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CE6602

The document outlines the syllabus for the course CE6602 Structural Analysis II taught at Anna University, Chennai. It contains 5 units that cover advanced structural analysis topics including flexibility method, stiffness matrix method, finite element method, plastic analysis of structures, and space and cable structures. The objectives are to introduce matrix methods, plastic analysis, finite element method, and analysis of space structures. The course aims to analyze indeterminate structures using various computational techniques and software.

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CE6602

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

SYLLABUS COPY
REGULATION 2013
CE6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II LTPC
3104

OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the students to advanced methods of analysis like matrix methods,
Plastic analysis and FE method and also analysis of space structures.
UNIT I FLEXIBILITY METHOD 9
Equilibrium and compatibility – Determinate vs Indeterminate structures –
Indeterminacy - Primary structure – Compatibility conditions – Analysis of

ww
indeterminate pin-jointed plane frames, continuous beams, rigid jointed plane frames
(with redundancy restricted to two).

w.E
UNIT II STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD
Element and global stiffness matrices – Analysis of continuous beams – Co-ordinate
transformations – Rotation matrix – Transformations of stiffness matrices, load
9

asy
vectors and displacements vectors – Analysis of pin-jointed plane frames and rigid
frames (with redundancy limited to two)
UNIT III
En
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 9
Introduction – Discretisation of a structure – Displacement functions – Truss element

gin
– Beam element – Plane stress and plane strain - Triangular elements
UNIT IV PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 9
Statically indeterminate axial problems – Beams in pure bending – Plastic moment of

eer
resistance – Plastic modulus – Shape factor – Load factor – Plastic hinge and
mechanism – Plastic analysis of indeterminate beams and frames – Upper and lower
bound theorems
UNIT V SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES ing
9 Analysis of Space trusses using method of tension coefficients – Beams
curved in plan Suspension cables – suspension bridges with two and three hinged .ne
stiffening girders

OUTCOMES:
TOTAL (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS

The student will have the knowledge on advanced methods of analysis of structures
t
including space and cable structures.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Punmia.B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, “Theory of Structures”,
Laxmi Publications, 2004.
2. Vaidyanathan, R. and Perumal, P., “Comprehensive structural Analysis – Vol. I &
II”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2003
3. Negi L.S. & Jangid R.S., “Structural Analysis”, Tata McGraw Hill Publications, New
Delhi, 2003.
4. BhavaiKatti, S.S, “Structural Analysis – Vol. 1 Vol. 2”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 2008
REFERENCES:

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1. Ghali.A, Nebille,A.M. and Brown,T.G. “Structural Analysis” A unified classical and

Matrix approach” 6th edition. Spon Press, London and New York, 2013.
2. Coates R.C, Coutie M.G. and Kong F.K., “Structural Analysis”, ELBS and Nelson,
1990
3. Pandit G.S. & Gupta S.P. "Structural Analysis – A Matrix Approach", Tata McGraw
Hill 2004.
4. William Weaver Jr. & James M. Gere, "Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures",
CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, 2004
5. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics and Analysis"., PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

ww a Aim and Objective of the subject iv

w.E b Detailed Lesson Plan v

asy
c
En
Unit I - Flexibility Method -Part-A 1

d Part-B gin 4

eer
e Unit II - Stiffness Matrix Method -Part-A
ing 34

f Part-B 37 .ne
g Unit III - Finite Element Method -Part-A 66
t
h Part-B 69

Unit IV - Plastic Analysis Of Structures -

i 89
Part-A

j Part-B 92

iii

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Unit V - Space And Cable Structures -

k 110
Part-A

l Part-B 112

m University Question Papers 127

ww
w.E GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Department of Civil Engineering

asyDetailed Lesson Plan

Name of the Subject& Code CE6602 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

En
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE SUBJECT
• gin
To analyse the indeterminate structures such as frames and beam with

eer
various end and load conditions by using matrix flexibility and stiffness
method.

•
ing
To study about the finite element and space structures.

•
.ne
To extend the concept in structural analysis I (determinate structures to
indeterminate structures).

• To enable the students, get a feeling of how real life structures behave. t
• To make the students familiar with latest computational techniques
and soft ware’s used for structural analysis.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE FOR STUDY OF THE SUBJECT

• Ability to idealize and analyze statically indeterminate structures.

• Ability to model loads on structures using current loads and standards.

• Correlation between two and three dimensional finite element analysis

of various elements.

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Hours Cumulativ
Books
Sl. Required e Hrs
Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered Referre
No /
d
Planned
1. 1 Equilibrium and compatibility––,. 1 1 TB1,TB2
2. 1 Determinate vs Indeterminate structures 1 2 TB1,TB2
1 Indeterminacy - Primary structure – 1 3 TB1,TB2
3.
Compatibility conditions
1 Analysis of indeterminate pin-jointed 1 4 TB1,TB2
4.
plane frames
1 Problem based on pin-jointed plane 1 5 TB1,TB2
5.
frames
6. 1 Analysis of continuous beams 1 6 TB1,TB2
7.
8. ww
1
1
Problem based on continuous beams
Rigid jointed plane frames (with
redundancy restricted to two)
1
1
7
8
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2

9.
10.
1

2
w.E Problem based on Rigid jointed plane
frames
Element and global stiffness matrices
1

1
9

10
TB1,TB2

TB1,TB2
11.
12.
2
2 asy
Analysis of continuous beams
Problem based on continuous beams
1
1
11
12
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2
13.
2
matrix En
Co-ordinate transformations – Rotation 1 13 TB1,TB2

14.
2
gin
Transformations of stiffness matrices,
load vectors and displacements vectors
1 14 TB1,TB2

15.
16.
2
2
Analysis of pin-jointed plane frames
Problem based on pin-jointed plane eer1
1
15
16
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2

17.
2
frames
Rigid frames (with redundancy limited to ing
1 17 TB1,TB2

18. 2
two)
Problem based on Rigid frames 1 18
.ne TB1,TB2
19.
20.
21.
22.
3
3
3
3
Introduction
Discretisation of a structure
Displacement functions
Truss element
1
1
1
1
19
20
21
22
t
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2
TB1,TB2
23. 3 Beam element 1 23 TB1,TB2
24. 3 Plane stress and plane strain 1 24 TB1,TB2
25. 3 CST Element 1 25 TB1,TB2
26. 3 Triangular elements 1 26 TB1,TB2
27. 3 Triangular elements 1 27 TB1,TB2
28. 4 Statically indeterminate axial problems 1 28 TB1,TB2
29. 4 Beams in pure bending 1 29 TB1,TB2
30. 4 Plastic moment of resistance 1 30 TB1,TB2
31. 4 Plastic modulus 1 31 TB1,TB2
32. 4 Shape factor – Load factor 1 32 TB1,TB2
33. 4 Plastic hinge and mechanism 1 33 TB1,TB2
34. 4 Plastic analysis of indeterminate beams 1 34 TB1,TB2

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35. 4 Plastic analysis of indeterminate frames 1 35 TB1,TB2

36. 4 Upper and lower bound theorems 1 36 TB1,TB2
5 Analysis of Space trusses using method 1 37 TB1,TB2
37.
of tension coefficients
38. 5 Problem based on Space trusses 1 38 TB1,TB2
39. 5 Problem based on Space trusses 1 39 TB1,TB2
5 Beams curved in plan Suspension 1 40 TB1,TB2
40.
cables
41. 5 Problem based on Suspension cables 1 41 TB1,TB2
5 suspension bridges with two hinged 1 42 TB1,TB2
42.
stiffening girders
5 Problem based on with two hinged 1 43 TB1,TB2
43.
stiffening girders
5 suspension bridges with three hinged 1 44 TB1,TB2
44.
stiffening girders
45. ww
5 Problem based on three hinged
stiffening girders
1 45 TB1,TB2

w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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PART - A (2 marks)

UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD

1. Find degree of indeterminacy of the following.(AUC Apr/May 2011)

wwDegree of indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of condition equations

w.E = (3 + 2 + 3) – 3

asy
=5

En
2. Define kinematic redundancy. (AUCApr/May 2011)

When a structure is subjected to loads, each joint will undergo

gin
displacements in the form of translations and rotations. Kinematic redundancy of
a structure means the number of unknown joint displacement in a structure.

ee rin
3. Give the mathematical expression for the degree of static indeterminacy
of rigid jointedplane frames.(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

g.n
Degree of static indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of
releases

4. What are the properties which characterize the structure response by

means of force-displacement relationship?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
et
 Each element of a flexibility matrix represents a displacement at a
coordinate (i) due to a force at a coordinate (j).

 If the matrix of the structure is known, we know the behaviour of the

structure.
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied for determinate structures and
how are indeterminate structures identified? (AUC May/June 2012)
Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone

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(H = 0; V = 0;M = 0). No other conditions are required.

Indeterminate structures cannot be solved using conditions of equilibrium

because (H ≠ 0; V ≠ 0; M ≠0).
Additional conditions are required for solving such structure

6. Write down the equation for the degree of static indeterminacy of the
pin-jointed frames,explaining the notations used.(AUC May/June 2012)
Total indeterminacy = External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy

External indeterminacy = No. of reactions – No. of equilibrium equations

ww Internal indeterminacy = m-(2 j-3)

w.E
7. Mention any two methods of determining the joint deflection of a perfect
frame.(AUC May/June 2013)

 Unit load method

 Virtual work method asy

 Slope deflection method En
 Strain energy method gin
ee
8. What are the requirements to be satisfied while analyzing a structure?
The three conditions to be satisfied are:
rin
(i) Equilibrium condition
g.n
(ii) Compatibility condition

(iii) Force displacement condition et

9. What is meant by force method in structural analysis?
A method in which the forces are treated as unknowns is known as force
method.

The following are the force methods:

 Flexibility matrix method

 Consistent deformation method


Claypeyron’s 3 moment method

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 Column analogy method

10. Define flexibility coefficient.

It is defined as the displacement at coordinate i due to unit force at

coordinate j in a structure. It makeup the elements of a flexibility matrix.

11. Why is flexibility method also called as compatibility method or force

method?

Flexibility method begins with the superposition of forces and is hence

known as force method. Flexibility method leads to equations of displacement
compatibility and is hence known as compatibility method.

ww
12. Define the Force Transformation Matrix.

w.E
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal forces Q and the
external forces R is known as the force transformation matrix. Writing it in a
matrix form, {Q} = [b] {R}

asy
Where, Q = member force matrix/vector; b = force transformation matrix

En
R = external force/load matrix/ vector

gin
13. State any two methods of matrix inversion.

