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The Open Waste Management Journal

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DOI: 10.2174/1876400201811010033, 2018, 11, 33-40

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of Various Agroindustrial Wastes on Nutrition Yield and
Quality of Canola (Brassica napus L.)
Müzeyyen Seçer1, Lütfü Elmaci Ömer1,* and Şafak Ceylan2
1
Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
2
Ödemiş Vocational Training School of Ege University, 35750-Ödemiş, İzmir, Turkey

Received: July 31, 2018 Revised: November 8, 2018 Accepted: November 14, 2018
Abstract:
Introduction:
Canola is an important agricultural crop generally grown for oil and biofuel generation.

Materials and Methods:

The agroindustrial solid wastes of oregano and cumin wastes were used in a vegetation experiment to determine their effect on the
nutrition, yield and quality of the canola plant (Brassica napus L.) The experiment was performed on 12 plots of 6 m2 and was
conducted with four treatments of composted oregano and cumin wastes, mineral fertilization and control in three replications.
Physical and chemical properties and macro-micro nutrients were determined in the soils at the beginning and the end of the
experiment.

Results and Discussion:

The leaves showed sufficient levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and low sufficient levels of Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. The boron content of the
leaves was insufficient. Manganese and B were affected significantly by the applications. The applications did not affect plant height,
shoot and carob number per plant, and seed numbers per carob significantly. Statistically, the highest number of plants per m2 was
observed in the plots to which cumin wastes were applied, and these plots also showed the maximum yield.

Conclusion:
Seed yield, protein and oil percentages were not affected significantly by the applications.

Keywords: Agroindustrial wastes, Canola, Soil Fertility, Yield, Quality, Manganese.

1. INTRODUCTION
Canola is the most important biomass besides sunflower, palm and soybean with respect to biodiesel production.
Because of relatively high nutrient requirement, great attention should be paid to fertility management in canola
production [1]. Increasing the input of mineral nutrients plays an important role in yield, quality and nutrient use
efficiency. Canola requires more nitrogen than cereal crops. According to Kaefer et al. [2], although grain yield and
protein and oil contents in seeds were not affected by the N sources, increasing N rates increased protein contents and
reduced oil contents in canola seeds. Smith et al. [3] reported that large amounts of N fertilizer reduced the oil content
but enhanced the protein content in canola and found a negative correlation between oil concentration and protein
content. Phosphorus is required in smaller amounts than N for plant growth but is very important for energy transfer.
For optimizing canola production, P fertilization is recommended [1]. Potassium is involved as a plant nutrient in
* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100-
Bornova, İzmir, Turkey, Tel: +90-232-3889-203; E-mail: oelmaci@hotmail.com

