Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition ISSN : 1673-064X

PRODUCTION TRIAL OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) USING FORMULATED

ORGANIC FOLIAR FERTILIZER IN LAHAR-LADEN AREAS
Diosdado . Garcia
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
President Ramon Magsaysay State University, Zambales, Philippines

Abstract

The substitution of conventional fertilizer with foliar organic fertilizer for Lettuce in
addition to reducing the risk of contamination of the soil and the water table, can increase the
efficiency of fertilization and so the yield, minimizing the costs of mineral fertilizers. This research
was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of Tyrol and Fanfare varieties of
Lettuce using the different rates of application of formulated organic foliar fertilizer under lahar-
laden soil. Fermented banana stems were used in this study. The two-factor experiment was laid
down using a 2x 4 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD),
replicated three times. It was conducted at President Ramon Magsaysay State University Organic
Vegetable Project Site, which was affected by lahar during the eruption of Mt Pinatubo. The
study's findings indicate that the application of fermented plant juice slightly improved Lettuce's
growth and yield performance. Fanfare variety of lettuce had significantly better growth
performance than Tyrol variety. However, there were no significant differences in the yield
performance of Lettuce as affected by variety and the different rates of application of fermented
plant juice. This study would benefit the vegetable growers in the lahar-laden areas in Central
Luzon.

Keywords: Lettuce, Fermented Plant Juice, Molasses, Microorganisms, Organic Foliar Fertilizer

I. INTRODUCTION
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) an annual plant of the Compositae family, is one of the most
important vegetables in the human diet. The plant is full of vitamins and minerals with lots of fiber.
Lettuce is 26th among 39 vegetables and fruits of nutrition value and is fourth in consumption. It is
the most popular salad crop in the world, which mainly grows in temperate regions and sometimes
in tropics and sub-tropic regions. The best temperature for the cultivation of Lettuce is 18-25
degrees. Lettuce is commonly known as lechugas in the Philippines. It is mainly produced in the
highlands of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) where the temperature is cooler. There
is a high demand for Lettuce especially when it is grown organically. The number of medium to
small farming operations in the mid-to high-elevation areas of the country producing mixed
varieties of Lettuce has increased in the last five years. Harvest volumes of the leafy veggie have
grown because of the increased demand from farmers’ markets, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants,
fast-food chains, and high-end food service companies (Rodriguez, 2018).

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Commercial and conventional farming has relied on inorganic fertilizers to grow

vegetables (Lampkin 1990). This is because they are easy to use, quickly absorbed, and utilized
by crops. However, these fertilizers are believed to contribute substantially to environmental
problems, to humans, animals, and food intoxication. The chemical fertilizers used in conventional
farming contain just a few minerals that dissolve quickly in damp soil and give the plants large
doses of minerals. Organic fertilizers can therefore be used to reduce the amount of toxic
compounds (such as nitrates) produced by chemical fertilizers in vegetables like Lettuce
(Masasirambi et al., 2010).

Production of vegetables, especially Lettuce in lahar- laden areas, is challenging due to its
characteristics. In many areas lettuce is grown under protective structures. In this study, lettuce
was planted in lahar- laden areas. Lahar deposits due to the eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo in 1991
have sandy loam textures that are generally less fertile than the original soil (Aganon, et al 2013).

