PR2-1ST Quarter
PR2-1ST Quarter
PR2-1ST Quarter
Designing infrastructures, materials and procedures that are A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take
efficient, convenient, and can withstand to various calamities negative values or values between fixed points. For example: number of
students in a class, group size and frequency.
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that
can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature. IDENTIFICATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely: 1. Interest in the Subject Matter
A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences Search for a problem in your everyday life. Problems suitable for
between consecutive values are equal and meaningful but the numbers research exist everywhere (in your community, farm, school, city, body
are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37 of water, environment, at home, etc.). Make a habit of asking yourself
degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The questions about what you see and hear. Why does suchand-such
zero point does not suggest the absence of a property being measured. happen? Think about what interests you.
Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point of ice.
Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score. 2. Availability of information
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the Read or search more about your field of interest because reading also
presence of a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the gives you theoretical base for your study. So, look through professional
absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age, height, journals and magazines, textbooks and thesis/dissertations to find out
weight and distance. more about these topics. This will give you a clear idea about what is
already known in your area of interest - and what is still unknown.
II. Qualitative Variables are also referred to as Categorical Variables are
not expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous. The topic of your choice should be significant, important, and relevant
C. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or to the present time and situation and or current interest. It is original,
values. For example, a response to a question either be a yes or no. vital, and practical for use of the public. It must contribute to the
national goals and development for the improvement of the quality of
D. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you human life and it must contribute to the fund of human knowledge.
may have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For
example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him 4. Limitation on the subject
from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better It can be completed within a reasonable period of time. The
than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of equipment and instruments for the research are available and can give
transportation. reliable results. The results are implementable/doable or repeatable.
E. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is 5. Personal resources
ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or
quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle. It must be
a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly within the capability of the researcher to finance.
(5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal
Distinguishing among Topic, Research Problem, Purpose, and Research
variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors). Questions
TOPIC RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT QUESTION
broad subject a general the major narrows the purpose 3. Is the title grammatically correct and not verbose?
matter educational intent or into specific questions Correct spelling, usage of punctuation marks, catchy
addressed by issue, objective of that the researcher but formal language
the study. concern, or the study used would like answered or
controversy to address the addressed in the study. Not too wordy
addressed in problem
4. Does the title contain not more than 12 substantive words?
research that
narrows the Substantive words – meaningful words excluding
topic. connecting words, prepositions etc.
SHS Low grades of To improve Can peer tutoring
Mathematics SHS students the grades of improve the grades of
in SHS students SHS students in
General in General
Mathematics General Mathematics?
Mathematics Consolidated by: