship-
ment. surface discontinuities—irregularities that occur prior to or
during the manufacturing or processing of the fastener.
special cause variation—special cause variation is These may include cracks, head bursts, shear bursts, seams,
intermittent, unpredictable and unstable. In control chart folds, thread laps, voids, tool marks, and nicks or gouges.
analysis, it is signaled by a point beyond the control limits,
a run, or some other nonrandom pattern of points within the systematically selected samples—commonly used technique
control limits. whereby specimens are chosen for inspection or testing
based on stated criteria of a sampling plan, such as occurs
spherical washers or seats—washers comprised of two mat- during process-control charting, during tooling changes, or
ing washer components: one component is a washer having at specific timed intervals.
one flat side and a convex spherical surface on the other side.
The other component is a washer having one flat side and a tempering-temperature-audit test—means of checking
concave spherical depression machined into the other side. whether a fastener was tempered at its specified temperature.
The two convex and concave spherical portions are mated
and fit together to make up one spherical washer unit. tensile strength, fastener—see ultimate strength.

spheroidize—see annealing, spheroidize annealing. tension control structural bolt-nut-washer assembly—

assembly that consists of a bolt, nut, and washer capable of
stack up—a series of plates or other fixtures, inserted in an developing a minimum predetermined tension that is visu-
assembled joint or test fixture to assure there are sufficient ally apparent by the separation of the spline end of the bolt
threads (typically three to five) between the bolt head from the bolt body during tightening.
bearing surface and the nut, such as when conducting the
rotational capacity or fastener tension verification test. tension nuts—nuts that are intended to induce and maintain
tension in a bolt.
stainless steel—steel which has been alloyed with chromium
ranging from 10% to less than 30%. Other alloying elements test report—written document or electronic record, signed by
may also be added. an authorized party, which contains sufficient data and
information to verify that the tested fastener properties
statistical control—exists when all special causes of variation conform to the particular specification requirements.
have been eliminated from a process and only common
causes remain. thread galling—displacement of material between mating
threads during tightening which causes interface contact
statistical process control—use of statistical techniques, such points to shear, producing high friction, increased resistance
as control charts, to analyze a process or its outputs so as to to tightening, and even seizing of the threads. Thread galling