 Adjoint method
ee
 The gauss-jordan method (by linear transformation)
rin
 The Choleski method (by factorization)
g.n
 Partitioning method
et

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QUESTION BANK (16 Mark)

DEPARTMENT: CIVIL SEMESTER: VI
SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE 6602 / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-II
UNIT 1- FLEXIBILITY METHOD

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

ww
w.E
Solution:

asy
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 + 3 ) - 3 = 2

En
Release at B and C by apply hinge.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

MFAB w
8 8 gin
100 x 3
37.5 kNm

MFBA w
88
w
2
100 x 3

60 x 42
ee37.5 kNm

rin
MFBC
12
2
12
60 x 42
80 kNm
g.n
et
w
MFBC 80 kNm
12 12
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

4
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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

B BW BX
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
BW and BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
B
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

ww L
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
0

w.E F
6 EI 0
0
0
0
2
1
1
2

1 asy 1
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
F
EI
En 0 0 1.33 0.67

gin
0 0 0.67 1.33

FX BTx F Bx

0
ee
1 1 0
1
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0 rin
0
1
0
0

g.n
1
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67

0 0
1.33 0 1

et
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1

1 2.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33

1 0.502 0.253
Fx EI
0.253 0.879

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FW BxT FB w

1 0.5 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0

1 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 1
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0

1 0.5 1

ww FW
EI 0 0
Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

w.E X Fx 1 FW W

EI 0.502 0.253 0.5 1 37.5

EI
asy0.253 0.879 0 0 42.5
0.251
0.127
En 0.502
0.253
37.5
42.5
11.923
5.99 gin
X
11.923
5.99
ee rin
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
1 0 0 0 37.5 g.n
P B
W
X
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
42.5
11.923
5.99
et
37.5
30.58
P
11.923
5.99

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Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

37.5 37.5
37.5 30.58
M P
80 11.923
80 5.99

0
68.08
M
68.08
95.99

ww
2. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure using force method. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

w.E
asy
En
Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy : gin
ee
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
Release at B and C by apply hinge.
Apply a unit force at B joint. rin
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
2 g.n
MFBC

MFBC
w
w
12
2
30 x 42
12
30 x 42
40 kNm

40 kNm
et
12 12
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

B BW BX
0 0 6 2 4
0 0 0 4 4
1 0 0 4 4
BW and BX
0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 6 2 4
0 0 0 4 4

ww B
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
0

w.E 0
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0

asy
Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
2
En1 0 0 0 0

F
L
1
0 gin 2
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
6 EI 0
0
0
ee0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
2 rin
g.n
et
2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33

FX BxT FB x

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2 1 0 0 0 0 2 4
1 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
1 2 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 4 4
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 4 0
0 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0

2 4
4 4
1 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 4 4
EI 12 12 5.32 2.68 00 4 0

ww 4
0
0
0

w.E
Fx 1
EI
141.28
104
104
117.28

0.0204 asy
0.0181

En
1
Fx EI
0.0181 0.0246

FW BxT FB w
gin
1 2 4 4 4
ee
4 0
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
1.33
0
0
0.67 rin
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
EI 4 4 4 0 0 0
0
0 0
0
0.67
0
1.33
0 g.n
1.33
0 0
0.67
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0 0 0 0.67
et1.33 0 0 0

0 0
6
0 0 0
1
EI 8 10 8 8 5.32 2.68 1 0 0
12 12 5.32 2.68 00 0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
1
EI 8 5.32 48
FW
5.32 0 72

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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

X Fx 1 FW W
40
EI 0.0204 0.0181 8 5.32 48
40
EI 0.0181 0.0246 5.32 0 72
50
40
0.0669 0.1085 0.3240
40
0.0139 0.0963 0.9024
50
14.536
41.824

ww X
14.536
41.824

w.E
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
0 0 6 2 4

W
asy 0
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
40
40
P B
X
En
0 0 0 4 0
50
14.536
0
0 gin 1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
41.824

161.776
109.152
ee rin
P
149.152
g.n
58.144
98.144
0
et

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Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

0 161.776
0 109.152
40 149.152
M P
40 58.144
0 98.144
0 0

161.776
109.152
109.152

ww
M
98.144
98.144

w.E 0

3. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and
sketch the bending moment diagram.
asy (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).

En
gin
ee rin
Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy : g.n
Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 + 3 ) - 3 = 2
Release at B and C by apply hinge.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
et
MFAB w 2 2 x 62
6 kNm
12 12
2
MFBA
w 2 x 62
6 kNm
12 12
w 10 x 4
MFBC 5 kNm
8 8
MFCB w 10 x 4
5 kNm
8 8

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Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

ww
w.E
Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :
B BW BX
1
0 0
0
asy 0
1
0
0
BW
0 1
En
and BX
1 0
0 0
1 0 0 gin 0
0 1

B
0
0
0
1
0

0
1
1
0
ee
0
0
1 rin
Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
g.n
F
L
6 EI
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
et
0 0 1 2
2 1 0
1 0
F 1 2 0 0
EI
0 0 1.33 0.67
0 0 0.67 1.33

FX BxT FB x

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2 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1

0 0
1 1 2 1.33 0.67 1 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0
0 1
1 3.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 1.33

ww 0.334 0.168

w.E
1
Fx EI
0.168 0.837

FW BxT FB w

asy 2 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1
En 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0
gin
0 1 0
0
0
0
1.33
0.67
0.67
1.33
0 1
0 0

1 1 2
ee 1.33 0.67
1
0 0
0
rin
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
g.n
et
0 0

1 1 1.33
FW
EI 0 0.67

Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

X Fx 1 FW
W

EI 0.334 0.168 1 1.33 6

EI 0.168 0.837 0 0.67 1

0.334 0.3316 6
0.168 0.337 1

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1.672
1.345
1.672
X
1.345
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
1 0 0 0 6
W 0 0 1 0 1
P B
X 0 1 1 0 1.672
0 0 0 1 1.345

ww P
1.672
2.672

w.E 1.345
Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

asy 6
6
6
1.672
M P
En 5 2.672

gin
5 1.345

M
0
7.672
7.672
ee rin
3.655
g.n
4. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram.
et
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

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Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 2 ) - 3 = 2
Release at D by apply horizontal and vertical supports.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
MFAB MFBA MFBC MFBC MFCD MFDC 0
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

ww
w.E
B BW BX asy
Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

2
En 0 4
2
2 gin 4
4
4
4

BW
0
0
0
and BXee 4
4
4 2
2
0 rin
0 4 0
g.n
0
2
2
0
4
4
4
0 0
et
2 4 4
0 4 2
B
0 4 2
0 4 0
0 4 0
0 0 0

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Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

ww 0.89
0.44
0.44
0.89
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

w.E F
10
0
0
0
0.17
0.33
0.33
0.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

EI
asy 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0.33
0.17
0.17
0.33
0
0
0
0

En0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.89
0.44
0.44
0.89

gin
FX BTx FBx

ee rin
0.89
0.44
0.44
0.89
0
0
0
0
0
0
g.n 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4

1
EI
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4 4
2 0
4 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.33
0.17
0
0.17
0.33
0
0
0
0.33
et 0
0
0.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
2
2
4

0 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0.44 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.89 0 0

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

0 4
4 4
4 4
1 1.76 3.56 2 22 2 3.56 1.76 4 2
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 00 4 2
4 0
4 0
0 0
1 60.48 37.28
Fx
EI 37.28 53.2

ww Fx 1
EI
0.0291 0.0203
0.0203 0.033

w.EFW BTx FBw

asy 0.89 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

En 0.44 0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

gin
0 0 0.33 0.17 0 0 0 0 2
1 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0.17 0.33 0 0 0 0 0
EI 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 0
ee 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.33

rin
0.17
0
0.17
0.33
0
0
0
0.89
0
0
0.44
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0
g.n 0 0.44 0.89 0

et 2
2
2
1 1.76 3.56 2 22 2 3.56 1.76 0
EI 5.32 5.32 1.66 1.34 0.66 0.34 0 0 0
0
0
0

1 14.64
FW
EI 24.60

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Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

X Fx 1 FW W

EI 0.0291 0.0203 14.64

50
EI 0.0203 0.033 24.60

0.0734
50
0.5146
3.67
25.73

ww
3.67
X
25.73

w.E
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):
2 0 4
2 4 4

asy 2 4 4
50

En
W 0 4 2
P B 3.67
X 0 4 2
25.73

gin 0
0
4
4
0
0

2.92
ee
0 0 0

rin
11.76
g.n
P
11.76
36.78
36.78
et
14.68
14.68
0

The final moments also same, since there are no external forces acting on the members.

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5. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by flexibility matrix method and sketch
the bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 1 + 1) - 3 = 2
Release at A and B by apply hinge.

ww Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

w.E MFAB w 24 x 10
30 kNm
8 8
w 24 x 10
MFBA 30 kNm

MFBC
w
88
asy12 x 10
15 kNm

w
8
En8
12 x 10
MFBC
8 8
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:gin 15 kNm

ee rin
g.n
et

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Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

B BW BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

ww L
2
1
1
2 0
0 0
0

w.E F
6 EI 0
0
0
0
2
1
1
2

1 asy 3.33
1.67 0 0

F
EI
En
1.67 3.33 0 0

gin
0 0 3.33 1.67
0 0 1.67 3.33

FX BTx F Bx
ee 3.33 1.67 0 0
rin 1 0
1
EI
1
0
0 0 0
1 1 0
1.67
0
3.33
0
0
3.33
0
1.67 g.n
0
0
1
1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0
et0

1 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 1
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0

1 3.33 1.67
Fx
EI 1.67 6.66

1 0.3435 0.086
Fx EI
0.086 0.1717

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FW BxT FB w

3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0 0 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1

0 0
1 3.33 1.67 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0
0 1

10 0

ww FW
EI 3.33 1.67
Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :

w.E X Fx 1 FW
W

EI
asy
0.3435
0.086
0.086
0.1717
0
3.33
0
1.67
15
15

En
EI

0.286
0.144 gin
0.144
0.286
15
15
2.13
4.29
ee rin
X
2.13
4.29 g.n
Step 7 : Internal forces (P):

W
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 15
15 et
P B
X 1 0 0 1 2.13
0 1 0 0 4.29

2.13
4.29
P
10.71
15

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Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

30 2.13
30 4.29
M P
15 10.71
15 15

32.13
25.71
M
25.71
0

ww
6. A cantilever of length 15 m is subjected to a single concentrated load of 50 kN at the middle

w.E
of the span. Find the deflection at the free end using flexibility matrix method. EI is
uniform throughout. (AUC May/June 2013)

Solution:
asy
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
En
gin
Degree of redundancy = 3 - 3 = 0
It is static determinate structures.