1876-4002/18 2018 Bentham Open

34 The Open Waste Management Journal, 2018, Volume 11 Seçer et al.

numerous physiological and biochemical processes. In general, its uptake by oilseed rape is greater than that of any
other nutrient [4]. Due to the rapid redistribution of K within the plant, K deficiency symptoms may not necessarily be
observed in the field and the fundamental importance of K may not be recognized [5]. Cheema et al. [6] studied the
influence of K levels on two canola cultivars and found that oil content progressively decreased with an increase in K
level. According to a soil K test index in China, K fertilizer is recommended to increase soil fertility and achieve high
seed yield in winter oilseed rape [7]. Jankowski et al. [8] found increased yield in winter oilseed rape seeds with foliar
application of boron and fertilizer, which improved the nutritional value of seed but lowered its feed value. According
to Gao et al. [9], the remaining rapeseed meal can be used after extraction as an organic fertilizer for the cropland or as
a source of animal feed.
In cases of insufficiency of the organic matter in the soil, the use of organic residues, by-products or wastes is
gaining high importance in improving soil fertility and plant nutrition. Several agro-industrial residues have relatively
high concentrations of nutrients, and these could regulate the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Many
studies have been performed on the effect of agro-industrial wastes on soil fertility and plant nutrition. Some of these
are Singh et al. [10], who used pressed sludge, molasses and rice husks, Steponavicius [11], who used the sludge of
milk production, Stepkowsha et al. [12] with a compost of olive oil sludges, Elmacı et al. [13] with various solid and
liquid agro-industrial wastes, and Kılıç et al. [14], who used tobacco wastes. According to Elmacı et al. [15], the
application of production residues of cumin and oregano to the soil increased the microbiological activity of the soil
most with cumin wastes, but mineral fertilizer application had no effect on microbial biomass and activity in the soil.
The use of medicinal and aromatic plants such as cumin and oregano is widespread in the world in many branches of
industry: Turkey supplies 70% of the world’s oregano and has many processing factories [16]. However, the waste from
these factories causes problems with respect to storage requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate these wastes
for the nutrition of canola plants.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted with canola plants (Brassica napus L.) using solid wastes which had been
separately composted for 7.5 months from a medicinal and aromatic plant factory in the Ödemiş district of İzmir
province in Turkey. Three samples were taken from each composted waste type (cumin and oregano) as specified in
Table 1 and analysed for their physical and chemical properties. In this manner, the pH, total soluble salts [17], organic
matter [18] and total N [19] contents of the wastes were determined. For the determination of macro- and
micronutrients, the samples of wastes were wet digested (HNO3:HClO4; 4:1) [20]. In the extractions, the content of P
was determined by colorimeter [21], that of K, Ca and Na by flame photometer and that of Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn by AAS
(Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) [22]. For the determination of B content, extraction with hot water was performed
on the soil and on the wastes after digestion of the samples at 500oC. The boron content of the extracts was measured
using a 1:1 dianthrimid indicator with colorimeter [20, 23].
Physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients were determined in the soils of the field experiment
at the beginning of vegetation. In these soils, total soluble salt [24], CaCO3 [25], organic matter content [26], texture
[27] and total N content [18] were analysed in addition to pH [28]. The amounts of available K, Ca and Na in the soil
were determined by flame photometer, and Mg was determined by AAS [28] after extraction with 1 N NH4OAc [29].
Available P was measured by colorimeter in an extract with distilled water [30]. Available Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were
extracted with 0.05 M DTPA+TEA and measured by AAS [31].
The field experiment was conducted using coincident block design with three blocks and four plots of 6 m2 each per
block. Additionally, mineral fertilizer and control plots were also arranged in order to compare the cumin and oregano
wastes. The composted wastes (40 t ha-1) were incorporated into the soil before planting at a depth of 15-20 cm. Mineral
fertilizers were applied at recommended doses of 200 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 200 kg K2O ha-1. One third of the N
doses and the whole of the P and K were given as 15:15:15, NH4NO3 (33 N % W.B.) and in the form of K2SO4 at
planting, another 1/3 was given at the beginning of vegetation, and the third N dose was given two weeks after the
second application as NH4NO3. Brassica napus (L.) was planted in each plot in eight rows with 30 cm between rows
and 5-7 cm above the rows. At the end of vegetation, soil samples were taken from all plots at a depth of 0-20 cm and
changes in physical and chemical properties and macro- micro nutrients were determined.

Leaf samples were taken at flowering and analysed for all macro- and micronutrient contents by the methods
Effects of Various Agroindustrial Wastes The Open Waste Management Journal, 2018, Volume 11 35

described above.
At the end of the vegetation, the plants were harvested. Plant height, plant number per m2, shoot and carob number
per plant, seed number per carob and seed yield per m2 and ha were determined as growth and yield parameters. Crude
protein and oil percentages were obtained as quality parameters. Total N content in seeds was analysed according to the
modified Kjeldahl method [19] and multiplied by 6.25 to obtain the crude protein percentage [32]. The oil percentage of
the air-dried seeds directly was determined with the Oxford Newport Analyser (NMR).
Statistical analyses were performed using the Tarist 4.01 DOS [33] package. The data was analysed by one factor
coincidental block design, and variance analysis was applied. Mean values were separated according to the Least
Significant Difference method at p ≤ 0.01.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients of the composted wastes used in
the experiment. The pH values of the wastes were slightly alkaline (7.4) for the oregano wastes and medium alkaline
(8.3) for the cumin wastes. The organic matter content and all of macro- and micronutrients except Fe and Na contents
were higher in the cumin wastes than in the oregano wastes. Table 2 represents the physical and chemical properties and
macro- and micronutrient content of the experimental soil.
Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients of composted wastes used in the canola
experiment.