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
11
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
is most prevalent with fasteners made of materials that sured under a microscope and the Vickers hardness value is
self-generate an oxide surface film. then read from a conversion table.
thread lap—doubling over of metal on the thread which is void—shallow pocket or hollow on the surface of a fastener
created during roll threading operations. because of nonfilling of metal during forging.
threaded deformed bar—steel bar that has a continuous warm forged (warm formed)—formed by hammering or
hot-rolled pattern of thread-like deformations along its entire pressing with material preheated to a level which remains
length that allows a nut and coupler to thread onto the bar. below the recrystallization temperature prior to or during
forming or forging.
threaded slotted bars—bars threaded at one end and having a
forged, burned, or sawed slot on the other end into which a warm heading or working—forming method in which mate-
tapered wedge may be inserted. rial is heated to a given temperature to improve formability
before heading. The temperature used is below the recrys-
tool marks—longitudinal or circumferential grooves of shal- tallization point or transformation temperature of the metal
low depth produced by the movement of manufacturing being formed.
tools over the bolt, nut, or screw surface.
washer-retainer crack—opening in the lip or hub of metal
torsional strength—load, usually expressed in terms of ap- used to retain a washer on a nut.
plied torque, at which the fastener fails by being twisted off
about its axis. weathering steels—steels having added alloying elements to
enhance the resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
total case depth—distance measured perpendicularly from the
surface of a hardened case to a point where differences in wedge tensile strength—ultimate strength determined by
chemical or physical properties of the case and core no testing with the use of a wedge with a prescribed angle.
longer can be distinguished. wedge tensile test—tensile test performed on various headed
toughness—ability of a fastener to absorb energy and to fasteners and studs using a wedge of prescribed dimensions
deform plastically before fracture. and hardness, and in a prescribed manner for the purpose of
verifying good head quality or ductility, or both.
traceability—ability to verify the manufacturing history, raw
material, heat number, location, or application of an item by wire—used extensively in fastener manufacturing. It is pro-
means of recorded identification. duced from hot rolled or annealed rods or bars by cold
drawing. Steel sizes range from 0.062 to 1.375 in.
uniform hardness—is a relative term that relates the differ-
ence between core hardness and the surface hardness of a workmanship—expected absence of imperfections affecting
fastener in terms of the number of hardness points. Measure- serviceability of a fastener. Often used to describe a finish
ment of hardness uniformity does not determine confor- free from injurious burrs, seams, laps, or irregular surfaces.
mance of hardness to product specifications. Refer to mid- yield strength—tension-applied load at which the fastener
radius hardness and surface hardness. experiences a specific amount of permanent deformation,
ultimate tensile load—maximum tensile-applied load or force that is, the bolt has been stressed beyond its elastic limit and
a fastener can support prior to or coincidental with its is in the plastic zone. It is very difficult to test full size bolts
fracture, and normally expressed in terms of pounds or for yield strength. Because of different strain rates in the
Newtons. threaded section, thread runout and unthreaded shank which
together comprise the stressed length, a “proof load” concept
unilateral specifications—specifications that have only maxi- was introduced.
mum or minimum values.
Young’s modulus—see modulus of elasticity.
user—see end user.
zero defects—term which indicates that no deviation from the
verification—act of confirming, substantiating, and assuring requirements of a specification are present within a statisti-
that an activity or condition has been implemented in cally valid sample drawn from a given fastener lot.
conformance with the specified requirements.
zinc phosphate—coating that serves as a vehicle to retain
Vickers hardness test—standard method for measuring the various lubricants on the surface of wire or rod and protects
hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard the surfaces of the tool and workpiece against damage during
surfaces; the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a various steps in the cold forming and extrusion process. It is
standard length of time by means of a pyramid-shaped also a coating used for corrosion protection of finished
diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is mea- fasteners.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
12
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FASTENER TERMS BY CHARACTERISTIC

X1.1 Mechanical fastener terminology may also be orga- Alteration

nized by fastener characteristics relating to coatings and Insignificant Alteration
Significant Alteration
finishes, inspection and related documentation, materials and Annealing
manufacturing/processing, mechanical properties, performance Austenitic Stainless Alloys
properties, physical properties, product definition, quality Carbide Precipitation “Sensitization”
Carbon Steel
assurance, and testing. Carbon Boron Steel
Coatings and Finishes Carburization
Average Coating Thickness Case Hardening
Baking Duration Check Analysis
Barrel-Plating Process Cold Forming
Batch Average Thickness Cold Heading Quality Material
Dry-to-touch Cold Heading Wire
Fastener Electroplating Crack
Hexavalent Chromium Cut Thread
High Temperature Galvanizing Decarburization
Hot Dip Galvanizing Deoxidation
Inch Threaded Class 2A Coating Thickness Effective Case Depth
Local Thickness Elongation
Mechanical Deposition Forging Cracks
Minimum Local Thickness Forming
Organic Coating Heat Analysis
Passivation Heat Control
Plating High Temperature Fastener Alloys
Production Lot: Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip Hot Forged
Protective Finish Hot Forming
Rack-Plating Process Hydrogen Embrittlement, Internal
Zinc Phosphate Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief
In-Process Control
Inspection and Related Documentation Internal Hydrogen Embrittlement
Applicable Standards Ladle Analysis
Assembly Lot Liquid Medium
Certificate of Compliance Low Carbon Martensite
Certificate of Conformance Martensitic Alloys
Certification Material Specification
Control Plan Microstructure
Detection Process Nonferrous Alloys
Fastener Specification Precipitation Hardening Alloys
Fastener Standard Process Parameters
Inspection Property Class
Inspection Plan Quench Cracks
Inspection Test Raw Material Manufacturer
Lot Recrystallization
Lot from Blanks Reprocess
Lot Sampling Inspection Residuals
PPM Rod
Prevention Process Roll Thread
Process Flow Seam
Referenced Standards Secondary Manufacturer
Reinspection Secondary Processing
Related Standards Significantly Alter
Reproducibility Solution Treat
Shall Spheroidize
Shear Burst Stainless Steel
Should Strain Hardening
Signature Strength Grade
Special Cause Variation Stress Relief Annealing
Statistical Control Total Case Depth
Statistical Process Control Warm Heading or Working
Subgroup Weathering Steels
Unilateral Specifications Wire
Void
Mechanical Properties
Materials and Manufacturing/Processing Bilateral Specification
Age Hardened Center Hardness
Alloy Group Clamp Load
Alloy Steel Cone Proof Load-Inch Series
Alter Cone Proof Load-Metric Series