Based on its mineral composition, the banana stem has the potential to be utilized, among
others as the raw material of bokashi/ compost. According to Krisnawati (2015), bokashi made
from 2-month-old banana stem containing C organic (29,7%), C/N ratio (17,8%), pH H2 O (5,64),
total NPK (7,74%) is qualified as organic fertilizer. Faozil et al. (2018) found that bokashi made
from banana stem has a chemical composition that can be used as a soil conditioner and a source
of nutrients to increase the growth and yield of soybean crops in the coastal sand area. The growth
of leaf area, dry weight of roots and canopy, and the yield of seeds of several soybean varieties
varied on the bokashi dose given. The Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Training Institute,
through their Fermented Plant Juice Production Guide (2021), recommends the rate of application
at eighty (80) ml of FPJ per 16 litters of water and spray on the leaves or apply directly to the soil
around the plants from the seedling stage up to the pre-flowering stage. FPJ can be applied weekly
or depending on plant vigor. With FPJ there is no overdose; however, the soil must be watered
first before applying FPJ to avoid scorching of the roots. According to the College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources (2013), Fermented Plant Juice is used in solution for seed and
soil treatments and plant nutrition. Based on the study of Barrera and Farin (2022), the increase
in growth and yield parameters in pechay are attributed significantly to the fermented rice bran
level of concentrations and the variety of pechay. Studies conducted by researchers were done on
the effectiveness of fermented organic fertilizers such as fish bones and onion plants (Jang and
Kuk, 2020) . In 2015, Jesu (2015) conducted a study on rice bran compared with other organic
fertilizers like wood ash and poultry manure. On the other hand, Santosa and Soekendarsi (2018)
focused on rice and coconut water waste and found promising results in enhancing the productivity
of leafy vegetables like cabbage and pechay.
On the other hand, the recommended dilution is five hundred (500) mL of Fermented Plant
Juice for every 16 litters of water or one sprayer tank (Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and
Agricultural Systems Cluster (ASC) of University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), 2012).
The study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar organic fertilizer on the growth
and yield of Lettuce in lahar- laden areas.

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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Variety

Fanfare Variety (V1)

Loose leaf lettuce is one of the easiest Lettuce to grow at home. They are cultivated for
the tender, delicate leaves which grow from a central stalk. Loose-leaf Lettuce is very high in
Vitamin A, which is converted from beta-carotene (Busch, 2018).

Tyrol Variety (V2)

Romaine lettuce grows in a long head of sturdy leaves with a firm rib down their centers.
These thick ribs, especially on the older outer leaves, have an unpleasant milky fluid, so they
should not be employed, nor should the leaf- tips, which can be bitter.

Cultural Management Practices

The following cultural management practices were implemented in order to facilitate the
collection of data on the growth and yield of Lettuce:

Soil sampling

Soil samples were collected randomly from the experimental area following the standard
procedure and submitted for analysis at the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office III,
Regional Soils Laboratory before planting and after harvest. The essential macro elements such as
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The result of the soil analysis was the basis of the rate of
application. The soil moisture was determined using the gravimetric method of soil moisture
estimation. The soil sample was placed in an oven at 105 degrees Celsius and dried to a constant
weight. The difference in weight is considered to be the water present in the soil sample.

Fermented Plant Juice Preparation and nutrient analysis

The fermented plant juice was prepared using fresh 2 kg banana stalks and 1 kg molasses.
The stalks were cut and chopped into manageable sizes to broaden the surface area. The chopped
banana stalks and molasses were mixed thoroughly. The mixture was kept inside the laboratory
room under shaded room temperature and was allowed to ferment naturally for 7 days. The
fermented plant juice was subjected for its nutrient analysis at the Department of Agriculture.

Land Preparation and Application of Treatments

The area was plowed and harrowed once or until a good tilth was attained. The area was
divided into three (3) blocks from which plots were formed for random designation of treatments.
The fermented plant juice was applied twice a week as organic foliar fertilizer using a gallon
sprinkler.
Seeds of Tyrol and Fanfare varieties of Lettuce were sown and allowed to germinate in a
seed tray filled with a mixture of carbonized rice hull and vermicast two weeks prior to planting.
The seed trays were set up in a partially shaded area. Water was applied on the seed trays to
facilitate pulling of seedlings for transplanting to prevent root damage. Loosening the soil is

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important for the success of transplanting. Hand-held plastic sprinklers were used to water the
plants as needed.

Each plot has four (4) rows with at least fifteen (15) plants within each row. The seedlings
were transplanted 20 days after emergence. The distance of planting is 0.25 m between and within
each rows. Holes measuring 7 cm deep were pre-dug. The seedlings were transplanted late in the
afternoon.
Cultivation was done to provide aeration to the roots. Hand weeding was also done
depending on the prevalence of weeds. As soon as insects were visible, organic pesticides were
used to control proliferation of cutworm and leaf miners. The infected plants during the vegetative
stage were collected and burned to prevent healthy plants from being contaminated. No replanting
was done since the number of samples were still enough.