-1
– – – % % % mg kg
EC Soluble Organic Organic
– pH -1 C/N N P K Ca Mg Fe Na Cu Zn Mn B
(dS m ) Salt Matter C
Cumin
8.3 18 1.2 42 24 12 2.0 0.39 1.9 1.9 0.28 0.19 500 36 97 157 5.5
Wastes
Oregano
7.4 15 1.0 32 19 12 1.6 0.21 1.4 1.4 0.16 0.23 500 25 57 125 3.0
Wastes

This soil was neutral, had no salinity problem, was low in CaCO3 and organic matter, and had a loamy sandy
texture. Regarding macronutrients, the total N and available Mg contents of the soil were at a medium level, while
according to Güneş et al. [34], available K and Ca were low, and according to Chapmann and Pratt [35], P levels were
high. Akdemir et al. [36] found 11.4 mg kg-1 of available P in this region’s soils and Oktay et al. [37] found 12.5 mg
kg-1. The contents of Fe, Cu and Zn were found to be good and sufficient and Mn was insufficient, while boron was
-1
below the toxic level of 0.5 mg kg given by Güneş et al. [34].

Table 2. Physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrient contents of experimental soil (0-20 cm depth).

Properties Units Depth

pH 7.05
Total Soluble Salt % < 0.03
CaCO3 % 0.66
Sand % 79
Loam % 17
Clay % 4
Texture Loamy-sand
Organic Matter % 1.09
Total N % 0.05
Available P mg kg-1 8.41
K mg kg-1 110
-1
Ca mg kg 830
Mg mg kg-1 139
Na mg kg-1 14.4
Fe mg kg-1 14
36 The Open Waste Management Journal, 2018, Volume 11 Seçer et al.

(Table 2) contd.....
Properties Units Depth
Cu mg kg-1 1.2
Zn mg kg-1 1.4
-1
Mn mg kg 3.6
-1
B mg kg 0.08

Changes in the soil’s physical and chemical properties such as macro and micronutrients contents after the
vegetation period of the canola plant are shown in Table 3. The applications had no effect on the pH and total soluble
salt content of the soil compared with the beginning of vegetation. A similar effect was also demonstrated by Elmaci et
al. [38] with cumin and oregano wastes applied for cotton nutrition. The fact that the total soluble salt values in the
control and oregano and cumin treatments were equal indicated that the wastes carried no risk with respect to salinity.
During the vegetation, the CaCO3 and organic matter percentages of the soils increased by at least twofold in nearly all
treatments. Statistical differences were observed between the applications in respect of the CaCO3 (p<0.01) and organic
matter (p<0.05) percentages of the soils. As expected, oregano and cumin wastes had statistically the most increasing
effect on the organic matter percentages of the soil. Elmaci et al. [38] found the highest organic matter increase in soils
planted with cotton to which oil-free oregano had been applied. Bahtiyar [39] stated that organic wastes of different
origins had recently been used as a soil amendment to increase or regulate organic matter content in the soil. At the end
of vegetation, only the total N percentage of soils was affected significantly by the applications. Cumin wastes have the
most pronounced effect on the total N content of the soil, while oregano wastes also have a statistical increasing effect
on it. Although not at a significant level, other macronutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg and Na were higher in the soil of
plots to which oregano or cumin wastes had been applied than in the others. The highest Ca content after harvest of the
soils to which oregano was applied is well correlated with the highest CaCO3 percentage of these soils. Elmacı et al.
[38] found Ca levels with a significance of higher than p<0.01 in soils with cotton to which oregano wastes had been
applied. Compared with the beginning of vegetation, waste applications increased the N, P, K, Mg and Na content of
the soils, while available Ca content decreased considerably at the end of the vegetation. With respect to the
micronutrients of the soil, no significant differences could be obtained between the treatments Table 3 but the levels of
Mn and B were increased in all treatments as compared with the beginning of the experiment (see Table 2).
Table 3. Various physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrient content of treated soils (0-20 cm depth)
after harvest.