Step 2: Deflection at B : ee
Apply a unit force at given load.
rin
g.n
et

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M
The deflection is calculated by .
EI
1 375 2 x7.5
Deflection at a21 x 7.5 x x 7.5
2 EI 3
17578.125
Deflection at B
EI
M
Hint:To find the deflection, we use diagram.
EI
7. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and hinged at support B and C. Span AB =
BC = 9m. Set up flexibility influence coefficient matrix assuming vertical reaction at B
and C as redundant. (AUC May/June 2013)

Solution:

ww
w.E Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 1 + 1 ) - 3 = 2

asy
Release at A and B by apply hinge.
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
MFAB MFBA
En
MFBC MFBC 0

gin
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:
Case (i):

ee rin
g.n
et
Case (ii):

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Step 3 :Flexibility Influence Co-efficient Matrix (B):

For case (i):
B BW BX
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
BW and BX
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
B
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0

ww For case (ii):

w.E B BW BX
0 0 1 0

BW
1 0
0 0 asy
and BX
0
0
1
1
0 1
En 0 0

B
0
1
0
0
1
0 gin
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0 ee rin
8. A Statically indeterminate frame shown in figure carries a load of 80 kN. Analyse the
g.n
frame by matrix flexibility method. A and E are same for all members. (AUC May/June 2012)

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Solution:
Step 1: Static Indeterminacy:
Degree of redundancy = Internal Indeterminate – External Indeterminate
= [m – (2j – 3)] – (r – R)
= [6 – (8 – 3)] – (3 - 3)
=1
Step 2: Member forces:
Take member AD as a redundant.
3
tan = 0.75 ; sin = 0.6; cos = 0.8;
4
ΣV = 0

ww VA = 1
ΣM=0

w.E HA = 1.333
At joint D:
and HB = 1.333

asy
FDC = 1 (compression) = -1
At joint C:
ΣV = 0 En
FCA sin = 1
gin
ee
FCA = 1.667; FCB = 1.333
At joint B:
FBA = 0; FBC = 1.333
rin
Analyse by method of joints and find the member forces.
Step 3: Flexibility Co-efficient Matrix: g.n
B BW BX
et
0 0.75
1.333 1
1 0.75
BW and BX
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1

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0 0.75
1.333 1
1 0.75
B
1.667 1.25
0 1.25
0 1

Step 4: Flexibility matrix (F) :

3 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 3 0 0 0
F
AE 0 0 0 5 0 0

ww 0 0 0 0 5 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

w.E FX BxT FB x

asy 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.75

En
0 4 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 3 0 0 0 0.75
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1

gin 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0
1.25
1.25

Fx
27
AE
ee 0 0 0 0 0 4

rin
1

Fx 1 AE
27 g.n
FW BxT FB w
3 0 0 0 0 0
et 0
0 4 0 0 0 0 1.333
0 0 3 0 0 0 1
0.75 1 0.75 1.25 1.25 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 1.667
0 0 0 0 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 4 0

FW 7.30
AE

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Step 5 : Displacement matrix (X) :

X Fx 1 FW W
AE 7.30
80
27 AE

X 21.63kN
Step 6 : Internal forces (P):
0 0.75
1.333 1
W 1 0.75 80
P B
X 1.667 1.25 21.63

ww 0
0
1.25
1

w.E 16.22

Final forces, P
asy 84.77
63.78

En
105.76

gin
27.04
21.63

ee
9. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.

rin
Solution: g.n
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
Degree of redundancy = ( 3 + 1 + 1 ) - 3 = 2
Release at A and B by apply hinge.
et
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :
2
MFAB w 16 x 102
133.33 kNm
12 12
2
w 16 x 102
MFBA 133.33 kNm
12 12
w 16 x 10
MFBC 20 kNm
8 8
w 16 x 10
MFCB 20 kNm
8 8

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Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

wwStep 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

w.E B BW BX
0 0 1 0

BW
0 0
1 0 asy and BX
0
0
1
1
0 1
En 0 0

0 0 1
gin 0

B
1
0

0
0
0
1
0
0 1
0
ee 1

0
rin
Step5: Flexibility matrix (F) :
2 1 0 0 g.n
F
L
6 EI
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
2
et
1.11 0.56 0 0
0.56 1.11 0 0
F
0 0 3.33 1.67
0 0 1.67 3.33

FX BxT FB x

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

1.11 0.56 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0.56 1.11 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0 1.67 3.33 0 0

1 0
1.11 0.56 0 0 0 1
0.56 1.11 3.33 1.67 0 1
0 0
1.11 0.56
Fx
0.56 4.44

ww 0.962 0.121

w.E
1
Fx
0.121 0.241
FW BxT FB w

1 0
asy 0 0
1.11
0.56
0.56
1.11
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 1 1
En 0 0 0 3.33 1.67 1 0

gin 0 0 1.67 3.33 0 1

1.11
0.56
0.56
1.11
ee 0
3.33
0
1.67
0 0
0 0
1 0 rin
0 1
g.n
FW
0
3.33
0
1.67
Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :
et
X Fx 1 FW
W

0.962 0.121 0 0 113.33

0.121 0.241 3.33 1.67 20
41.62
82.90
41.62
X
82.90

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Step 7 : Internal forces (P):

0 0 1 0 113.33
W 0 0 0 1 20
P B
X 1 0 0 1 41.62
0 1 0 0 82.90

41.62
82.90
P
30.43
20
Step 8 : Final Moments (M):

ww 133.33
133.33
41.62
82.90

w.E M P
20
20
30.43
20

174.95 asy
M
50.43
En
50.43
0 gin
ee
10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by flexibility method.

rin
g.n
Solution:
Step1: Static Indeterminacy :
et
Degree of redundancy = ( 1 + 1 +1 +1) - 2 = 2
Release at B and C by apply hinge.

Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

2
MFAB w 4 x 32
3 kNm
12 12
2 2
w 4x3
MFBA 3 kNm
12 12

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MFBC w 4x8
4 kNm
8 8
w 4x8
MFCB 4 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFCD 4.5 kNm
8 8
w 6x6
MFDC 4.5 kNm
8 8
Step 3: Equivalent Joint Load:

ww
w.E
asy
En
B BW BX gin
Step 4: Flexibility co efficient matrix ( B) :

1
0 1
0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 ee 0
1
1
0
0
0 rin
BW
0 0 1 0
and BX
0 1
g.n
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0
0
1
0
et
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
B
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0

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Step 5: Flexibility matrix (F) :

2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
L 0 0 2 1 0 0
F
6 EI 0 0 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 2
1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0
F
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0

ww 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
0.5
1

w.E FX BxT FB x

asy 1 0.5 0
0.5 1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 0
En
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0
EI 0
gin
0 0 1 1 0
0
0 0
0
0.67
0
1.33
0
0
1
0
0.5
0
0
1
1

ee 0 0 0 0

0 rin
0
0.5 1 0 0

1 0
g.n
1
EI
0.5
0
1 1.33
0 0.67
0.67
1.33
0
1
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
1
1
et
0 0
1 2.33 0.67
Fx
EI 0.67 2.33

1 0.468 0.135
Fx EI
0.135 0.468

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FW BxT FB w

1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.67 1.33 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0.5 1 1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 0 1 0

ww 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1

w.E FW
1
EI
0.5
0
1
0
0.67
1.33
0
0.5

asy
Step 6 : Displacement matrix (X) :
X Fx 1 FW W
En
EI 0.468 gin 0.135 0.5 1 0.67 0 1
3

EI 0.135
ee
0.468 0 0 1.33

3
0.5

rin
0.5
4.5

0.234 0.468 0.134 0.068 1

g.n
et
0.068 0.135 0.599 0.234 0.5
4.5
0.139
0.685
0.139
X
0.685

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UNIT 2 - STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

1. Define static indeterminacy. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

The excess number of reactions that make a structure indeterminate is called static
indeterminacy.
Static indeterminacy = No. of reactions – Equilibrium conditions

2. Define flexibility of a structure. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

This method is also called the force method in which the forces in the structure are
treated as unknowns. The no of equations involved is equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy ofthe structure.

ww
3. Write down the equation of element stiffness matrix as applied to 2D plane

w.E
element. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The equation of element stiffness matrix for 2D plane element is

K
asy
4E
l
4 2

2 4

En
gin
4. Define degree of freedom of the structure with an example. (AUC May/June 2012)
What is degree of kinematic indeterminacy and give an example.(AUC Nov/Dec2011)

ee
Degree of freedom is defined as the least no of independent displacements required to
define the deformed shape of a structure. rin
There are two types of DOF: (a) Nodal type DOF and (b) Joint type DOF.
g.n
For example:
et
i = r – e where, r = no of reactions, e = no of equilibrium conditions r = 4 and e = 3
i=4–3=1

5. Write a short note on global stiffness matrices.(AUC May/June 2012)

The size of the global stiffness matrix (GSM) = No: of nodes x Degrees of freedom
per node.

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6. Write a note on element stiffness matrix.(AUC May/June 2013)

K1 0 0
K 0 K2 0
0 0 K3
The element stiffness is K1,K 2 ,K 3 etc......

7. List out the properties of rotation matrix. (AUC May/June 2013)

 Matrix multiplication has no effect on the zero vectors (the coordinates of the origin).

It can be used to describe rotations about the origin of the coordinate system.

ww  Rotation matrices provide an algebraic description of such rotations.

 They are used extensively for computations.

w.E

Rotation matrices are square matrices with real entries.
8. What are the basic unknowns in stiffness matrix method? (AUC May/June 2009)

asy
In the stiffness matrix method nodal displacements are treated as the basic
unknowns for the solution of indeterminate structures.

