CHAPTER 1

Rationale:

De Guzman & Francisco (2021):

US Department of Education (2017): (SAME RA UG REFERENCE SA NCES DIAY)

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (2020): COE - College Student Employment. (n.d.).
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/ssa/college-student-employment

(Chantrea, 2017): Chantrea, B., Chansophy, H., & Chantyta, H. (2017). Working and Studying at the Same
Time. UC Working Paper Series, 21. https://www.uc.edu.kh/userfiles/image/2018/Working%20Paper
%20Series%20Volume%201%20Issue%201%20(2).pdf#page=27

(Accion et al., 2019): Pregoner, J. D., Accion, N., Buraquit, D., & Amoguis, A. (2020). The Experiences of
working while studying: A phenomenological study of senior high school students.
https://edarxiv.org/w5t7a/download

(Sanchez-Gelabert et al., 2017): Sanchez‐Gelabert, A., Figueroa, M., & Elias, M. (2017). Working whilst
studying in higher education: The impact of the economic crisis on academic and labour market
success. European Journal of Education, 52(2), 232-245.
http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/110433/1/666739.pdf

(Caldwell, 2017): Caldwell, M. (2017). 5 Benefits of Working Your Way Through College and Tips on
Managing It. Retrieved June 27, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/can-i-work-and-go-to-college-
2386212

(Matheuws, 2018): Matheuws, K. B. (2018). The working time-poor: Time poverty implications for
working students’ involvement. Doctoral Dissertation. USA: Ohio University.
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?
accession=ohiou1540829773983031&disposition=inline

working students’ involvement. Doctoral Dissertation. USA: Ohio University.

working students’ involvement. Doctoral Dissertation. USA: Ohio University.
Commission on Higher Education (CHED): ABS-CBN News. (2010, June 13). Only half of working students
finish college: CHED. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/youth/06/13/10/only-half-
working-students-finish-college-ched

(Tus et al., 2022): Solmiano, E. M., Buenaobra, J. R., Santiago, M. P., Rivera, Y., Del Rosario, A., Hung, P.,
& Tus, J. (2022). Kayod Kalabaw: The Phenomenological Study of the Experiences and Challenges Faced
By Working Students Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Psychology and
Counseling, 12, 350-390.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jhoselle-Tus/publication/357928830_Kayod_Kalabaw_The_Phen
omenological_Study_of_the_Experiences_and_Challenges_Faced_By_Working_Students_Amidst_the_C
OVID-19_Pandemic/links/61e7c29e5779d35951bb01d5/Kayod-Kalabaw-The-Phenomenological-Study-
of-the-Experiences-and-Challenges-Faced-By-Working-Students-Amidst-the-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf
Theoretical Background:

Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1964): Becker, G. S. (1964, January 1). Human Capital: A Theoretical and
Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, First Edition. NBER.
https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/human-capital-theoretical-and-empirical-analysis-special-
reference-education-first-edition

The Existential Theory (Kierkgaard & Nietzsche, 1800): Existentialism. (n.d.).

https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/Existentialism.htm#:~:text=Kierkegaard
%20and%20Nietzsche%20wrote%20that,never%20truly%20comprehend%20human%20experience.

Sociobiology Theory (Wilson, 1975): Sociobiology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (2022, May
12). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sociobiology/

Review of Related Literature and Studies:

Advantages of Being a Working Student:

Maquiling, A.P. (2018) Working Students: Their Benefits, Challenges and Coping Mechanisms.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Working-Students%3A-Their-Benefits%2C-Challenges-and-
Maquiling/b6c972e4ca72e08699f66273d81676a708b16c13

Evans (2021) Evans, C. (2021b). Exploiting students’ part-time work to enhance learning, teaching and
assessment. Industry and Higher Education, 35(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422220930182

Challenges Encountered by Working Students:

(Mutya et al., 2022) Mutya, R. C., Geverola, I. J. R., Cano Jr, A. C., & Friolo, R. V. (2022). Coping with
uncertainties: Unveiling the lived experiences of working students in the new normal. Ho Chi Minh City
Open University Journal of Science-Social Sciences, 12(1), 112-129.
https://doi.org/10.46223/HCMCOUJS.soci.en.12.1.2264.2022

(Balacuit, 2022) Balacuit, Castor & Lopio, Lorna. (2022). Working while Studying: The Academic
Challenges of Working Scholars. 7. 748-756.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361627711_WORKING_WHILE_STUDYING_THE_ACADEMIC_
CHALLENGES_OF_WORKING_SCHOLARS

Coping Strategies of Working Students:

