Article 3

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
Removal of toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions

using Jute fibers grafted with acrylic acid by gamma
irradiation
Journal: Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology

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Manuscript ID VNL-16-161.R2
Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article

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Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Apr-2017
Complete List of Authors: Hassan, Mahmoud; National Centre for Radiation Research and
Technology, Radiation Chemistry;
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Zohdy, maged
Keywords: adsorption, copolymerization, fibers, functional polymers, radiation

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John Wiley & Sons

Page 1 of 27 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
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3 Removal of toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using
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6 Jute fibers grafted with acrylic acid by gamma irradiation
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9 Mahmoud S. Hassan* and Maged H. Zohdy
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14 -Mahmoud S. Hassan (corresponding author)
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16 Asst. Prof Dr., Department of Radiation Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research
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18 and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority. Tel.: +202 22748246; fax: +202
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20 22749298.
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-Maged H. Zohdy
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27 Prof. Dr., Department of Radiation Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research and
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29 Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority. Tel.: +202 22748246; fax: +202
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31 22749298.
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35 Acknowledgements
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The authors would like to thank the National Center for Radiation Research and
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39 Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for providing the facilities and
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41 financial support throughout this work.
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60 John Wiley & Sons
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology Page 2 of 27
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3 Removal of toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using
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6 Jute fibers grafted with acrylic acid by gamma irradiation
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9 Mahmoud S. Hassan* and Maged H. Zohdy
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11 Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy
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Authority, B.O. Box 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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17 ABSTRACT
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19 Jute fibers were grafted with acrylic acid by using the direct gamma irradiation
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21 technique, which used as an adsorbent substrate for the toxic heavy metal ions such as Hg2+
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23 and Pb2+ from their aqueous solutions. The structure and crystallinity of the grafted Jute
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25 fibers were characterized by using of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-
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27 ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The effect of pH range of the metal ion solutions, contact
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time and the adsorption kinetics of the adsorption process were investigated. The effect of the
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32 initial concentration of dissolved metal ions and the adsorption isotherm for both of
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34 Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were also investigated. From the results, it can
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be concluded that the adsorption process obeys the second order kinetic reaction, and follows
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38 the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, while, about 86 and 80% of Pb2+ and Hg2+,
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40 respectively, were adsorbed at pH 5 and pH 6 after a contact time of 60 min.
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45 Keywords: Jute fibers; Gamma irradiation; Metal ion adsorption; Adsorption kinetics;
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47 Adsorption isotherm
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1
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3 INTRODUCTION
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5 Heavy metal pollution can cause serious environmental problems as a result of their
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7 toxicity and carcinogenic effects on the natural environment and its accumulation in living
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9 organisms [1]. The toxicity of heavy metals might be caused by blocking essential functional
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groups of biomolecules and by disrupting the integrity of bio-membranes [2]. Mercury and
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14 lead are from the most famous toxic heavy metals, which are responsible for the water
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16 pollution from industrial effluents.
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18 Mercury pollution usually comes from different industries such as chloroalkali, paint,
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20 pharmaceutical, pulp and paper. Lead pollution comes as a result of the batteries storage and
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22 plating industries [3]. The increasing of lead concentrations in the drinking water can affect
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the mental development of children and can cause the increasing of the blood pressure in
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27 adults. On the other hand, the presence of mercury in water with higher quantities can cause
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29 the damage of the central nervous system, chromosomes, and can cause the chest pain [4].
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31 Because of increased environmental awareness, the development of cost effective methods
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33 for the removal of lead and mercury from aqueous solutions has gained great importance.
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35 Different techniques can be used for removing of the undesirable dissolved heavy metal ions
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from aqueous solutions, conventional techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion
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40 exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane separation and electrochemical treatments processes
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42 [5-7]. These techniques are often costly or ineffective, especially in removing heavy metal
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44 ions at low concentrations [8], while the adsorption methods are more effective for removing
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46 the undesirable heavy metals without producing unwanted by- products. Different materials
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48 were used as adsorbents such as: activated carbon [9], carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals
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[10], fly ash [11], soy protein hollow microspheres [12], sawdust [13], polyrhodanine-
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53 encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles [14] and chitosan entrapped CM-cellulose hydrogels [7].
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3 Moreover, the grafted substrates with polyacrylic acid, which have a characteristic chelating
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5 ability towards different divalent metal ions [15,16].
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7 The irradiation technique is known to be an effective technique for changing the
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9 properties of matters. The graft copolymerization by using the direct irradiation technique
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was used over the past decades for polymer treatments, in which, new side chains could be
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14 introduced to the polymer backbone by covalent bonding [17-19]. In this regards, the
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16 radiation was induced the grafting polymerization to produce high performance chemically
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18 active polymer materials for adsorption and separation processes. For example, the grafting
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20 process with polyacrylic acid, which act as a chelating polymer have a considerable attention
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22 in the separation of heavy metals due to its ability to form chelates [15].
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Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is the second to cotton in amount
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27 produced and variety of its raw material extracted from vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are
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29 lignocelluloses natural fibers, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose (82–85 %) and
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31 lignin [20]. It also cheap, contains huge interspaces and can be used easily as a wastewater
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33 effluent filtration. On the other hand, Jute fibers are known for its durability, and eco-friendly
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35 properties, so they are ideal for the different adsorption applications.
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The present work deals with the preparation and characterization of Jute fibers grafted
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40 with acrylic acid monomer by using mutual gamma radiation technique, which used as an
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42 adsorbent substrate for some toxic heavy metal ions such as: Pb2+ and Hg2+. The grafted Jute
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44 fibers were characterized by using FTIR and XRD. The effect of different parameters on the
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46 adsorption capacity (mg/g) of grafted Jute fibers towards Pb2+ and Hg2+ such as contact time,
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48 pH range and the initial concentrations of the metal ions solutions were investigated. The
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Kinetic parameters and the adsorption isotherm of the adsorption process were also
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53 investigated.
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3 EXPERIMENTAL AND TECHNIQUES
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5 Materials
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7 Acrylic acid (AAc) was used as received and it was supplied by Fluka. Jute fibers
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9 were supplied by the Egyptian Company for Jute Production, Egypt. Ammonium hydroxide,
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Ammonium chloride, Sodium hydroxide, EDTA and Glacial acetic acid were supplied by El-
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14 Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co., Egypt. Lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] (Mwt; 331.2) and
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16 mercuric chloride [HgCl2] (Mwt; 271.52) were supplied by Alpha Chemika Co., India.
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18 Grafting of Jute fibers with acrylic acid
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20 Jute fibers were swelled for 24 h in NaOH solution (20%), washed, neutralized with
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22 diluted acetic acid, dried and then they were weighted (Wo). For the grafting process, the
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swelled Jute fibers were immersed in glass tubes containing acrylic acid monomer with
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27 different concentration (under investigation), solvent and ferrous ammonium sulphate as an