Research Design and treatments

The protocols for the 2x4 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) were followed, with three replications. Variety (Factor A) and rate of administration of
prepared fermented plant juice are the two components in the factorial design (Factor B). The
experimental design was based on a randomized whole block pattern. The four FPJ levels were
assigned randomly to each degree of diversity in each block (or replication). Each block contained
eight plots. The space between plots was kept at 0.5 m, while the distance between plants was 0.25
m x 0.25 m. Figure 1 shows the experimental layout of the study showing the 2x4 factorial
experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.

Figure 1. Experimental Lay-Out

Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3

V1 V2 V1 V2 V1
V2 T3
T3 T2 T3 T1 T2
0.5 1m 0.5 0.5
1m
55 5 55
5
T4 0.5 T3 T4 0.5 T4 1m
T1 0.5 T4
1m
55 5 55
5
T2 0.5 T1 T2 T3 T4 0.5
T2
1m 0.5 1m
55 5 55
5
T1 0.5 T4 T1 0.5 T2 T3 0.5 T1
1m 1m
55 55 55

The following were the treatments in the field experiment:

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Factor A (Variety) V1- Fanfare

V2- Tyrol

Factor B (rate of application of FPJ) F1- control (no fertilizer)

F2- 75 ml per 16 li. of water/plot F3- 80 ml per 16 li. of water/plot F4- 500 ml per 16 li. of
water/plot.

Location of the study

Map of San Marcelino, Zambales, Philippines

The study was conducted at the Organic Vegetable Project Site, President Ramon
Magsaysay State University, Barangay Nagbunga, San Marcelino, Zambales. The area is still
covered with thick lahar deposits resulting from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption.

Harvesting

Lettuce was harvested manually by uprooting with a trowel to avoid plant damage. Plants
that could be sold were separated from those that couldn't. The harvest was uprooted or cut early
in the morning to keep it crisp and fresh. Lettuce was harvested 30 days after transplanting.

Data Collected

The following were the parameters gathered

1. Growth Parameters
1.1. Width of Leaves (cm.). The width of leaves of the twenty (20) sample plants were measured
using a ruler.
1.2. Number of leaves. The number of primary leaves up to harvesting were counted.
1.3. Diameter of Canopy (cm.). The diameter of the canopy was measured from the tip of the
leaves of the other tip of the other leaves.
1.4. Height of the plant (cm). The height of the plants was measured from ground level to the tip
of the last leaf in centimeters.
1.5. Average Length of Leaves (cm). The length of the leaves of the twenty (20) sample plants
were measured using a ruler
1.6. Average weight/plant (g). The average weight was determined by taking the total weight of
each sample plant after harvest.

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2. Yield Parameters.
2.1. Number of cut leaves. The number of cut leaves per plant was counted.
2.2. Average yield / square meter. The total production in kilogram with regards to the
measurement of each plot.
2.3. Average weight/plant (g). The average weight was determined by taking the total weight of
each sample plant after harvest.
2.5. Average yield/plot. The total production in kilograms with regards to the measurement of each
plot.

Data Analysis

The growth and yield parameters were gathered. Data were analyzed using Analysis of
Variance for Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design.. Finally, the comparison among
means was done using Least Significant Difference.

III. Results and Discussion

Nutrient Analysis of the fermented plant juice

The fermented plant juice used in this study was analyzed and it contained 0.40% Total
Nitrogen, 0.03% Total Phosphorus and 0.95 Total Potassium.