(Nwosu et al., 2018) Nwosu, K. C., Okwuduba, E., & Okoye, O. (2018). Coping strategies and academic
engagement of part-time undergraduate student teachers in Nigeria. Social Sciences and Education
Research Review, 5(172-94), 72-94. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=760574
(Tumin et al., 2020) Tumin, T., Faizuddin, A., Mansir, F., Purnomo, H., & Aisyah, N. (2020). Working
students in higher education: Challenges and solutions. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 4(1), 79-
89. https://alhayat.or.id/index.php/alhayat/article/view/108
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346616755_Working_Students_in_Higher_Education_Challe
nges_and_Solutions

(Rockman, 2021) Rockman, D. A. (2021). An evaluation of the coping mechanisms of working students at
the University of the Western Cape. https://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/8605

CHAPTER 2

Presentation of Themes:

Advantages of Being a Working Student

I. Scholarship

(Silva, 2019): Sliva, S. M., Greenfield, J. C., Bender, K., & Freedenthal, S. (2019). Introduction to the
special section on public impact scholarship in social work: A conceptual review and call to
action. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 10(4), 529-544.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/706112

A. Free Miscellaneous and Tuition Fee

(Lim et al., 2018):

(Zhang, 2020): Zhang, P., & Hou, Y. (2020). The impact of tax and expenditure limitations on user fees
and charges in local government finance: Evidence from New England. Publius: The Journal of
Federalism, 50(1), 81-108. https://academic.oup.com/publius/article-abstract/50/1/81/5535587

(Civera, 2021): Civera, A., Cattaneo, M., Meoli, M., Paleari, S., & Seeber, M. (2021). Universities’
responses to crises: The influence of competition and reputation on tuition fees. Higher Education, 82, 61-
84. https://uia.brage.unit.no/uia-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2731975/Seeber.pdf?sequence=4

B. Allowance

(Stewart, 2019):

Quezon City government (2020):

II. Work Experience

(Harvey, 2022):

A. Improve Communication Skills

(Ruble, 2017):

(Birt, 2022):

B. Gain Knowledge
(Kurtus, 2022):

(Borkala, 2022):

C. Work Benefits

(Mueller, 2022): Mueller, A. (2022). Education vs. Experience: Which One Gets the Job? Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0511/work-experience-vs.-education-which-lands-you-
the-best-job.aspx

(Mann, 2011):

Challenges Encountered by Working Students

III. Time Management

(Kapur, 2018): Kapur, R. (2018). Time Management - A Case Study. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323825275_Time_Management_-_A_Case_Study

A. Personal Responsibilities

(Ayish, 2019): Ayish, N., & Deveci, T. (2019). Student Perceptions of Responsibility for Their Own
Learning and for Supporting Peers' Learning in a Project-Based Learning Environment. International
Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 31(2), 224-237.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1224347.pdf

(Radonshiqi, 2017): Time Management in The Workplace - Science Arena Publications. (n.d.).
https://sciarena.com/article/time-management-in-the-workplace

B. Limited Time

(Timehood, 2022): Miseviciute, D. (2023). What are Project Time Constraints: Meaning & Examples
(2022). Teamhood. https://teamhood.com/project-management-resources/time-constraint/
#:~:text=Time%20Constraint%20is%20a%20term,when%20it%20came%20to%20execution

(Chu, 2001): Chu, P., & Spires, E. E. (2001). Does Time Constraint on Users Negate the Efficacy of
Decision Support Systems? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2940

IV. Workplace Environment

(Duru and Shimawua, 2017):

A. Location of the Residence

(Rees, 2020):

(Schirmer et al., 2014): Schirmer, P. M., Van Eggermond, M. A., & Axhausen, K. W. (2014). The role of
location in residential location choice models: a review of literature. Journal of Transport and Land Use,
7(2), 3-21. https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/80698/740-2960-
1-PB.pdf?sequence=2
V. Financial Problems

(Norazlan et al., 2020): Norazlan, N., Yusuf, S., & Al-Majdhoub, F. M. H. (2020). The financial problems
and academic performance among public university students in Malaysia. The Asian Journal of
Professional & Business Studies, 1(2).
http://journal.kuptm.edu.my/index.php/ajpbs/article/download/52/47

A. Commuting Fare

(Chen, 2021): Chen, X., Zhang, W., Guo, X., Liu, Z., & Wang, S. (2021). An improved learning-and-
optimization train fare design method for addressing commuting congestion at CBD
stations. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 153, 102427.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1366554521001939

(Cascajo, 2018):

Coping Strategies of Working Students

VI. Psychological Strategies

(Dan, 2022):

A. Self-motivation

(Baldwin and Gonzales, 2022):

(Souders, 2019):

B. Stay Focused

(Fradin, 2019):

(Carthage, 2017):

C. Organize Tasks

(Allen, 2023):

(Haimman, 2023):

VII. Leisure

(Iso-Ahola and Baumeister, 2023):

A. Play Computer Games

(Newzoo, 2017):

(Mihara and Higuchi, 2017):

B. Quality Time with Friends

(Rehman, 2022):
(Lawler, 2021):