En
9. Define stiffness coefficient ‘kij’.

gin
Stiffness coefficient ‘kij’ is defined as the force developed at joint ‘i’ due to
unit displacement at joint ‘j’ while all other joints are fixed.

ee
10. What is the basic aim of the stiffness method? (AUC May/June 2010)

rin
The aim of the stiffness method is to evaluate the values of generalized coordinates
‘r’ knowing the structure stiffness matrix ‘k’ and nodal loads ‘R’ through the structure
equilibrium equation.
g.n
{R} = [K] {r}
11. What is the displacement transformation matrix? (AUC May/June 2011) et
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal displacement ‘q’ and the external
displacement ‘r’ is known as the displacement transformation matrix ‘a’.
{q} = [a] {r}

12. How are the basic equations of stiffness matrix obtained?

The basic equations of stiffness matrix are obtained as:

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 Equilibrium forces
 Compatibility of displacements
 Force displacement relationships

13. What is meant by generalized coordinates?

For specifying a configuration of a system, a certain minimum no of independent
coordinates are necessary. The least no of independent coordinates that are needed to specify
the configuration is known as generalized coordinates.
14. Write about the force displacement relationship.
The relationship of each element must satisfy the stress-strain relationship of the element
material.

ww
15. Compare flexibility method and stiffness method.
Flexibility matrix method:

w.E

The redundant forces are treated as basic unknowns.

asy
 The number of equations involved is equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy of the


structure.
En
gin
The method is the generalization of consistent deformation method.
 Different procedures are used for determinate and indeterminate structures
Stiffness matrix method:
ee
 The joint displacements are treated as basic unknowns
rin
 The number of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of
freedom of the structure g.n
 The method is the generalization of the slope deflection method.

et
The same procedure is used for both determinate and indeterminate structures.

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UNIT 2 - STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)

Solution:

ww Step1: Assign coordinates :

w.E
asy
Step 2: Fixed End Moment : En
MFAB w
8 8gin
240 x 10
300 kNm

MFBA w 240 x 10
88
w 120 x 10
ee
300 kNm

rin
MFBC
88
w 120 x 10
150 kNm
g.n
MFCB
88
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
150 kNm
et

300
WO
150

36
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Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0

ww K
L 0
0
0
0
4 2
2 4

w.E 0.4 0.2

0.2 0.4 0 0
0 0

K EI

asy 0 0 0.4 0.2

0 0 0.2 0.4

En
gin
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):
J A T KA

EI
1
0
0
1
0
1
ee 0
0
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4 0 0
0
0

0.4 0.2
0 1
0 1
0 1
0

rin
0
1
0
0
0.2 0.4 0 0
g.n
EI
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2
0 0 0 1
0 1
et
0 0
0.4 0.2
J EI
0.2 0.8

1 1 2.86 0.71
J
EI 0.71 1.43

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Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 2.86 0.71 0 300

EI 0.71 1.43 0 150
1 964.5
EI 427.5

Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA

ww
0.4 0.2 0 0 1 0
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 1 964.5

w.E
EI 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 1 427.5
0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.4
asy 964.5

En
0 0.4 427.5
0 0.2

300 gin
P
21.9
171
ee rin
85.5

g.n
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

M P
300
300
300
21.9
et
150 171
150 85.5

0
321.9
M
321
64.5

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2. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
shear force diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011).

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

MFAB w 10 x 3 asy 3.75 kNm

MFBA
88
w 10 x 3 En
3.75 kNm
88
w 2
5 x 32 gin
ee
MFBC 3.75 kNm
12 12

rin
2
MFCB w 5 x 32 3.75 kNm
12 12
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
g.n
et

0
WO
3.75

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Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0

ww K
L 0
0
0
0
4 2
2 4

w.E 1.33 0.67

0.67 1.33 0 0
0 0

K EI
0
0 asy
0 1.33 0.67
0 0.67 1.33

En
gin
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):
T
J A KA

EI
0
0
1 1 0
0 0 1 0
ee
1.33 0.67
0.67 1.33 0 0
0 1.33 0.67
0 0
1
1
0 0
0
0 rin
0 0 0.67 1.33
0 0
0 1
g.n
EI
0.67 1.33 1.33
0 0 0.67
0.67
1.33
1
1
0
0
et
0 1
2.66 0.67
J EI
0.67 1.33

1 1 0.431 0.217
J
EI 0.217 0.861

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 0.431 0.217 0 0
EI 0.217 0.861 0 3.75
1 0.814
EI 3.228

Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA

ww
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 0
EI 0.67 1.33 0 0 1 0 0.814

w.E
EI 0 0 1.33 0.67 1 0 3.228
0 0 0.67 1.33 0 1
0.67 0
1.33 0
asy
0.814

En
1.33 0.67 3.228
0.67 1.33

0.545 gin
P
1.082
- 1.081
ee rin
-3.75

g.n
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

M P
3.75
3.75
0.545
1.082
et
3.75 - 1.081
3.75 -3.75

3.205
4.832
M
4.832
0

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

3. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
En
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

MFBC w 30 x 5 gin
ee
18.75 kNm
8 8
MFBC w
8
30 x 5
8
18.75 kNm
rin
MFAB MFBA MFCD MFDC 0
g.n
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
et

18.75
WO
18.75

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0

ww EI
2
0
4
0
0 0
4 2
0 0
0 0
0.4
0
0.8
0 0.8
0 0
0.4
0
0
0
0

w.E K
L 0
0
0
0
2
0 0
4 0 0
4 2
EI
0
0 0
0 0.4
0
0.8
0
0 0
0.8 0.4
0 0
asy
0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

T En
J A KA

gin 0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

EI
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
0
1 0
0 ee 0.4
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0.8 0.4
0.4 0.8
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0

rin
1 0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.8 0.4
0.8 0.4 g.n
0 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
et
0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 1
0 0
1.6 0.4
J EI
0.4 1.6

1 1 0.67 -0.17
J
EI - 0.17 0.67

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 0.67 -0.17 0 18.75

EI - 0.17 0.67 0 18.75
1 15.75
EI 15.75
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

ww EI
0.4
0
0.8
0
0
0.8 0.4
0 0
0
0
0
1 0
1 0 15.75

w.E EI 0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4 0.8
0
0
0
0
0 0
0.8 0.4
0.8 0.4
0 1
0 1
0 0
15.75

0.4 0
asy
0.8
0.8
0
0.4 En
15.75
0.4
0
0.8
0.8
15.75
gin
0 0.4
ee rin
6.3
12.6 g.n
P
6.3
6.3
12.6
et
6.3
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):
0 6.3 6.3
0 12.6 12.6
18.75 6.3 12.5
M P
18.75 6.3 12.5
0 12.6 12.6
0 6.3 6.3

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

4. Analyse the continuous beam ABC shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

MFAB w
8
En
10 x 3
8
3.75 kNm

MFBA
w
8 8 gin
10 x 3
3.75 kNm

MFBC

MFCB
w
12
w
2

2
6 x 42
12
6 x 42
ee 8 kNm

8 kNm rin
12 12
g.n
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
et

3.75
WO
4.25

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

1 0
0 1
A
0 1
0 0
1 0 0 0
AT
0 1 1 0

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0

ww K
L 0
0
0
0
4 2
2 4

w.E 1.33 0.67

0.67 1.33
0
0 0
0

K EI
0
0 asy
0
0
1 0.5
0.5 1

En
gin
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):
T
J A KA

EI
1
0
0
1
0 0
1 0
ee 1.33
0.67 1.33
0 0
0.67 0
0 0
1 0.5
0 1 0
0 1
0 1 rin
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
g.n
et
1 0
1.33 0.67 0 0 0 1
EI
0.67 1.33 1 0.5 0 1
0 0
1.33 0.67
J EI
0.67 2.33

1 1 0.879 0.253
J
EI 0.253 0.502

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 0.879 0.253 0 3.75

EI 0.253 0.502 0 4.25
1 2.221
EI 1.185
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
1.33 0.67 0 0 1 0

ww EI
EI
0.67 1.33
0 0 1
0 0
0.5
0 1
0 1
2.221
1.185

w.E 1.33
0
0.67
0 0.5 1 0 0

0.67 1.33
0 1
asy 2.221
1.185
0 0.5

En
3.75
gin
P
3.06
1.185
0.59
ee rin
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):
3.75 3.75 g.n
M P
3.75
8
8
3.06
1.185
0.59
et
0
6.81
M
6.81
8.59

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

5. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
En
Step2: Fixed End Moment :

MFBC
w w gin
2
30 x 4 30 x 42
55 kNm

MFCB
w
8
8 12
w
12
2
ee 8
30 x 4
8
12
30 x 42
12 rin
55 kNm

MFAB MFBA MFCD MFDC 0

g.n
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
et

55
WO
55

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0

AT
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

ww 4 2 0 0
2 4 0 0
0 0
0 0 0.5
1 0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

w.E K
EI
L
0
0
0
0
4
2
2
4
0 0
0 0
EI
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 asy
0
0
0 0
0 0
4
2
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
0.5
1

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J): En

J A T KA
gin
EI
0 1 1 0 0 0
ee 0
1 0.5
0.5 1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0.5 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0

rin
1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0
0
0
0.5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0.5
0 1
0 1g.n
0 0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0.5 1 0 0
et
0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
0 0
2 0.5
J EI
0.5 2

1 1 0.53 -0.13
J
EI - 0.13 0.53

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 0.53 -0.13 0 55
EI - 0.13 0.53 0 55
1 36.3
EI 36.3
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0

ww EI
0.5
0
1
0
0
1 0.5
0
0
0
0
0 1 0
1 0 36.3

w.E EI 0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5 1
0
0
0
0
0
1 0.5
0.5 1
0 0 1
0 1
0 0
36.3

0.5 0
asy
10
1 0.5 En36.3
0.5
0
1
1 gin
36.3

0 0.5
ee rin
18.15
36.3 g.n
P
18.15
18.15
36.3
et
18.15
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):
0 18.15 18.15
0 36.3 36.3
55 18.15 36.3
M P
55 18.15 36.45
0 36.3 36.3
0 18.15 18.15

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

6. A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over the supports B
and C. AB = 10 m and BC = 8 m. moment of inertia is constant throughout. A single central
concentrated load of 10 tons acts on AB and a uniformly distributed load of 8 ton/m acts
over BC. Analyse the beam by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
Step2: Fixed End Moment :

MFAB w
En
10 x 10
12.5 kNm

MFBA
w
8 8

gin
10 x 10
12.5 kNm

MFBC
w
12
8
2
8
8 x 82
12
ee42.67 kNm
rin
g.n
2
w 8 x 82
MFBC 42.67 kNm
12 12
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:
et

30.17
WO
42.67

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
AT
0 0 0 1

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0

ww K
L 0
0
0
0
4 2
2 4

w.E 0.4 0.2

0.2 0.4 0
0 0
0
K EI

0 asy
0 0 0.5
0 0.25 0.5
0.25

En
gin
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):
T
J A KA

EI
0
0
1
0
1 0
0 1
ee 0.4
0.2 0.4 0
0 0 0.5
0.2 0 0
0
0.25
1
1
0 0
0
0 rin
0 0
0 0
0.25 0.5 0 1
g.n
EI
0.2
0
0.4
0
0.5
0.25 0.5
0.25 1
1
0
0
et
0 1
0.9 0.25
J EI
0.25 0.5