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29 inhibitor for the homopolymer formation, then gamma irradiated at different doses using Co60
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31 gamma cell of dose rate 2.5 kGy/ h (made in India) installed at the National Center for
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33 Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. The grafted fibers were then washed to
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35 extract the residual monomer and homopolymer. The homogenous grafted samples were
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dried and weighed (Wg). The graft yield (%) was calculated according to Eq. 1:
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40 Graft yield (%) = [(Wg – Wo)/ Wo] x 100 (1)
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42 Characterization of grafted Jute fibers with PAAc
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44 The prepared Jute fibers grafted with PAAc (Jute-g-PAAc) were analyzed by Fourier
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46 transform infrared (FTIR), in a wide range wavenumbers (400 - 4000 cm-1), and in solid state
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48 using Mattson 5000 FTIR spectrometer (Mattson Instruments, Madison, WI). X-ray diffraction
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(XRD) studies were performed using Philips (PW 1390) equipment, using Nickel- filtered Cu-
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53 Kα radiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the prepared Jute fibers was carried
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3 out by JSM–640, JEOL at 15 kV, in which the dried sample was sputter–coated with gold using
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5 a microscope sputter coater and viewed through the microscope.
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8 Determination of metal ions adsorption capacity by Jute-g-PAAc.
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10 The adsorption capacity of Jute fibers towards the different metal ions was
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determined. A constant weight of dry treated Jute fibers (~ 0.2 g) was immersed in a 50 ml
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15 metal salts solutions from HgCl2 or Pb(NO3)2 at initial concentration of 27.15 and 33.12
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17 (gm/L), respectively, which equivalent of (0.1M) for both of them, under shaking. The
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19 remaining metal ions concentrations were determined by using standard solution of EDTA
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21 [21]. The adsorption capacity, the amount of ions adsorbed per mass unit of treated Jute
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fibers q (mg/g) was calculated using Eq. 2:

