HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LAB

GROUP MEMEBERS:

Muhammad Junaid Ansar 200530

Muhammad Bilal 200554

Abdul Moiz 200579

Muhammad Adil 170886

Submitted to: Eng. Abdul Basit

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 Abstract:
In this project, a linear heat conduction problem is numerically simulated using ANSYS software.
Analyzing the behavior of heat flow in a brass sample with a smaller diameter at its center is the
main goal. The project includes the essential parameter research to look at how different factors
affect how heat is transferred. The process involves setting up the brass sample's geometry, as
well as its dimensions and boundary conditions. To precisely record the temperature fluctuations
inside the object being examined, an appropriate mesh is created. The ANSYS Mechanical
module configures the analysis configuration with heat analysis selected as the analysis type. To
apply the required temperature distributions and other constraints, boundary conditions are
applied. The determination of the temperature distribution within the brass sample is
subsequently made possible through the use of ANSYS to solve the linear heat conduction
problem. Techniques for post-processing are used to visualize and analyze the outcomes.
Understanding the heat transfer behavior is aided by temperature distributions, contour plots, and
data extraction at certain points inside the brass sample. This study shows us the behavior of heat
conduction in a brass sample with a smaller diameter by using ANSYS for numerical simulations
and doing comparison of simulations results with the experimental results. The findings help us
understand heat transport processes better and may be used in a variety of engineering projects
for effective thermal management.

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Table of Contents
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 6
2. Modeling and Simulation....................................................................................................................... 6
1. Material Selection .................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Model ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Meshing ................................................................................................................................................. 9
4. Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................................................. 9
5. Results.................................................................................................................................................. 10
3. Experimentation................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 11
2. Theory/Background: ............................................................................................................................ 11
3. Results and Calculations ...................................................................................................................... 12
4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 13

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List of Figures
Figure 1 Arrangements of Thermocouples on Different Sections ................................................................. 6
Figure 2 Material selection in Ansys .............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3 CAD model of specimen in Ansys workbench ................................................................................. 8
Figure 4 Breakdown of Model into 3 Sections ............................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 The Mesh ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6 Boundary conditions for Analysis .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7 Results of Heat conduction Simulations ........................................................................................ 10
Figure 8 Pathway of Heat Flow in specimen ................................................................................................ 11

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List of Tables
Table 1 Dimensions of the Model.................................................................................................................. 7
Table 2 Experimental Results ...................................................................................................................... 12

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1. Introduction
Heat conduction is a basic process in different engineering applications, and identifying its
behavior is important for efficient thermal management. The numerical modelling of linear heat
conduction in a brass sample with a smaller diameter at its center is the main goal of this study.
We aim to analyze the temperature distribution within the sample and examine the impacts of
various factors on the heat transfer process using ANSYS.

2. Modeling and Simulation

The ANSYS Design Modeler module was used in this project to model the CAD model. A brass
sample with a smaller diameter in the center is depicted in the CAD model.

Figure 1 Arrangements of Thermocouples on Different Sections

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The specific dimensions for the CAD model are given in Table 1 below,

Table 1 Dimensions of the Model

Parameters Value units

Diameter of cylinder (hot and 25 mm
cold sections)
Diameter reduced cylinder 13 mm
Length of hot section 30 mm
Length of reduced section 30 mm
Length of cold section 30 mm

1. Material Selection
𝑤
The material selected for the model is Brass with thermal conductivity of 121
𝑚°𝐶

Figure 2 Material selection in Ansys

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 2. Model
The CAD model was created in Ansys workbench using the above-mentioned Dimensions.

Figure 3 CAD model of specimen in Ansys workbench

Figure 4 Breakdown of Model into 3 Sections

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 3. Meshing
The mesh was created to analyze the model more precisely and to know the temperature flow at
different points of the geometry. The size meshing is applied with element size of 1mm.

Figure 5 The Mesh

Figure 6
4. Boundary Conditions Boundary
These are the constraints and conditions for
boundary necessary for the analysis for Analysis
heat conduction. The initial temperature
on the hot size is given as 50 °𝐶 and on the
cold side was given 22°𝐶.

5.
(I) Steady State Thermal (Temperature 01)

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(II) Steady State Thermal (Temperature 02)

6. Results

Figure 7 Results of Heat conduction Simulations

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3. Experimentation
1. Equipment:
1. HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.
2. HT11C Computer Compatible Linear Heat Conduction Accessory.

Figure 8 Pathway of Heat Flow in specimen

2. Theory/Background:
The heated and cooled sections are clamped tightly together with a section of reduced diameter in
between. The end faces are in good thermal contact and create a compound bar of the same material
but with a reduction in cross-sectional area in the intermediate section.

From Fourier’s law:

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 Or

𝛥𝑇 is inversely proportional to A.
For the heated section

For intermediate section (reduced cross-section)

For cooled section:

Since the results will be the same for 𝛥𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 and 𝛥𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 (same cross section), results will be calculated
for the hot section only.

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3. Results and Calculations:
Table 2 Experimental Results

From the measured values, it is confirmed that the ratio of the temperature gradients is the
inverse ofthe ratio of the cross-sectional areas.

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Discussion:
The comparison between the experimental measurements and ANSYS simulation results shows
some discrepancies in the temperature values at different thermocouple locations. These
differences may arise due to several factors:

1. Measurement Errors:
The experimental measurements can be subject to errors associated with the
thermocouples, data acquisition equipment, and ambient conditions. These errors can
contribute to variations between the experimental and simulated results.

2. Assumptions:

In experimental work there may me some error due to some of the following reasons.

1. The voltage applied to heater was fluctuating continuously.

2. There was no proper insulation of the Equipment
3. Steady state was not achieved due to these assumptions
4. Heat loss between different sections.

The accuracy of the ANSYS simulation relies on the assumptions made during the modeling
process. Assumptions regarding boundary conditions, material properties, and geometry
simplifications can influence the temperature predictions and introduce disparities with the
experimental measurements.

To reduce these errors, it is important to carefully calibrate the experimental setup, ensure accurate
material properties, more refine the mesh resolution in simulations.

By addressing these factors and minimizing their impact, it is possible to improve the agreement
between the experimental measurements and simulation results.

5. Conclusion
To ensure the project's success, it is critical to understand why experimental data and ANSYS
simulations deviate. Measurement errors, material variations (such as composition, behavior, or
flaws), modelling assumptions, and boundary condition inconsistencies are all possible reasons of

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these disparities. It is critical to understand how measurement errors impact total data accuracy.
differences in the materials themselves, such as composition and behavior, might be contributing
to the observed differences. Simplifying assumptions may differ from the actual situation
throughout the modelling process. Differences between the boundary conditions employed in
simulations and the actual testing settings may result in divergent outcomes. Additional research
and improvement are required to increase accuracy, including the calibration of measuring tools,
the acquisition,

References:
[1] Holman, J.P. (2010). Heat Transfer. 10th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

[2] Incorporeal, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., & Lavine, A.S. (2017). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.

8th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

[3] ANSYS, Inc. (2021). ANSYS Mechanical User's Guide. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS, Inc.

[4] Patamars, S.V. (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing

Corporation.

[5] Zizic, M.N. (2012). Heat Conduction. 3rd Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

[6] Congel, Y.A., & Gujjar, A.J. (2014). Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications. 5th Edition.

Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Education

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