1 1 1.29 0.65
J
EI 0.65 2.32

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 1.29 0.65 0 30.17

EI 0.65 2.32 0 42.67
1 66.65
EI 118.60

Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA

ww
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0 66.65

w.E
EI 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0 118.60
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0.2 0
0.4 0
asy 66.65

En
0.5 0.25 118.60
0.25 0.5

13.33 gin
P
26.66
3.68
ee rin
42.64

g.n
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

M P
12.5
12.5
13.33
26.66
et
42.67 3.68
42.67 42.64

0.83
39.16
M
39
0

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

7. A portal frame ABCD with supports A and D are fixed at same level carries a uniformly
distributed load of 8 tons/m on the span AB. Span AB = BC = CD = 9 m. EI is constant
throughout. Analyse the frame by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
Step2: Fixed End Moment :

MFBC w
12
2

En
8 x 92
12
54 ton.m

MFCB
w
12
2

12gin
8 x 92
54 ton.m

MFAB MFBA MFCD

Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:

ee
MFDC 0

rin
g.n
et

54
WO
54

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0

ww EI
2
0
4
0
0 0
4 2
0 0
0 0
0.22
0
0.44
0
0
0.44
0
0.22
0
0
0
0

w.E K
L 0
0
0
0
2 4
0 0
0 0
4 2
EI
0
0
0
0
0.22
0
0.44
0
0
0.44 0.22
0

0
asy
0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.44

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

T En
J A KA

gin 0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0

EI
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
ee
0 0
1 0
0.22
0
0
0.44
0
0
0
0.44 0.22
0.22 0.44
0

0
0
0

rin
0
0
0
1 0
1 0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.44 0.22
0.22 0.44 g.n 0 1
0 0
0 0
1 0
et
0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 01 0
EI
00 0.22 0.44 0.44 0.22 0 1
0 1
0 0
0.88 0.22
J EI
0.22 0.88

1 1 1.212 -0.303
J
EI - 0.303 1.212

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

1 1.212 -0.303 0 54
EI - 0.303 1.212 0 54
1 81.81
EI 81.81
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
0.44 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0

ww EI
0.22
0
0.44
0
0
0.44 0.22
0
0
0 0
0
1 0
1 0 81.81

w.E EI 0
0
0
0
0
0
0.22 0.44
0
0
0
0
0
0.44
0.22
0
0.22
0.44
0 1
0 1
0 0
81.81

0.22 0
asy
0.44
0.44
0
0.22 En 81.81
0.22
0
0.44
0.44 gin
81.81

0 0.22
ee rin
18
36 g.n
P
18
18
36
et
18

Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

0 18 18
0 36 36
54 18 36
M P
54 18 36
0 36 36
0 18 18

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

8. Using matrix stiffness method, analyze the truss for the member forces in the truss loaded
as shown in figure. AE and L are tabulated below for all the three members.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)

Member AE L
AD 400 400
BD 461.9 461.9
CD 800 800

ww
Solution:
Step 1: Assign coordinates:

w.E
i) Global coordinates: ii) Local coordinates:

asy
En
gin
Step 2: Displacement diagram: ee rin
g.n
et
Step 3: Formation of [A] matrix:
Apply unit displacement in DD’.
Displacement along 1, AD = 0
Displacement along 2 and 3,
DD1 = cos 60o = 0.5 and DD2 = cos 30o = 0.866

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

0
A 0.5
0.866
Step 4: Stiffness matrix (K):
K1 0 0 1 0 0
AE
K 0 K2 0 0 1 0
L
0 0 K3 0 0 1
Step 5: System stiffness matrix (J):
T
J A KA
1 0 0 0
0 0.5 0.866 0 1 0 0.5

ww 0 0 1 0.866

w.E 0 0.5 0.866

0
0.5

J 1 asy 0.866

1
J 1
En
Step 6: Displacement matrix ( ):
J W
1
gin
1 x 80 80
Step 7: Element forces (P):
P KA
ee rin
1 0 0
0 1 0 0.5
0
80 g.n
0 0 1 0.866
et
0
0.5 80
0.866

0
Final forces, P 40
69.28

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

9. Analyse the frame shown in figure by matrix stiffness method.

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
Step 2: Fixed End Moment : En
MFBC w
2

gin
30 x 82
160 kN.m

MFCB
12
w
12
2
12

12
ee
30 x 82
160 kN.m
rin
g.n
MFAB MFBA MFCD MFDC 0

Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:

0
O
W 160
160

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

1
0 0
4
1 0.25 0 0
1 0
4 0.25 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
A
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0.125 0 1
0 1
8 0.125 0 0
1
0 0
8

ww 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125

w.EAT
0
0 0
1 1 0
0 1
0
1
0
0

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :asy

En
4
2
2
4 gin 0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0

K
EI
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
ee
4 2
2 4
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 2 rin
0 0 0 0 2 4
g.n
1
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
et
0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 0.5 1

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

T
J A KA
1
0 0
4
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 1
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.25 0.25 0 0 0.125 0.125 4
0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 8
1
0 0

ww
8

w.E 4
1
0 0

1 0

EI
0.375
0.5 asy
0.375 0 0
1 1 0.5
0.187
0
0.187
0
4
0 1 0

0 0
En 0.5 1 1 0.5
0
1
0 1

gin 8
1
0 1

ee 8
0 0

rin
J EI
0.234
0.375
0.375
2
0.187
0.5
g.n
0.187

6.29 1.10
0.5

0.31
2
et
1 1
J 1.10 0.73 0.08
EI
0.31 0.08 0.55

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):

1
J W
J 1
W* W0

6.29 1.10 0.31 0 0

1
1.10 0.73 0.08 0 160
EI
0.31 0.08 0.55 0 160
126.4
1
129.6
EI
100.8
Step 8 : Element forces (P):

ww P KA
1
0 0

w.E 1
0.5
0.5 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
4
1
4
1 0

EI
EI
0
0
0
asy 1 0.5 0 0
0 0.5 1 0 0
0
0
1 0
0 1
126.4
129.6

0 0
En0 0 1 0.5 1
0 1
100.8

0 0

gin
0 0 0.5 1 8
1
0 0

0.375 0.5 0
ee 8

17.4
rin
0.375
0
1
1 0.5
0
126.4
82.2
79.2 g.n
P
0
0.187 0
0.187
0.5

0 0.5
1
1
129.6
100.8
36
124.44
74.04
et
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

0 17.4 17.4
0 82.2 82.2
160 79.2 81
M P
160 36 124
0 124.44 124.44
0 74.04 74.04

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

10. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure using displacement method.

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

ww
w.E
asy
Step 2: Fixed End Moment :

MFAB wab2 En6.4 x 5 x 32

gin
4.5 kNm
2
82
wa 2b 6.4 x 52 x 3
MFBA

MFBC w
8
2

8x6
8
ee
82
6 kNm
7.5 kNm

rin
MFCB
w
8
8x6
8
6 kNm
g.n
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram: et

WO 1.5

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:

0
1
A
1
0
T
A 0 1 1 0

Step5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2

ww 0 0 2 4

w.E 0.5 0.25

0.25 0.5 0 0
0 0

K EI

asy
0
0
0 0.67 0.33
0 0.33 0.67

En
Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

gin
J A T KA
ee 0.5 0.25
0.25 0.5 0 0
0 0
1
0
rin
EI 0 1 1 0
0
0
0 0.67 0.33
0 0.33 0.67
1
0 g.n
0
et
1
EI 0.25 0.5 0.67 0.33
1
0

J EI 1.17

1 0.85
J
EI

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Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )

1
J W
J 1
W* W0
0.85
0 1.5
EI
1.275
EI

Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA
0.5 0.25 0 0 0

ww EI
EI
0.25 0.5 0
0
0
0 0.67 0.33
1
1
1.275

w.E 0 0 0.33 0.67 0

0.25
0.5
asy
1.275
0.67
0.33 En
gin
P
0.319
0.638
0.854
ee rin
0.421
g.n
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

4.5 0.319
et
7.5 0.638
M P
6 0.854
6 0.421

4.82
6.86
M
6.85
5.58

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UNIT III
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

1. What is meant by Finite element method?

Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving
boundary value problems in which a large domain is divided into smaller pieces
or elements. The solution is determined by assuming certain polynomials. The
small pieces are called finite element and the polynomials are called shape
functions.

2.List out the advantages of FEM. (AUC Nov/Dec 2014)



ww Since the properties of each element are evaluated separately

differentmaterial properties

can be incorporated for each element.

w.E 

 There is no restriction in the shape of the medium.

Any type of boundary condition can be adopted.

asy
3. List out the disadvantages of FEM. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

 En
The computational cost is high.


gin
The solution is approximate and several checks are required.




ee
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM. (AUC May/June 2010)
Local or element coordinates
Natural coordinates rin



Simple natural coordinates
Area coordinates or Triangular coordinates g.n

Generalized coordinates

5. What are the basic steps in FEM? (AUC May/June 2009)

et

Discretization of the structure


Selection of suitable displacement function

Finding the element properties

Assembling the element properties

Applying the boundary conditions

Solving the system of equations
Computing additional results

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6. What is meant by discretization? (AUC May/June 2013)

Discretization is the process of subdividing the given body into a
number of elements
which results in a system of equivalent finite elements.

7. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?


The geometry of the body


The number of independent space coordinates

The nature of stress variation expected

8. Define displacement function. . (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)

ww Displacement function is defined as simple functions which are assumed

to approximate the displacements for each element. They may assume in the

w.E
form of polynomials, or trigonometrical functions.

asy
9. Briefly explain a few terminologies used in FEM. (AUC May/June 2014)
The various terms used in FEM are explained below.

En
Finite element: Small elements used for subdividing the given domain to be
analysed are called

gin
finite elements. These elements may be 1D, 2D or 3D elements depending on the
type of structure.

called nodes. Nodes ee

Nodes and nodal points: The intersection of the different sides of elements are

are of two types – external nodes and internal nodes. rin

External nodes – The nodal point connecting adjacent elements.
g.n
Internal nodes – The extra nodes used to increase the accuracy of
solution.
Nodal lines: The interface between elements are called nodal lines.
et
Continuum: The domain in which matter exists at every point is called a
continuum. It can be
assumed as having infinite number of connected particles.
Primary unknowns: The main unknowns involved in the formulation of the
element properties are
known as primary unknowns.
Secondary unknowns: These unknowns are derived from primary
unknowns are known as
secondary unknowns. In displacement formulations, displacements are treated
as primary unknowns
and stress, strain, moments and shear force are treated as secondary unknowns.