Growth performance of Lettuce

Figure 1. Average width of leaves of the Two Varieties of Lettuce

Figure 1 shows the average width of leaves of the two verieities of lettuce The width of
lettuce leaves from plants that did not receive FPJ (3.99 cm) was slightly less than that of plants
that did receive FPJ the width of leaves recorded for plots applied with 500 mL FPJ (4.14 cm) for
the Fanfare variety. For the Tyrol variety, the width of leaves with no application of FPJ (2.53 cm)
was lower than the width of leaves recorded for plots applied with 500 mL FPJ (3.11 cm). The

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Fanfare variety was significantly higher in terms of width of leaves compared to the Tyrol variety.
An increment of 0.36 cm (11.04 %) was observed in the mean width of leaves as the application
rate of FPJ increased from 0 to 500 mL FPJ per 16 L of water per plot. The higher N content of
organic fertilizer can stimulate higher protein synthesis, resulting in larger leaves in Fanfare variety
(3.96 cm). Hossain and Ryu (2017) found a similar result: organic fertilizer application increased
leaf size (length and breadth).

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (V1) Tyrol (V2)

Figure 2. Average canopy diameter (cm) of the two varieties of Lettuce as affected by the
application of fermented plant juice

Fanfare's average leaf canopy diameter (8.64 cm) was significantly higher than Tyrol
(6.59) variety (Figure2). On the other hand the leaf canopy diameter of Lettuce were comparable
to the control when applied with fermented juice. The leaf diameter ranged from 7.13 cm to 7.89
cm. However, the leaf canopy diameter of Lettuce slightly increased with the application of 75
ml FPJ and increased further with the application of 500 mL FPJ. The interaction of variety and
level of FPJ was not significant. These findings suggest that increasing the FPJ application rate to
500 mL did not result to a corresponding increase in the canopy diameter of Lettuce grown in
lahar-laden soil.

The study does not support the experiment of Sunaryo (2010) that mustard green and
lettuce treated by bokashi had better growth than those treated with NPK inorganic fertilizer.
Better growth of plants as a result of the application of manure or compost can occur due to the
positive effect of manure or compost on physical, biological, and chemical soil fertility. The
increasing of water holding capacity, aeration, and essential elements availability were the
conditions of soil fertility that were appropriate for plants to have better growth (Darliana, 2007).
In the study of Ghanem et al. (2017), the application of Bokashi resulted in the highest head
diameter in Lettuce.

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0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (1) Tyrol (V2)

Figure 3. Average Plant Height (cm) of the Two Varieties of Lettuce

as Affected by Application of Fermented Plant Juice

The application of fermented plant juice on Lettuce had no significant effect on the average
plant height (Figure 3). However, slightly taller plants were obtained when FPJ was applied.
Fanfare variety had significantly taller plants than Tyrol variety with 5.72cm and 4.59cm
respectively. Organic fertilizers are rich sources of phosphorus and nitrogen, both of which are
vital building blocks for plant proteins and thus contributed to plant growth (Poliquit et al., 2019).
Results of the experiment of Sunaryo (2010) indicated that mustard green and Lettuce treated by
bokashi had better growth than that treated by NPK inorganic fertilizer.

0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (V1) Tyrol (V2)

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Figure 4. Average number of leaves per plant of the two varieties of Lettuce as affected
by different rates of fermented plant juice

Figure 4 shows that there was a significant difference on the number of leaves produced
by Tyrol and Fanfare. The average number of leaves reported for Tyrol was significantly higher
with 6.63 leaves than the average number of leaves reported for Fanfare variety with 4.96 leaves.
Applying FPJ to lettuce had no significant effect on the number of leaves. However, plants
with 80 mL FPJ had more leaves with an average of 5.87. Increasing the amount to 500 mL FPJ
slightly reduced the average number to 5.80 leaves.
The study by Ghanem et al (2017) contradicts this which showed that applying Bokashi
resulted in the highest number of leaves per head or plant. Applying 75ml ofFPJ resulted in more
leaves in Tyrol variety, while applying 500 ml FPJ resulted in more leaves in Fanfare. However,
in the study of Arshad et al. (2018) the number of leaves increased with increasing concentration
of goat manure extract.
The significant difference indicates that the average number of leaves reported for Tyrol
was higher than that reported for Fanfare variety. The effect of the application of fermented plant
juice and the impact of the interaction between variety and the c application rate of fermented plant
juice did not cause significant difference in the average number of leaves. These findings were
contrary to the study of Arshad et al.( 2018 ) that organic waste extracts significantly influenced
the number of leaves of Lettuce.