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
13
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14

Fastener Tensile Stress Area Roof and Rock Bolts

Fatigue Strength Screw
Fracture Screw Thread
Grade Identification Symbols Shear Stress Area: Bolt or Screw
Hardness Significant Surface
Impact Strength Spherical Washers or Seats
Maximum Hardness Structural Bolt
Mechanical Properties Tension Control Structural Bolt-Nut-Washer Assembly
Minimum Hardness Threaded Deformed Bar
Modulus of Elasticity Threaded Slotted Bars
Proof Load, Externally Threaded Fastener
Proof Load, Internally Threaded Fastener Quality Assurance
Property Class Symbols Acceptance Number
Proportional Limit Burst
Reduction of Area Certified Quality Assurance System
Shear Strength Commingling
Strain Common Cause
Stress Control Limit
Tensile Strength, Fastener Defect
Toughness Detection System
Uniform Hardness Fastener Quality
Ultimate Tensile Load Fold
Wedge Tensile Strength In-Process Sampling Inspection
Yield Strength Machine Process Capability Study
Young’s Modulus Material Lap
Material Review
Performance Properties Nick
Bolt Load - Elongation Behavior Nonconformance
Break Loose Torque Pre–Launch Production Plan
Breakaway Torque Prevention System
Compression Load Production Plan
Drive Torque Prototype Plan
Corrosion Resistance Qualification (Personal)
Ductility of Externally Threaded Fasteners Quality Assurance
Endurance Limit Quality Assurance Program
Environmental Hydrogen Embrittlement Quality Assurance System
Fatigue Limit Random Sampling
Heat Resistance Registered Quality Assurance System
High Temperature for Mechanical Fasteners Registration
Inspection Torque Repeatability
Locking Ability Responsibility for the Fastener
Performance Properties Responsible Party
Plasticity Review
Prevailing Torque Scrapping of Fasteners
Relaxation Surface Discontinuities
Stress Corrosion Cracking Systematically Selected Samples
Thread Galling Thread Lap
Torsional Strength Tool Marks
Traceability
Physical Properties Verification
Magnetic Permeability Washer-Retainer Crack
Physical Properties Workmanship
Resilience Zero Defects

Product Definition
Anchor Bolt
Bar Supplier/User
Bendable Bolts Alteration Distributor
Bolt Distributor
Bolt-Nut-Washer Assembly End User
Chemical Anchors Fastener Manufacturer
Clipped Washer Manufacturer
Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicator Non-Alteration Distributor
Conical Washer Private Label Distributor
Consensus Standard
Dud
Eye Bolt Testing
Fastener Accredited Laboratory
High Strength Bolts Arbitration Hardness Location
High Temperature Bolts Bend Test
Load Indicating Fastener Cone Proof Load Test
Mechanical Fastener Destructive Test
Nominal Drill-Drive Test
Nut Drive Test
Part Identifying Number (PIN) Extensometer
Plain Washer Fastener Testing
Reduced Diameter Body Full Size Specimen
Rivet Head-to-Shank Integrity

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
14
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 F1789 − 14

Indentation Hardness Referee Test Method

Machined Specimen Rotational Capacity Test
Macro-etch Test Routine Hardness Locations
Macrograph Salt Spray Test
Macroscopic Stack Up
Macrostructure Tempering-Temperature-Audit Test
Material Test Report Test Report
Metallography Vickers Hardness Test
Plastic Deformation Wedge Tensile Test
Product Analysis

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/
COPYRIGHT/).

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Apr 6 04:57:55 EDT 2014
15
Downloaded/printed by
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.