- - % A v a i l a b l e (mg kg-1)
Total
Organic Total
Treatments pH soluble CaCO3 P K Ca Mg Na Fe Cu Zn Mn B
Matter N
salt
0,071
7.0 1.35 ab 1.97 b 8 145 162 221 35 14 1.8 2.2 8 0.59
Control < 0.03 b
Mineral 0.062
6.7 1.34 ab 2.18 ab 11 159 246 201 34 19 2.0 2.5 12 0.61
Fertilizer < 0.03 b
Cumin
7.0 < 0.03 1.17 b 2.78 a 0.097 a 13 215 290 274 41 15 2.0 1.9 12 0.96
wastes
Oregano 0.081
7.0 < 0.03 1.63 a 2.83 a 12 252 426 215 40 15 1.6 2.1 10 0.82
wastes ab
Minimum 6.7 < 0.03 1.17 1.97 0.062 8 145 162 201 34 14 1.6 1.9 8 0.59
Maximum 7.0 < 0.03 1.63 2.83 0.097 13 252 426 274 41 19 2.0 2.5 12 0.96
LSD ns. ns. 0.31** 0.671* 0.023* ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns.
Values are the average of three replicates LSD: Least Significant Difference Method ns.: Non significant *: p≤ 0.05 **: p≤ 0.01 Means for treatments
followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

Table 4 shows the macro- and micronutrient contents of leaves at the flowering stage. Bergmann [40] gave
sufficient values in percentages for canola leaves at early flowering as N: 4.0 to 5.5, P: 0.35 to 0.70, K: 2.8 to 5.0, Ca:
1.0 to 2.0 and Mg: 0.25 to 0.40, and the leaves in the experiment indicated sufficient levels of these elements. Reuters
and Robinson [41] determined 0.02 to 0.54% Na as sufficient and 0.7 to 1.1% as high.
Effects of Various Agroindustrial Wastes The Open Waste Management Journal, 2018, Volume 11 37

Table 4. Macro- and micronutrients of leaves at the flowering stage (dry weight basis).

- % mg kg-1
Treatments N P K Ca Mg Na Fe Cu Zn Mn B
Control 4.69 0.51 3.3 1.0 0.64 358 74 5 21 37 b 0.77 c
Mineral Fertilizer 4.87 0.53 3.0 1.1 0.63 339 85 6 30 58 a 4.53 b
Cumin wastes 4.42 0.57 3.7 0.9 0.66 309 81 4 22 39 b 12.05 a
Oregano wastes 4.93 0.57 3.7 0.9 0.55 277 79 5 26 37 b 11.72 a
Minimum 4.42 0.51 3.0 0.9 0.55 277 74 4 21 37 0.77
Maximum 4.93 0.57 3.7 1.1 0.66 358 85 6 30 58 12.05
LSD ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. 8.93** 3.754**
Values are the average of three replicates LSD: Least Significant Difference Method ns.: Non significant **: p≤ 0.01, Means for treatments followed
by the same letter are not significantly different.