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q = (Co – Ce) V/ W (2)
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28 Where Co and Ce are the initial and equilibrium metal ion solution concentrations (mg/L),
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32 (L).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

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Graft copolymerization of Jute-g-PAAc.
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41 Jute fiber is known to be stiff fiber with rough textured surface, with high crystalline
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43 proportion as a result of the high lignin percent and hemicelluose ratios. To overcome this
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45 drawback, the alkali impregnation of the fibers was used as a pretreatment, to decrease the
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47 crystalline fraction related to the amorphous portion. This consequently leads to the increase
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49 in the chemical reaction possibilities of the Jute fibers [22,23]. In the grafting of individual
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monomers by radiation, it is easy to control the grafting process by controlling the factors
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affecting the graft yield (%). From previous works, it was found that the grafting solution,
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56 which have a great role in the grafting process as a swelling medium for Jute fibers and as a
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3 diluent for AAc monomer [24], was preferred to be includes H2O/MeOH (90:10) in the
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5 presence of 0.1% of ammonium ferrous sulphate as inhibitor for homopolymer formation. The
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7 effect of irradiation dose and monomer concentration on the obtained graft yield (%) was
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9 investigated as shown in Fig. 1. The results showed that, the grafting yield (%) increases with
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increasing of the irradiation dose, as a result of the free radicals formation, which leads to the
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14 increase in the grafting yield (%) [25]. It was found also that the grafting yield (%) increases
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16 with increasing of the AAc monomer concentration up to 30%, then by increasing AAc
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18 monomer concentration more than 30%, the grafting yield (%) slightly increased or tends to
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20 level off as a result of homopolymer formation of PAAc [26].
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22 Characterization of Jute-g-PAAc.
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Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)
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27 FTIR spectroscopic analysis was used to confirm the formation of graft

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29 copolymerization of PAAc onto Jute fibers. Fig. 2 shows the IR spectra of ungrafted and
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31 grafted Jute fibers with PAAc (28% grafting yield). The FTIR spectrum of Jute fibers before
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33 grafting, as an example of cellulosic materials showed a characteristic absorption band at 3448