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10. What are different types of elements used in FEM? (AUC May/June 2012)
The various elements used in FEM are classified as: One
dimensional elements (1Delements) Two dimensional elements (2D elements)
Three dimensional elements (3D elements)

11.What are 1-D elements? Give examples.

Elements having a minimum of two nodes are called 1D element.
Beams are usually
approximated with 1D element. These may be straight or curved. There can

ww
be additional nodes within the element.

w.E
asy
En
gin
12. What are 2-D elements? Give examples.

assemblage of 2-D ee
A plane wall, plate, diaphragm, slab, shell etc. can be approximated as an

elements. Most commonly used elements are triangular, rectangular andrin

quadrilateral elements.
g.n
et

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13. What are 3-D elements? Give examples.

3-D elements are used for modeling solid bodies and the various
3-D elements are
tetrahedron, hexahedron, and curved rectangular solid.

14. Define Shape function. . (AUC May/June 2012)

Shape function is also called an approximate function or an
interpolation function whose
value is equal to unity at the node considered and zeros at all other nodes.

ww
Shape function is
represented by Ni where i = node no.

w.E
15. What are the properties of shape functions?
 The no of shape func
 asy
will be equal to the no of nodes present in the element.
Shape function will have unit value at the node considered and zero
value at other nodes

o
En
gin
The sum of all the shape function is equal to 1.

ee rin
g.n
et

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PART B

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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UNIT 4 - PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

1. What is shape factor? (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

The shape factor is defined as the ratio of the plastic moment of a
section to the yield moment of the section.

2. State upper bound theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June2013)

Upper bound theorem states that “A load computed on the basis of an
assumed mechanism is always greater than or equal to the true ultimate load”.
3. Define plastic modulus. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

ww The plastic modulus of a section is the first moment of the area above and
below the equal area axis. It is the resisting modulus of a fully plasticized

w.E
section.

4. What are meant by load factor and collapse load? (AUC Nov/Dec2011&
May/June 2012)
Load factor: asy
En
Load factor is defined as the ratio of collapse load to working load.

Load factor,
gin
collapse load WC

Collapse load:
working load

ee W

rin
The load that causes the (n + 1) the hinge to form a mechanism is called
collapse load where n is the degree of statically indeterminacy. Once the
structure becomes a mechanism.
g.n
5. Define plastic hinge with an example. (AUC May/June 2012 & 2013)
et
When a section attains full plastic moment Mp, it acts as hinge which is
called a plastic hinge.It is defined as the yielded zone due to bending at which
large rotations can occur with a constant value of plastic moment Mp.

6. What is difference between plastic hinge and mechanical hinge? .

(AUC Apr/May 2008)
Plastic hinges modify the behavior of structures in the same way as
mechanical hinges. The only difference is that plastic hinges permit rotation with
a constant resisting moment equal to the plastic moment Mp. At mechanical
hinges, the resisting moment is equal to zero.

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7. List out the assumptions made for plastic analysis. . (AUCApr/May2010)

The assumptions for plastic analysis are:
 Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal
axis before andafter bending.

Effect of shear is neglected.
 The material is homogeneous and isotropic both in the elastic and
plastic state.
Modulus of elasticity has the same value both in tension and
compression.

There is no resultant axial force in the beam.

ww  The cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through

its centroid and parallel to the plane of bending.

w.E
8. List out the shape factors for the following sections. (AUCApr/May2007)
 Rectangular section, S = 1.5

asy
 Triangular section, S = 2.346
 Circular section, S = 1.697
 Diamond section, S = 2
En
gin
9. Mention the section having maximum shape factor. . (AUCApr/May2014)

10. State lower bound theory.

ee
The section having maximum shape factor is a triangular section, S = 2.345.

rin
Lower bound theory states that the collapse load is determined by
g.n
assuming suitable moment distribution diagram. The moment distribution

et
diagram is drawn in such a way that the conditions of equilibrium are satisfied.
11. What are the different types of mechanisms?
The different types of mechanisms are:
Beam mechanism
Column mechanism
Panel or sway mechanism
Cable mechanism
Combined or composite mechanism

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12. Mention the types of frames.

Frames are broadly of two types:
 Symmetric frames

 Un-symmetric frames

13. What are symmetric frames and how they analyzed?

Symmetric frames are frames having the same support conditions,
lengths and loading conditions on the columns and beams of the frame.
Symmetric frames can be analyzed by:

ww  Beam mechanism
 Column mechanism

w.E
14. What are unsymmetrical frames and how are they analyzed?
Un-symmetric frames have different support conditions, lengths and

asy
loading conditions on its columns and beams. These frames can be analyzed
by:
 Beam mechanism
 Column mechanism En
 Panel or sway mechanism
gin
 Combined mechanism
ee rin
15. How is the shape factor of a hollow circular section related to the
shape factor of a ordinary circular section?
g.n
The shape factor of a hollow circular section = A factor K x shape
factor of ordinary circular section. SF of hollow circular section = SF of circular
section x {(1 – c3)/ (1 – c4)}
et

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UNIT 4 - PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

PART - B (16 marks)

1. Derive the shape factor for I section and circular section. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
I section:

ww
w.E
Shape factor, S =
Zp Plastic modulus
Z
=
Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :

Z
I
asy
En
Y
3
BD 3 bd
I

Y
12 12
D gin
2
BD 3
12
bd
12
3
eeBD3 bd 3 2
rin
g.n
Z x
D 12 12 D
2

Z
BD 3 bd
6D
Plastic modulus ( Zp ) :
3

et
A
Zp = ( y1 +y2 )
2
A = 2(b1 d1) + b2 d2
a1y1 + a2y2
y1 =y2 =
a1 + a 2
A ( y +y )
1 2
Zp
2
S= = 3
Z BD - bd3
6D

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Circular Section:

ww Shape factor, S =
Zp Plastic modulus
=

w.EElastic modulus (Z) :

Z Elastic modulus

asy D4

En
I 64
Z
y D

Z
D3
2
gin
32
Plastic modulus (Zp ) :
A
ee rin
Zp
2
D2
y1 y2
g.n
y1
A

y2
4
4r 2D
et
3 3
D2 2D 2D D2 4D D3
ZP
4 2 3 3 8 3 6

D3
ZP 6 D3 32 32
S 3
Z D3 6 D 6
32
S 1.697

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2. Find the fully plastic moment required for the frame shown in figure, if all the members have
same value of MP. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases

ww = (1 x 3) – 0 = 3
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5

w.E
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 3 = 2
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:

asy
En
gin
EWD = 5( 2 θ ) = 10 θ
ee rin
IWD = Mp θ + 2M p θ + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD g.n
10θ = 4 Mp θ
Mp = 2.5kN.m
et
Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

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EWD = ( 2 x 4θ ) = 8θ
4θ 4θ
IWD = Mp θ +M θ + M
p p
+ Mp = 3.33M p θ
6 6
EWD = IWD
8θ = 3.33Mp θ
Mp = 2.4kN.m
Step 4: Combined Mechanism:

ww
w.E
EWD = ( 2 x 4 ) asy
(5 x 2 θ ) = 18θ

IWD = Mp θ + M p(2θ) + M p
En θ+
4
Mp
4
= 5.33Mp θ

gin
6 6
EWD = IWD
18θ = 5.33Mp θ
Mp = 3.38kN.m ee rin
g.n
The fully plastic moment, MP = 3.38 kNm.
3. A simply supported beam of span 5 m is to be designed for an udl of 25 kN/m. Design a
suitable I section using plastic theory, assuming yield stress in steel as fy = 250 N/mm2.

Solution:
et
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

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IWD = 0 + MP (2θ) + 0 = 2 MPθ

EWD = Load intensity X area of triangle under the load
1
= 25 x x 5 x 2.5θ
2
= 156.25θ
IWD = EWD
2MP θ = 156.25θ
MP = 78.125 kNm
W.K.T.,
MP = σy x ZP
MP 78.125 x 106

ww ZP =
σy
=
250
= 3.12 x 10 5 mm3

Assuming the shape factor for I - section as 1.15

w.E S =
ZP
Z

Z =
S
ZP
=
1.15 asy
3.12 x 105
= 271.74 x 10 3mm .3

En
Adopt ISLB 250 @ 279 N / m ( from steel table)
4. Analyse a propped cantilever of length ‘L’ and subjected to udl of w/m length for the entire
span and find the collapse load.
gin (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

ee
Solution:

rin
g.n
et

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Consider the moment at A as redundant and that it reaches MP. the second hinge will form
where the net positive BM is maximum.

ww
w.E
V 0
asy
RA RB WC
WC En
RA RB

WC X
2
WC X2 gin
Mx

MP
22
MP X WC X
eeWC X2
rin
g.n
22
X X
MP 1 1

MP X
2
WC X
2
X et
WC X X WC X X2
MP
2 X 2 X

dMP
For MP to be maximum, 0
dx
dMP WC ( x )( 2x) ( x x 2 )(1)
0
dx 2 ( x )2

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( x )( 2x) ( x x 2) 0
2
2 x x 2x2 x x2 0
2 2
2 x x 0
x2 2 x 2
0
2
2 8
x
2
x 0.414
Mechanism :
0.586 0.414 1

1 1.4155
1.4155 2.4155

ww EWD
1

WC
x
1
2
x x 0.586 0.293WC

w.E IWD
EWD IWD
MP MP (2.4155 ) 0 3.4155 MP

0.293WC
asy
3.4155 MP
11.66MP
WC

En
5. Determine the shape factor of a T-section beam of flange dimension 100 x 12 mm and web
dimension 138 x 12 mm thick.
Solution: gin (AUC May/June 2012)

ee rin
g.n
et

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ZP Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S =
Z Elastic modulus
i) Elastic modulus (Ze ) :

yt (100 x 12 x 6) (12 x 138 x 81)

49.48mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 138)
yb 150 49.48 100.52 mm
b1d 1 32 b2 d23
Ixx A1h 1 A2 h 22
12 12
100 x 123 12 x 1383 2
(100 x 12 x 43.48 ) (10 x 138 x 31.52 )
12 12
Ixx 6.27 x 10 6 mm4

ww Ze
I
ymax
6.27 x 106
100.52
62375.65 mm3

w.E
ii) Plastic modulus :

asy
En
gin
ee rin
Equal area axis,
g.n
A

2856
2
width of the flange X h

100 h
et
2
h 14.28 mm (from top)
(100 x 12 x (6 + 2.28)) (12 x 135.72 x 67.86)
y1 42.58mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 135.72)
107.42
y2 53.71 mm
2
A(y1 +y2 ) 2856
Zp = (42.58 53.71)
2 2
Zp = 137502.12 mm3