Compared with the values given by Reuter and Robinson [41] of Cu: 4 to 25, Zn: 22 to 49, Mn: 31 to 250 and B: 22
to 54 mg kg-1, the leaves were at low sufficient levels with respect to Cu, Zn and Mn, and at less than sufficient levels
with respect to boron. Only Mn and B were affected significantly by the applications. Manganese levels were higher in
plots fertilized with minerals, and boron levels were higher in plots to which wastes had been applied. According to
Grant and Bailey [1], micronutrient deficiencies in canola are not common, but might occur on specific soils.
The yield parameters of the canola plants at harvest can be seen in Table 5. Plant height was between 152 and 157
cm and was not significantly affected by the applications. Statistically, the highest plant number per m2 was observed in
the plots to which cumin wastes were applied. Shoot numbers per plant were between 6 and 7, carob numbers were
between 100 and 130, and seed numbers per carob were between 250 and 293. These were not significantly affected by
the treatments. Seed yield varied between 2.3 and 3.3 t ha-1, and the highest value was obtained from the plots with
cumin wastes, although this was not significant. Akdemir et al. [42] registered a 2.0 to 3.5 t ha-1 canola yield which
varied with variety, soil and climatic conditions. According to Marquard [43], canola yield was approximately 3.6 t ha-1
in Germany. Canola yields were improved especially by fertilization with sidedress N, soil-applied S and foliar-applied
boron [44]. Increases in canola yield have been reported with B, Zn and Cu application [1]. Ebrahimian et al. [45]
reported that N and Zn had a significant effect on plant weight, pod number per plant and seed yield. In winter, rape
seed yield increased by more than 10% with boron as well as a combination of B and Cu fertilization [46].
Table 5. Yield parameters of canola at harvest.

Plant Height Shoot Number Carob Number per Seed Number per Seed Yield
Treatments Plant Number m-2
(cm) per Plant Plant Carob (g m ) (kg da-1) (t ha-1)
-2

Control 152 55 b 6 100 293 232 232 2.3

Mineral Fertilizer 152 64 ab 6 102 250 236 236 2.4
Cumin wastes 157 74 a 6 129 279 326 326 3.3
Oregano wastes 152 54 b 7 130 255 265 265 2.6
Minimum 152 54 6 100 250 232 232 2.3
Maximum 157 74 7 130 293 326 326 3.3
LSD ns. 15.037* ns. ns. ns. ns. ns. ns.
Values are the average of three replicates LSD: Least Significant Difference Method ns.: Non significant *: p≤ 0.05 Means for treatments followed by
the same letter are not significantly different.

Seed protein and oil contents are shown in Table 6. Seed crude protein was 25 to 27% and seed oil was 41 to 43%,
and they were also not significantly affected by the applications. Kolsarıcı [47] and Kıllı [48] reported 40 to 45% seed
total oil in canola plants and Akdemir et al. [42] reported 38 to 50%. According to Akdemir et al. [42], seed crude
protein in canola is approximately 16 to 24%. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased the protein contents but
decreased the oil contents of rape seed; however, these parameters were not significantly influenced by the application
of P and K fertilizer [49].
Table 6. Seed protein and oil content of canola.

Treatments Total N (%) Crude Protein (%) Total Oil (%)

Control 4.1 25 43
Mineral Fertilizer 4.4 27 41
38 The Open Waste Management Journal, 2018, Volume 11 Seçer et al.

(Table 6) contd.....
Treatments Total N (%) Crude Protein (%) Total Oil (%)
Cumin wastes 4.1 26 42
Oregano wastes 4.0 25 43
Minimum 4.0 25 41
Maximum 4.4 27 43
LSD ns. ns. ns.
Values are the average of three replicates LSD: Least Significant Difference Method
ns.: Non significant

According to Lucas et al. [50], N and S fertilization increased canola yield without significantly altering the content
of oil and crude protein. Oil content in winter rapeseeds increased after the highest S dose (60 kg S ha-1), as well as after
application of B and Cu fertilization [46].

CONCLUSION
When agroindustrial solid wastes of oregano and cumin wastes were used in a canola vegetation experiment, the
leaves indicated sufficient levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Manganese and boron content of the leaves, which was below
sufficient levels, was significantly affected by the applications. Maximum yield and statistically the highest number of
plants per m2 were observed with cumin wastes. The applications did not significantly affect seed yield, protein or oil
percentage. In conclusion, as stated in most of the literature, quality characteristics such as the oil and protein content of
canola were not very much affected by applications and environmental conditions, and the genetics of this plant plays a
more important role in this respect.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by the Research fund of Ege University.
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