0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (V1) Tyrol (V2)

There was a statistically significant difference found in the length of leaves as affected by
variety (F=26.65>F(5%)=18.5) and the combined effect of combination and FPJ application rate
(F=0.07< F(5%)=3.49). Tyrol had significantly longer leaves with 6.03 cm. A significantly higher
number of leaves was found in Tyrol plants applied with 80 ml and 500 ml FPJ.

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500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (1) Tyrol (V2)

Figure 5 . Average Yield (g) per Square Meter of the Two Lettuce Varieties
Applied with the Different Rates of Application
of Fermented Plant Juice

Increasing the application rate of FPJ seems to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of
plants. This result conforms with Milagrosa and Balaki (2015) study, indicating that more
marketable lettuce heads were noted from those applied with Bokashi and effective
microorganisms. Furthermore, the study of Domingo (2019) indicates that the application of plant
extracts resulted in improved yield.
With an average mean weight of 272.79 grams per sq. meter, the highest increment in terms
of weight was obtained from plants applied with 500 ml of fermented plant juice. It was followed
by plants applied with 80 ml of fermented plant juice with 270.41 g . Milagrosa and Balaki (2015)
study indicate that more marketable lettuce heads were noted from those applied with Bokashi and
effective microorganisms.

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3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 2 3 4

Fanfare (1) Tyrol (V2)

Figure 6. Average Yield per Plot of Two Lettuce Varieties

Applied with the Different Rates of Application
of Fermented Plant Juice

For the Fanfare variety, the lowest average yield per plot was recorded at 312.90 grams in
the untreated plants, while the plants treated with 80 mL FPJ recorded slightly higher average yield
per plot at 2,333,33 grams. The reported yield of 394.73 grams of plants treated with 500 mL FPJ
was slightly lower than the yield of 421.87 grams from plants treated with 75 mL FPJ for Fanfare
variety. For the Tyrol variety, the average yield per plot slightly increased from 329.63 grams for
the untreated plants to 2,435.00 grams for plants treated with 500 mL FPJ. The average yield per
plot for plants treated with 75 mL FPJ was higher in plants of the Fanfare variety with 421.87
grams than the yield of 363.30 grams for plants of the Tyrol variety. The average yield per plot for
plants treated with 80 mL FPJ was slightly in plants of the Fanfare with 2,333.33 grams than the
yield of 370.73 grams for plants of the Tyrol variety. However, the average yield for plants applied
with 500 mL FPJ was higher in plants of the Tyrol with 2435.00 grams than the yield of 394.73
grams for Fanfare varieties. Milagrosa and Balaki (2015) study suggest that Bokashi-treated plants
produced more marketable heads, which can be attributed to compactness and thicker leaves.

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Tyrol Variety Fanfare Variety

Figure 7. Picture showing Tyrol and Fanfare varieties of Lettuce in lahar laden soil

IV. Conclusion

The application of fermented plant juice at different rates slightly improves the
growth performance of Lettuce in terms of the width of leaves, canopy diameter, plant
height, number of leaves, and leaf length, and yield of Lettuce in terms of the number of
cut leaves per kilogram, average weight per plant, average yield per square meter, and
average yield per plot. There is a significant difference on the growth performance of
Tyrol and Fanfare. On the other hand, comparable yield performance of Tyrol and Fanfare
was obtained.

V. Recommendations

Since the growth and yield performance of lettuce in lahar-laden areas using
different FPJ concentrations was comparable it may be recommended to repeat the study.
The concentration of FPJ may be increased from 80 ml per 16 Li of water. Organic liquid
fertilizer may be applied to plants planted in poor soils like lahar or sandy soil where
leaching or loss of nutrients is fast.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researcher would like to thank God Almighty for giving him the
strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity. Without God’s blessings the achievement would not
have been possible.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to President Ramon Magsaysay State
University for the support to complete this research.

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