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35 cm-1 assigned to the stretching vibration of –OH, the vibration band at 2923 cm-1 confirms the
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presence of C-H stretching, the vibration band at 1650-1640 cm-1 due to the water associated
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40 with cellulose. In addition, absorption bands at 1375-1320 cm-1 and at 1047-1004 cm-1 confirms
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42 the presence of C-H bending of cellulose, and the stretching vibration of C-O, respectively. On
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44 the other hand, the FTIR spectrum of Jute-g-PAAc showed the same characteristic vibration
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46 bands of Jute fibers were found beside new characteristic absorbed bands for –CO of carboxylic
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48 acid at 1320-1210 cm-1, –C=O of carboxylic acid at 1720-1700 cm-1, accompanied with increasing
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of –OH broad band of carboxylic acid at 3448 cm-1. These findings prove the introduction of
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53 PAAc grafted chains onto the backbone of Jute fibers [27].
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3 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
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5 The XRD patterns of ungrafted Jute and Jute-g-PAAc are shown in Fig. 3. The Jute
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fibers showed a definite characteristic peak at 2θ = 22.45o with high intensity (~908 Kcps),
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10 which reflects the high crystallinity nature of the Jute fibers, due to the presence of the
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12 crystalline lignin with high portion (~80%) in the Jute fibres composition [22]. On the other
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14 hand, the Jute-g-PAAc fibers showed the same characteristic peak of the Jute fibers with
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16 lower intensity (~620 Kcps), which indicates that the crystallinity of the Jute fibers was
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18 decreased after the incorporation of the PAAc, which characterized with its amorphous nature
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[28] into the Jute matrix, resulting in the lowering in the overall crystallinity of the grafted
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23 Jute fibers.
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25 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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27 The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the differences in the
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surface morphology and the physical appearance of ungrafted Jute fibers and Jute-g-PAAc as
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32 shown in Fig. 4. The SEM micrographs of ungrafted Jute fibers showed the smooth
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34 crystalline appearance as shown in Fig. 4(a). After the grafting process with PAAc, thick
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spongy layers of the graft copolymer were noticed on the Jute surface resulting in the
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38 increase the diameter of fibers with uniform shape as shown in Fig. 4(b), which can enhance
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40 the effluent diffusion through the fiber interspaces leading to the increasing of the adsorption
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efficiency.
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46 Adsorption mechanism of metal ions by Jute-g-PAAc.
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48 The mechanism of the metal ions adsorption processes is not fully understood but
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50 several mechanisms were suggested for metal ion binding to the grafted polymer chains
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52 including ion exchange, complexation, co-ordination/ chelation, electrostatic interactions,
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54 acid-base interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, physisorption and
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possibly precipitation. In the case of Jute-g-PAAc, the hydrogen atom in carboxylic group of
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3 acrylic acid can be exchanged by metal ion and then, the carboxyl groups have two lone pair
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5 of electrons on the oxygen which can be form a chelate with metal ion [29]. Two carboxyl
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7 groups are required to form a chelate with divalent metal ions. The Jute-g-PAAc was used as
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9 an adsorbent matrix for some toxic divalent heavy metal ions such as Pb2+ and Hg2+. Previous
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reports [30] proved that the carboxylic groups of AAc act as a strong complexing agent for
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14 the metal ions as shown in Eqs. 3 and 4, This complex shows a tetrahedral structure (square
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16 planar complex) as shown in the following scheme.
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30 PAAc-metal ions (M) complex structure