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Shape factor,
ZP 137502.12
S
Z 62375.65
S 2.20
6. Determine the collapse load ‘W’ for a three span continuous beam of constant plastic
moment ‘MP’ loaded as shown in figure. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = 4 – 2 = 2

ww No. of possible plastic hinges = 5

w.E
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 2 = 3
Step 2: Mechanism (1):

asy
En
gin
EWD Wx
2
W
2
ee rin
IWD
IWD
MP (2 )
EWD
MP 3MP
g.n
3MP

WC
W
2
6M P
et
Step 3: Mechanism (2):

100

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2 1
3 3

1
2
3
1
2 2
W
EWD Wx
3 3
IWD MP MP ( )
1
MP 1

3MP MP
MP
2 2
3MP

ww IWD
W
EWD

w.E 3MP

WC
3
9MP

Step 4: Mechanism (3): asy

En
gin
ee rin
g.n
EWD

IWD
2 Wx

MP
2
MP (2
W

) 3MP
et
IWD EWD
3MP

Wc =W/ 3Mp

The collapse load Wc = 3Mp / l and the beam will fail

101

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7. A uniform beam of span 4 m and fully plastic moment MP is simply supported at one end and
rigidly clamped at other end. A concentrated load of 15 kN may be applied anywhere within
the span. Find the smallest value of MP such that collapse would first occur when the load is
in its most unfavourable position. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
i) When the load is at centre:

ww
w.E Degree of indeterminacy = 4 – 3 = 1
No. of possible plastic hinges = 2
No. of independent mechanisms = 2 – 1 = 1

EWD 15 (2 ) asy 30
IWD MP
En
MP (2 ) 3MP
IWD
3MP
EWD
30 gin
MP 10 kNm
ee
ii) When the load is at unfavourable position:
rin
g.n
et

1x 3x 1

1
3

102

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EWD 15

IWD MP MP ( )
1 MP MP
3
7
MP
3
IWD EWD
7
MP 15
3
MP 6.43 kNm
The smallest value of MP is 6.43 kNm.
8. A rectangular portal frame of span L and L 2 is fixed to the ground at both ends and has a

ww
uniform section throughout with its fully plastic moment of resistance equal to My. It is
loaded with a point load W at centre of span as well as a horizontal force W 2 at its top right

w.E
corner. Calculate the value of W at collapse of the frame.
Solution:
(AUC May/June 2013)

asy
En
gin
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
ee rin
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3 g.n
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 3 = 2
et
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:

103

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W
EWD =
2
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =

Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

ww
w.E
asy
EWD =
W
En
4
gin
IWD = Mp θ + Mpθ + Mp θ + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W
4
= 4Mp θ ee rin
WC =
16 Mp
g.n
Step 4: Combined Mechanism:
et

104

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W W 3W
EWD =
2 4 4
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 6Mp θ
EWD = IWD
3W
= 6Mp θ
4
8 Mp
WC =

9. Find the collapse load for the frame shown in figure.

ww
w.E
Solution:
asy
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:

En
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 1 = 2

gin
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5

Step 2: Beam Mechanism: ee

No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 2 = 3

rin
g.n
et
W
EWD =
2
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 4Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W = 4Mp θ
2
8M p
WC =

105

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Step 3: Column Mechanism:

ww EWD =
4
IWD = 2Mp θ + 2Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 7 Mp θ

w.E EWD = IWD

W
= 7 Mp θ
2

WC =
28Mp asy
En
gin
Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

ee rin
g.n
et
W
EWD =
4
IWD = 2M p θ + Mpθ + Mp θ = 4M p θ
EWD = IWD
W = 4M p θ
4
16 Mp
WC =

106

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Step 4: Combined Mechanism:

W W 3W

ww EWD =
4 2
IWD = 2Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp (2θ) = 6Mp θ
4

w.E EWD = IWD

3W
= 6Mp θ
4

WC =
8 Mp asy
En 8 Mp
Hence the collapse load, WC =
gin
ee
10. A continuous beam ABC is loaded as shown in figure. Determine the required MP if the load
factor is 3.2.

rin
Solution: g.n
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = 5 – 3 = 2
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
et
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 2 = 3
Step 2: Mechanism (1):

107

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1
EWD 16 x x 12 x 6
2
576
IWD MP MP (2 ) MP
4MP
IWD EWD
4MP 576
MP 144 kNm
Step 3: Mechanism (2):

ww
w.E 8 16 1

asy
1
2
3 En
1
2 2
gin
EWD
IWD
IWD
(192 x 8 ) (288 x 4 )
MP
EWD
2MP ( 1) 4MP
ee
2688

rin
4MP
MP
2688
672 kNm g.n
Step 4: Mechanism (3):
et

16 8 1

1 2

108

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EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 16 ) 6144

IWD MP 2MP (3 ) 7MP
IWD EWD
7MP 6144
MP 877.71 kNm

The required plastic moment of the beam section shall be MP 877.71 kNm.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

109

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UNIT 5 - SPACE AND CABLE STRUCTURES

1. Give any two examples of beams curved in plan.(AUC Apr/May 2011)

Curved beams are found in the following structures.

 Beams in a bridge negotiating a curve

 Ring beams supporting a water tank
 Beams supporting corner lintels
 Beams in ramps

2. What is the nature of forces in the cables?(AUC Apr/May 2011)

ww Cables of cable structures have only tension and no compression or

w.E
bending.

3. Define tension coefficient. For what type of structures tension

asy
coefficient method is employed?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The tension coefficient for a member of a truss is defined as the pull or tension in

En
the member divided by its length, i. e. the force in the member per unit length.

4. What are the components of forces acting on the beams curved in plan

gin
and show the sign conventions of these forces?(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

 Bending moments
 Shear forces
ee
Beams curved in plan will have the following forces developed in them:

rin
 Torsional moments
g.n
5. Define a space frame and what is the nature of joint provided in the
space trusses? (AUC May/June 2012)
A space frame is a structure built up of hinged bars in space. It
et
is three dimensional generalization of a truss. Socket joint is provided in the
space trusses.

6. What are the types of stiffening girders?(AUC May/June 2012)

 Suspension bridges with three hinged stiffening girders


Suspension bridges with two hinged stiffening girders

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7. What are the methods available for the analysis of space trusses?
(AUC May/June 2013)

Tension co-efficient method is available for the analysis of space

trusses.
8. What is the need for cable structures?(AUC May/June 2013)

The main load bearing member.


Flexible throughout.
 It can take only direct tension and cannot take any bending moment.

ww
9. What are cable structures? (AUC May/June 2008)

Long span structures subjected to tension and uses suspension cables

w.E
for supports. Examples of cable structures are suspension bridges, cable stayed
roof.

asy
10. What is the true shape of cable structures? (AUC May/June 2011)

En
Cable structures especially the cable of a suspension bridge is in the
form of a catenary.

gin
Catenary is the shape assumed by a string / cable freely suspended
between two points.
ee
11. Mention the different types of cable structures.
rin
Cable structures are mainly of two types:

(a) Cable over a guide pulley g.n

(b) Cable over a saddle
12. Briefly explain cable over a guide pulley.
et
Cable over a guide pulley has the following properties:

 Tension in the suspension cable = Tension in the anchor cable

 The supporting tower will be subjected to vertical pressure and
bending due to net
horizontal cable tension.
13. Briefly explain cable over saddle.

Cable over saddle has the following properties:

 Horizontal component of tension in the suspension cable =

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Horizontal component of tension in the anchor cable

 The supporting tower will be subjected to only vertical pressure due to
cable tension.

14. What are the main functions of stiffening girders in suspension

bridges?

Stiffening girders have the following functions.

 They help in keeping the cables in shape

 They resist part of shear force and bending moment due to live loads.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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1. A suspension bridge has a span 50 m with a 15 m wide runway. It is subjected to a load of

30 kN/m including self weight. The bridge is supported by a pair of cables having a central
dip of 4 m. find the cross sectional area of the cable necessary if the maximum permissible
stress in the cable materials is not to exceed 600 MPa. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:

ww
w.E
Step 1: Re actions :
V=0

asy
VA +VB = 450
M@ A = 0

(VBx 50) +
30 x 152
2 En
=0

VB
VA
67.5 kN
382.5 kN gin
H
HA
0
HB
ee rin
M@C 0
(VA x 25) (H x 4) (30 x 15 x (7.5 10)) 0 g.n
TA
H

VA2
421.87 kN
Step 2 : Maximum Tension in the cable :
H2 382.52 421.872 569.46 kN
et
TB VB2 H2 67.52 421.872 427.24 kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 569.46 kN.
Step 3: Area :
Tmax .A
Tmax 569.46 x 103
A
600
Area, A 949.1 mm 2.

112

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2. A three hinged stiffening girder of a suspension bridge of 100 m span subjected to two point
loads 10 kN each placed at 20 m and 40 m respectively from the left hand hinge. Determine
the bending moment and shear force in the girder at section 30 m from each end. Also
determine the maximum tension in the cable which has a central dip of 10 m.
(AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:

ww
w.E
Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA +VB = 20
asy
M@ B = 0
(VA x 100) (10 x 80)
En (10 x 60) = 0
VA
VB
14 kN
6 kN gin
H
HA
0
HB
ee rin
M@C 0
(VA x 50) (H x 10) (10 x 30) (10 x 10) 0
g.n
Step 2 : Shear force :
H 30 kN

SF at 30 m from left hand hinge.

et
V30 VA 10 H tan
here,
4d 4 x10
tan ( 2x) (100 (2 x 30))
2
1002
tan 0.16
V30 14 10 (30 x 0.16)
V30 0.8 kN

113

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SF at 30 m from right hand hinge.

V30 VB H tan
6 (30 x 0.16)
V30 1.2 kN
Step 3 : Bending Moment :
BM at 30 m from left hand hinge.
BM30 VAx 30 Hx y 10 x 10
here, y at 30 m from each end,
4d 4 x10
y 2 x X(
X 2) 2 x 30 (100 30)
100
y 8.4 m

ww BM30 (14 x 30) (30 x 8.4)

BM at 30 m from right hand hinge.
100 68 kNm.

w.E BM30 VBx 30 H x y

(6 x 30) (30 x 8.4)
BM30 72 kNm.
Step 4 : Maximum Tension in the cable :asy
TA VA 2
H 2
142
En 302 33.11kN
TB VB2 H2
Maximum Tension in the cable,Tmax
62

gin
302 30.59 kN
33.11 kN.

ee
3. A suspension bridge cable of span 80 m and central dip 8 m is suspended from the same

rin
level at two towers. The bridge cable is stiffened by a three hinged stiffening girder which
carries a single concentrated load of 20 kN at a point of 30 m from one end. Sketch the SFD
for the girder.
Solution:
g.n
(AUC May/June 2013)

114

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Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA + VB = 20
M@ B = 0
(VA x 80) (20 x 50) = 0
VA 12.5 kN
VB 7.5 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VA x 40) (20 x 10) (H x 8) 0

ww
Step 2 : Shear force :
H 37.5 kN

w.E SF at 40 m from left hand hinge.

V40 VA 20 H tan
here,
4d asy 4 x8

En
tan ( 2x) (80 (2 x 40))
2
802
tan 0
V40 12.5 20
gin
(37.5 x 0)

ee
V40 7.5 kN
4. A suspension bridge 0f 250 m span has two nos. of three hinged stiffening girders

rin
supported by cables with a central dip of 25 m. if 4 point loads of 300 kN each are placed at
the centre line of the roadway at 20, 30, 40 and 50 m from left hand hinge. Find the shear
force and bending moment in each girder at 62.5 m from each end. Calculate also the
maximum tension in the cable. g.n
Solution:

each.
et
The load system is shared equally by the two girders and cables. Take the loads as 150 kN

115

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Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA + VB = 600
M@ B = 0
(VA x 250) (150x 230) (150x 220) (150x 210) (150x 200) = 0
VA 516 kN
VB 84 kN
H 0
HA HB
M@C 0
(VAx125) (H x 25) (150x105) (150x 95) (150x85) (150x 75) = 0

ww
Step 2 : Shear force :
H 420 kN

w.E SF at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.

V62.5 VA 150 150 150 150 H tan
here,
4d asy 4 x 25

En
tan ( 2x) (250 (2 x 62.5))
2
2502
tan 0.2
V62.5
gin
516 150 150 150 150 (420 x 0.2)

ee
V62.5 168 kN
SF at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.
V62.5 VB H tan
rin
V62.5
84
0
(420 x 0.2)
g.n
Step 3 : Bending Moment :
BM at 62.5 m from left hand hinge.
BM62.5 VAx 62.5 (150x 42.5) (150x 32.5) (150x 22.5) (150x12.5)
et Hxy
here, y at 62.5 m from each end,
4d 2 4 x 25
y 2
x X( X ) x 62.5(250 62.5)
250 2
y 18.75 m
BM62.5 (516 x 62.5) (150 x 42.5) (150x 32.5) (150x 22.5) (150x12.5) (420 x18.75)
BM62.5 7875kNm.

116

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BM at 62.5 m from right hand hinge.

BM62.5 VBx 62.5 H x y
(84 x 62.5) (420 x18.75)
BM62.5 2625 kNm.
Step 4 : Maximum Tension in the cable :
Bending moment for the cable,
2
w
Hd
8
H xd x8 420 x 25 x 8
w 1.344 kN / m
2502
2

VA VB w 1.344 x 250
168 kN

ww
2 2
Tmax VA2 H2 1682 4202 452.35 kN

w.E
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 452.35 kN.
5. A suspension bridge is of 160 m span. The cable of the bridge has a dip of 12 m. the cable is
stiffened by a three hinged girder with hinges at either end and at centre. The dead load of

asy
the girder is 15 kN/m. find the greatest positive and negative bending moments in the girder
when a single concentrated load of 340 kN passes through it. Also find the maximum tension
in the cable.
Solution:
En
gin
ee rin
Step1: Bending Moment : g.n
et
The uniformly distributed dead load will not cause any bending moment in the stiffening
girder. The live load is a sin gle concentrated moving load.
Max. ve BM 0.096 W 0.096 x 340 x 160
5222.4 kNm.
This will occur at 0.211 0.211 x 160
33.76 m from either end.
W 340 x 160
Max. ve BM
16 16
3400 kNm.
This will occur at 0.25 0.25 x 160
40 m from either end.

117

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Step 2 : Maximum tension in the cable :

Dead load of the girder (transmitted to the cable directly)
pd 15 kN / m
Equivalent udl transmitted to the cable due to the moving concentrated load,

ww p
2 x 340
160
4.25 kN / m

w.E
Total load transmitted to the cable, p

Vertical reaction, V
p
pd p 15 4.25 19.25 kN / m
19.25 x 160
1540 kN

Horizontal pull, H
p asy
2
2
2
19.25 x 1602
5133.2 kN

Maximum tension, Tmax

8d
EnVA2
8 x 12
H2 15402 5133.32
Tmax
gin
5359.3 kN.

ee
6. A suspension cable of 75 m horizontal span and central dip 6 m has a stiffening girder

rin
hinged at both ends. The dead load transmitted to the cable including its own weight is
1500 kN. The girder carries a live load of 30 kN/m uniformly distributed over the left half of

g.n
the span. Assuming the girder to be rigid, calculate the shear force and bending moment in
the girder at 20 m from left support. Also calculate the maximum tension in the cable.
Solution:
et

75m; d 6 m; DL 1500 kN; LL 30 kN / m

Since the girder is rigid, the live load is transmitted to the cable as an udl whatever
the position of the load.

118

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P (30 x 37.5) x 75
Horizontal force due to live load, H 1757.8 kN
8d 8x6

Horizontal force due to dead load, Hd P 1500 x 75

2343.8 kN
8d 8x6
Total horizontal force, H H Hd 1757.8 2343.8 4101.6 kN
Total load W Wd
VA VB
2 2
(30 x 37.5) 1500
1312.5 kN
2
Maximum tension in the cable :

Tmax H2 V2 4101.62 1312.52

ww Tmax
Dip at x
4306.5 kN
20 m :

w.E y
4d

4d
2 x X(
X 2)
4x6
4x6
752
x 20 (75 20) 4.69 m

tan

To find VA and VB :
2
( 2x)
asy
752
x (75 2 x 20) 0.149

VA VB 1125
En
Equating moments about A to zero
(VB x 75) (30 x 37.5 x 18.75) gin 0
VB
VA
Bending Moment at P :
281.25 kN
843.75 kN ee rin
BM20 VA x 20 H x y w
2

g.n
et
2
30 x 202
(843.75 x 20) (1757.8 x 4.69)
2
BM20 2630.92 kNm.
Shear force at P :
SF20 VA H x tan w 843.75 (1757.8 x 0.149) (30 x 20)
SF20 18.16 kN.

119

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7. A suspension cable has a span of 120 m and a central dip of 10 m and is suspended from the
same level at both towers. The bridge is stiffened by a stiffening girder hinged at the end
supports. The girder carries a single concentrated load of 100 kN at a point 30 m from left
end. Assuming equal tension in the suspension hangers. Calculate the horizontal tension in
the cable and the maximum positive bending moment.
Solution:

ww
w.E
Step 1: Re actions :
V=0
VA + VB = 100 asy
M@ A = 0
En
gin
(100x 30) (VB x120) = 0
VB 25 kN

H
VA
0
HA
75 kN

HB
ee rin
M@C 0
(VBx 60) (H x10) = 0 g.n
H 150 kN

Step 2 : Maximum Tension in the cable :

et
Bending moment for the cable,
1 0 0 1 00
w 0.83 kN / m
120
w 0.83 x120
VA VB 50 kN
2 2
Tmax VA2 H2 502 1502 158.1kN
Maximum Tension in the cable, Tmax 158.1kN.

120

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Step 3 : Maximum positive Bending Moment :

Maximum positive Bending moment will occur at under the po int load.
BM30 VAx 30 H x y
here, y at 30 m from left end,
4d 4 x10
y 2 x X( X 2) 2 x 30 (120 30)
120
y 7.5 m
BM30 (75x 30) (150x 7.5)
BM30 1125kNm.
8. A quarter circular beam of radius ‘R’ curved in plan is fixed at A and free at B as shown in
figure. It carries a vertical load P at its free end. Determine the deflection at free end and
draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams. Assume flexural rigidity (EI) =

ww
torsional rigidity (GJ). (227) (AUC May/June 2012)

w.E
asy
En
gin
Solution:
ee rin
The given cantilever is a statically determinate structure. Consider any point X on the beam
at an angle from OB.
CX R (1 cos )
g.n
et

121

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Step1: Shear force:

SF at the sec tion X, Fo W
Fo is independent of and uniform throughout.
Step 2: Bending Moment :
BM at the sec tion X, M W (CB)
M W. R sin
At 0, MB 0

At , MA WR
2
Step 3: Twisting Moment :
Twisting moment at the sec tion X, T W (CX)

ww T
At
WR (1 cos )
0, TB WR (1 cos ) 0

w.EAt
2
, TA WR 1 cos
2
WR

asy
En
gin
ee rin
Step 4 : Deflection at the free end B : g.n
Method of strain energy is used to find the deflection at the free end B.

Strain energy, U M 2 ds T 2 ds
et
2 EI 2 GJ
22
1 22 1
( WR sin ) R d [ WR (1 cos )] R d
2 EI 00 2 GJ
2 2
1 2 2 22 2 1 2
2 cos ) R d
(W R sin )Rd [W R (1 cos
2 EI 0 2 GJ 0

2 2
1 1 cos 2 1 1 cos 2
W 2R3 d x W 2R3 1 2 cos d
2 EI 0
2 2 GJ 0
2

122

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2 2
W 2R3 W 2R3
1 cos 2 d x 2 1 cos 2 4 cos d
4 EI 0 4 GJ 0

2 2
W2R 3 sin 2 W2R 3 x sin 2
3 4sin
4 EI 2 0 4 GJ 2 0
2 3
WR W2R 3 3
4
4 EI 2 4 GJ 2
W 2R3 W 2R3
U (3 8)
8 EI 8GJ
dU
B
dW
WR3 WR3

ww B
4 EI 4 GJ
(3 8)

9. A semicircular beam of radius ‘R’ in plan is subjected to udl and simply supported by three

w.E
columns spaced equally. Derive the expression for bending moment and torsional moment
at x be a point on the beam making an angle a’ with axis passing through the base of the
circle. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June 2013) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

125

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

126

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w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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Tall Building Design Steel Concrete and Composite Systems - Engineering Reference
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