Significance of Azolla in Agriculture

Vol.
2 Issue-1, SEP 2021 (e-ISSN: 2582-8223)
Significance of Azolla in Agriculture

Rupsikha Goswami
Assistant Project Scientist (Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sonitpur, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
ARTICLE ID: 016
Introduction
In the present day the demand for organically produced food items is creating new
potential in organic farming. Due to high market price the farmers and the youths are also
giving more importance towards organic farming. According to the World of Organic
Agriculture report 2018, India has the largest numbers (30 per cent of the total organic
producers) of organic farmers globally. But accounts for only 2.59 per cent (1.5 million
hectares) of the total organic cultivation area of 57.8 million hectares. At the same time most
of the farmers are struggling due to spiraling cost of inputs, low productivity and limited
market. Animal husbandry along with crop production in an integrated manner can be an
alternate income generating opportunity for those disappointed growers. India ranks first in
cattle and buffalo population, second in goat, third in sheep and seventh in Poultry.
Availability of quality feed and fodder is another issue which actually has put burden on
natural vegetation.
Azolla, an aquatic fern, which has been used as a green manure in paddy has
tremendous potential to meet the growing demand for fodder for the small and marginal
farmers taking up animal husbandry.
Discussion
Azolla, a small free floating aquatic fern in found in rice fields, ponds a nd wetlands of
warm temperature and tropical regions. It is a pteridophyte which has the ability to double its
biomass in 3-5 days. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen by forming a symbiotic association with
Blue Green Algae (Anabaena azollae) (Bhubaneswari and Kumar, 2013). Azolla has a
characteristic bilobed leaf that consists of a dorsal and ventral lobe. The dorsal lobe is green
or purple in colour and it has a central cavity which houses the symbiotic Anabaena azollae.
The ventral lobe is relatively thin and always remains partially submerged in water and
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provides buoyancy (Raja et al., 2012). The symbiont liberates a substantial amount of
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Vol.2 Issue-1, SEP 2021 (e-ISSN: 2582-8223)
biologically fixed nitrogen as ammonia which is absorbed by the host through bra nched hairs
present in the cavity and unbranched hairs transport fixed carbon from host to the cyanobiont.
Azolla has recognizable six species- A. pinnata, A. filiculoides, A. rubra,
A.microphylla, A. imbricate and A. carolineana and all these contain the Anabaena
association (Raja et. al., 2012). Application of nitrogenous fertilizers to any crop is important
to increase per unit yield. But the continuous use of chemical fertilizers has created harmful
effects on soil organic matter further enhancing nitro gen deficiency (Hossain et. al., 2001).
Moreover, nitrogenous fertilizers also cause acidification of soils (Stumpe and Vlek, 1991)
and thereby reduce the microbial activity of the soil in long run (Sutton et al., 1991). In order
to increase soil fertility and soil productivity and also keeping in mind environmental safety,
use of biological fertilizers (Azolla) can be utilized in farmers’ field. From previous studies, it
has been found that Azolla used as a cover on flood water surface of rice can control
volatilization losses of ammonia. Ammonia volatilization and the gaseous emission of
ammonia to the atmosphere are the major causes of low nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.
These gaseous losses also cause economic loss to the farmers and cause negative
effect on the environment. As such, Azolla occurring on the flood water surface at the time of
first urea application effectively prevents the rapid increase in flood water pH associated with
urea hydrolysis (Reddy et. al., 1990). Azolla has low C :N ratio, therefore it is mineralized
faster than other species (Wang et. al., 1987) and supply nitrogen to crop plant. Also, it has
been found that application of Azolla enhances soil nutrients availability by their biological
activity and helps build up microflora. The decomposed organic matter from Azolla biomass
helps in development of microbial population. Continuous application of Azolla increases the
organic nitrogen content of the soil significantly (Yadav et. al., 2014). Species of Azolla such
as A. pinnata and Lamna minor removes the heavy metals iron and copper from polluted
water. Azolla can also be used as food supplement for variety of animals such as pigs,
rabbits, chicken, ducks and fish (Hove, 1989). Seultrope (1967) also reported that Azolla is
harvested in large quantities for utilizing as fodder for cattle and pigs. Studies showed that
Azolla slurry remaining after biogas production is suitable as fish pond fertilizer.
Conclusion
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Thus, it can be concluded that application of Azolla as biofertilizer helps in maintaining and
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improving global environment. It had been found that Azolla is more resistant to
Vol.2 Issue-1, SEP 2021 (e-ISSN: 2582-8223)
environmental fluctuation and less labour intensive. Thus, considering all the importances of
this aquatic pteridophyte it has been referred to as ‘green gold mine’ by Wagner, 1997.
References
Bhuvaneshwari, K. and Kumar, A. (2013) Agronomic potential of the association Azolla-

Anabaena. Science Research Reporter 3(1):78-82.
Seulthrope, C. D. (1967) The biology of aquatic vascular plants. Edward Arnold (Pub) Ltd.
London, pp. 610-615.
Wagner G. M. (1997) A review of its biology and utilization. The Botanical Review 63: 1-26.
Hossain M. B., Mian M. H., Hashem M. A., Islam M. Z. and Shamsuddoha A. T. M. (2001).
Use of Azolla as biofertilizer for cultivation of BR 26 Rice in Aus season. Online Journal
of Biological Sciences 1(12): 1120-1123.
Raja W., Rathaur P., John S. A. and Ramteke P. W. (2012) Azolla-Anabaena association and
its significance in supportable agriculture. Journal Biology and Chemistry 40 (1): 1–6.
Reddy K. R., Angelo D., Lindau C. and Patrick W. H. Jr. (1990) Urea losses in flooded with
established oxidized and reduced soil layers. Biology Fertilizers and Soils 9:283-287.
Sutton S. D., Barrett G. W. and Taylor D. H. (1991) Microbial metabolic activities in soils of
old field communities following eleven years of nutrient enrichment. Environment
Pollution 73: 1-10.
Stumpe J. M. and Vlek P. L. G. (1991) Acidification induced by different nitrogen sources in
columns of selected tropical soils. Soil Science Society of America 55(3): 145-151.
Wang D. X., Zhao M.Z. and Chen D.F. (1987) Studies on the of the mineralization rate and
nutrient releasing dynamics, Azolla utilization, Proceedings of Workshop on Azolla Use,
pp 275, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, International Rice Research Institute, LosBanos,
Philippines.
Yadav R. K., Abraham G., Singh Y. V. and Singh P. K. (2014) Advancement in the
utilization of Azolla-Anabaena system in relation to sustainable agricultural practices. In
Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy 80(2):301-316.
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Vol.

2 Issue-1, SEP 2021 (e-ISSN: 2582-8223)

Significance of Azolla in Agriculture

Bhuvaneshwari, K. and Kumar, A. (2013) Agronomic potential of the association Azolla-

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