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32 2 Jute-g-COO- + Pb2+ → [Jute-g-COO] 2 Pb (complex) (3)
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34 2 Jute-g-COO- + Hg2+ → [Jute-g-COO] 2 Hg (complex) (4)
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38 Effect of pH
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The removal (%) of metal ions by the adsorbent as a function of pH, using of (0.1M)
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43 as an initial concentration for both of two metal salts, at temperature of (30oC), after 60 min of
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45 soaking under shaking is represented in Fig. 5. It is clear that the removal (%) of metal ions is
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47 strongly pH dependent and maximum removal (%) occurs at pH 5 for lead and pH 6 for
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49 mercury. The increase of metal ions removal (%) with increase the pH is due to a decrease in
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51 competition between proton and metal ions for the surface sites and by the decrease in
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positive surface charge. Meanwhile, the metal ions removal (%) was decreased at low pH
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56 values as a result of the protonation effect and the increasing competition of protons for the
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3 same binding sites that metal ions can bind. A slight decrease in removal (%) observed above
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5 pH 5 for lead may be due to the precipitating of Pb2+ as Pb(OH)2. Hence pH experiments at
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7 alkaline ranges were avoided. The maximum removal (%) of Hg2+ observed at higher pH (6)
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9 than that of Pb2+ may be attributed to the electrostatic attraction between Hg(OH)+ ions and
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the negatively charged adsorbent surface [31].
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14 Effect of contact time
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16 The effect of contact time on the removal (%) of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc fibres
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18 using initial concentration of (0.1M) at pH 5 and temperature of 30 oC was studied and the
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20 results represented in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the removal (%) of Jute-g-PAAc towards Pb2+
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22 and Hg2+ increased significantly after 10 min, and it tended to increase with lower rate with
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increasing the time up to 60 min. Above 60 min, the removal (%) tended to level off. The rapid
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27 removal (%) in the initial stage was due to the abundant available chelating PAAc sites on the
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29 surface of grafted Jute fibres and the high concentration of metal ions [32]. Meanwhile by
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31 increasing the contact time, the removal (%) slow down and finally reached equilibrium, due to
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33 limited vacant adsorption sites available on the Jute-g-PAAc fibres. It was found also that, at
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35 the same conditions that the removal (%) was grater in case of Pb2+ than that in the case of
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Hg2+. This could be attributed the change in their binding capacity, which it was (7.18) and
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40 (6.75) for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. [33]. Also, the metal ion atomic number plays an
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42 important role [34-36], in which the Pb2+ metal ions posses the higher atomic number and the
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44 smaller hydrated ionic radii, which increase its adsorption possibility by Jute-g-PAAc.
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46 Adsorption Kinetics
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48 Various adsorption kinetic models have been used to describe the adsorption kinetics
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of the metal ions. The pseudo-first order model [37, 38] was used according to Eq. 5:
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53 log (qe - qt) = log qe – k1 / 2.303t (5)
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3 Where qe represents the adsorbed amount of metal ions (mg/g) at equilibrium, qt is the
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5 adsorbed amount of metal ions (mg/g) at time t, while, k1 represents the pseudo-first order
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7 rate constant (min-1). The slopes and intercepts of the plots of log (qe–qt) versus time (t) were
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9 used to determine k1 and qe [13, 32] as illustrated in Fig. 7. The values of k1, qe and
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correlation coefficient (r2) were listed in Table 1. As a comparison, the pseudo-second order
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14 model [39] was used according to Eq. 6:
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16 t/qt =1/k2 qe2 + t/qe (6)
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18 Where qe is the adsorbed amount of metal ions (mg/g) at equilibrium, qt represents the
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20 adsorbed amount of metal ions (mg/g) at time t, while, k2 represents the pseudo-second order
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22 rate constant (g/mg/min), The slopes of the plot of (t/qt) versus time (t) were used to
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determine the adsorbed amount of metal ions qe (mg/g), while, the intercepts were used to
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27 determine the rate constant of pseudo-second order model k2 (g/mg/min) [32, 40], as
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29 illustrated in Fig. 7. The values of qe, k2 and correlation coefficient (r2) were listed also in
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31 Table 1.
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33 As shown in Table 1, the obtained data for both of the adsorption kinetic models, the
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35 correlation coefficients were found to be 0.7882 for both of Pb2+ and Hg2+ according to the
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pseudo-first order model. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficients by using of the pseudo-
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40 second order model were found to be 0.9991, which have good linear relationship (r2 > 0.99)
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42 than the first order kinetic model, for both of Pb2+ and Hg2+.
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44 On the other hand, the results of qe obtained by using of the pseudo-first order model
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46 were much lower than that in case of the pseudo-second order model, which could be
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48 attributed to the inapplicable of the pseudo-first order equation throughout the contact time
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more than 20–30 min of the adsorption process [13, 32]. This indicates sharply that the
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53 adsorption processes for both of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc obey the pseudo-second
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3 Effect of initial concentration
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5 The influence of the initial metal ions concentrations Co (M) on the amount of
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7 adsorbed Hg2+, Pb2+ at equilibrium (qe) by Jute-g-PAAc was shown in Fig. 8. It can be seen
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9 that the adsorption capacity (mg/g) at equilibrium (qe) increases with increasing of the initial
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concentration of both of Pb2+ and Hg2+. This could be attributed to the acceleration of the
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14 metal ions diffusion into the polymeric network, where, at high concentration, the driving
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16 force increases which overcome the mass transfer resistance between solid-liquid phases [41].
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18 Adsorption isotherms
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20 The adsorption isotherms are important for the discussion of the interaction of the
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22 adsorbant molecules with the adsorbent surface [42,43]. The common adsorption isotherm
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models which can be used to describe the adsorption data are Langmuir and Freundlich
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27 models. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm assumes that the adsorption process occurs at
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29 specific homogeneous sites on the Jute-g-PAAc and is the most commonly used for
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31 monolayer adsorption process, according to Eq. 7:
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Ce/qe = 1/b qm + Ce/qm (7)
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Where qe represents the adsorption capacity (mg/g) at equilibrium of metal ions on Jute-g-
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38 PAAc, Ce is the metal ion concentration at equilibrium (M), qm is the monolayer adsorption
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40 capacity (mg/g) and b is the Langmuir adsorption constant (L/mg). Fig. 9 shows the
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Langmuir plot of the adsorption of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc. The slope and intercept of
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45 the plot of Ce/qe versus Ce were used to determine qm and b as illustrated in Fig. 9. The values
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47 of qm, b and correlation coefficient (r2) were listed in Table 2.
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49 The Freundlich adsorption isotherm assumes that the adsorption process occurs at
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51 specific heterogeneous systems and is the most commonly used for adsorption process, using
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53 Eq. 8:
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56 ln qe = ln Kf+ 1/n ln Ce (8)
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1
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3 Where qe represents the adsorption capacity (mg/g) at equilibrium of metal ions on Jute-g-
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5 PAAc, Ce (M) is the metal ion concentration at equilibrium, Kf is Freundlich constant and 1/n
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7 is the heterogeneity factor. The slopes and intercepts of the plot of ln qe versus ln Ce were
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9 used to determine Kƒ and n as shown in Fig. 9 [44]. The values of Kf, n and correlation
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coefficient (r2) were listed also in Table 2.
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14 As shown in Table 2, the obtained data for both of the two isotherm models indicate
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16 that the values of r2 for both of Pb2+ and Hg2+, according to the Langmuir equation were
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found to be 0.9954, while the maximum amount of adsorption (qm) was 16.67 and 15.63
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21 (mg/g) for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Meanwhile, r2 for both two metal ions, according to
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23 the Freundlich equation were found to be 0.9765. According to the values of the determined
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25 correlation coefficients (r2), it can be seen that the Langmuir equation has a nearest fit to the
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27 experimental data and have good linear relationship (r2 > 0.99) than the Freundlich equation.
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29 So, it can be concluded that the adsorption of the metal ions by Jute-g-PAAc follows the
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Langmuir model more than that of the Freundlich model.
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36 CONCLUSIONS
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38 This work deals with the grafting of Jute fibers with PAAc. The prepared Jute-g-
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40 PAAc was used as an adsorbent for Pb2+ and Hg2+ from their solutions. From the results, it
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42 can be concluded that, the grafting yield found to increase by increasing of both the
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concentration of AAc and irradiation dose. The FTIR results prove the introduction of PAAc
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47 onto the Jute fibers. The XRD measurements indicate the decrease of the crystallinity of Jute
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49 fibers after grafting by the amorphous PAAc. The adsorption capacity (mg/g) of Jute-g-PAAc
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51 was enhanced at moderate pH range up to 5, 6 for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. It can be
52
53 concluded also that the adsorption kinetics of the adsorption process of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by
54
55 Jute-g-PAAc follow the pseudo-second order rate and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm
56
57
58 - 13 -
59
1
2
3 model. For all cases, the adsorption selectivity for Pb2+ was greater than that in the case of
4
5 Hg2+, according to the change in their binding capacity.
6
7
8
9
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7 50 40
8 (a) (b)
35
9 40
10 30
Graft yield (%)
11
25
12 30
13 20
14 20
15 15
16 10
17 10
18 5
19 0 0
Fo
20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
21
22 Monomer conc.(%) Irradiation dose (kGy)
23
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24 Figure 1. Effect of (a) AAc concentration and (b) irradiation dose on the graft yield
25
26 (%) of PAAc onto Jute fibers at constant solvent composition (H2O/MeOH;
ee
27
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90/10) and Amm. Ferr. Sulphate (0.1%).
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9 Jute-g-PAAc
10
11
Transmittance (%)
12
13 Jute
1210
14 1720
2923
15 1047
3448
16
17
18 1650
19 2923 1375
Fo
20
3448
21 1047
22
23 4000 3000 2000 1000
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24
25 Wavenumber (cm-1)
26
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27 Figure 2. FTIR spectra of ungrafted Jute and Jute-g-PAAc fibers.

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1000
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8 22.45o
Jute
9 Jute-g-PAAc
10 800
11
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Intensity (Kcps)
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14 600
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18 400
19
Fo
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21 200
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25 0
26 10 20 30 40 50
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28 θ (degree)
2θ
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Figure 3. XRD patterns of ungrafted Jute and Jute-g-PAAc fibers.
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(a) (b)
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21 Figure 4. SEM micrographs of: (a) ungrafted Jute and (b) Jute-g-PAAc fibers.
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Metal ions removal (%)
100
9
10
11 80
12
13 60
14
15 Pb2+
40
16 Hg2+
17
18 20
19 0 2 4 6 8 10
Fo
20
21 pH
22
23 Figure 5. Effect of pH on the removal (%) of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc after
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60 min, using initial conc. of (0.1M) of both of metal ion solutions.
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7 120
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Metal ions removal (%)
9 100
10
11 80
12
60
13
14
40
15 Pb2+
16 20 Hg2+
17
18 0
19 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Fo
20
21 Time (min)
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23
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Figure 6. Effect of contact time on the removal (%) of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc
24
25 at pH 5, using initial conc. of (0.1M) of both of metal ion solutions.
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1.5 10
6
7 Pb2+ Pb2+
1.0
8 Hg2+
Hg2+ 8
9
t/qt (min/(mg/g)
10 0.5
log (qe-qt)
11 6
2
r = 0.9991
12 0.0
2
r = 0.7882
13
4
14 -0.5
15
16 2
-1.0
17
18 Pseudo-first order Pseudo-second order
19 -1.5 0
Fo
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
20
21 Time (min) Time (min)
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24
Figure 7. The pseudo-first and second order plots for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Hg2+
25
26 by Jute-g-PAAc.
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20
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7 18
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9 16
10 14
11 qe (mg/g)
12 12
13
10
14
15 8
16 Pb2+
17 6
Hg2+
18
4
19 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Fo
20
21 Ce (M)
22
23
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Figure 8. Effect of initial ion concentrations on the adsorption capacity
24
25 of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by Jute-g-PAAc after 60 min at pH 5.
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0.07 2.4
6
7 Langmuir plot 2.2
Freundlish plot
0.06
8 2.0
9 0.05
10 1.8
11 0.04 2 2
Ce /qe
r = 0.9954 1.6
ln qe
r = 0.9765
12
13 0.03 1.4
14 1.2
15 0.02
16 Pb2+
1.0
Pb2+
17 0.01
Hg2+ 0.8
Hg2+
18
0.00 0.6
19
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5
Fo
20
21 Ce (M) ln Ce
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Figure 9. The Langmuir and Freundlich plots for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Hg2+ by
25 Jute-g-PAAc.
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Table 1. Adsorption kinetic parameters.
6 Pseudo-first order Pseudo-second order
7
kinetic model kinetic model
8
9
Metal ions k1 qe r2 k2 qe r2
10 (min-1) (mg/g) [g/(mg/min)] (mg/g)
11
12 Pb2+ 0.07 1.19 0.79 0.03 22 1.00
13
14 Hg2+ 0.07 1.16 0.79 0.02 20.75 1.00
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Table 2. Adsorption isotherm parameters.
6 Langmuir model Freundlich model
7
8 Metal ions qm b r2 Kƒ n r2
9
10 (mg/g) (L/mg) [mg/g(L/mg)1/n]
11 Pb2+ 16.67 0.01 0.99 0.75 0.78 0.97
12
13 Hg2+ 15.63 0.01 0.99 0.74 0.75 0.97
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Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology

Removal of toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions

Journal: Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology

Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article

Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Apr-2017

Keywords: adsorption, copolymerization, fibers, functional polymers, radiation

John Wiley & Sons

27 different concentration (under investigation), solvent and ferrous ammonium sulphate as an

fibers q (mg/g) was calculated using Eq. 2:

RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

27 FTIR spectroscopic analysis was used to confirm the formation of graft

33 grafting, as an example of cellulosic materials showed a characteristic absorption band at 3448

30 PAAc-metal ions (M) complex structure

27 [42] E. L. Grabowska, and G. Gryglewicz, Dyes Pigm., 74, 34 (2007).

33 [44 ] I. D. Mall, V. C. Srivastava, N. K. Agarwal, and I. M. Mishra, Chemosphere, 61, 492

27 Figure 2. FTIR spectra of ungrafted Jute and Jute-g-PAAc fibers.

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