SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON

EXPORT PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTATION

Marcos Enterprises Pvt. Ltd

SUBMITTED BY
JACKSON JOSEPH 0302121707 BBA(Gen) 2nd Shift 5th Semester

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE (Recognised by UGC u/s 2(f)) Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indrapratha University C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled EXPORT PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTS made by JACKSON JOSEPH has been completed under my guidance and I am satisfied with my work carried out by him . The project is an original one , and has not been submitted earlier to any other institution . The project was successfully carried out by JACKSON JOSEPH in partial fulfillment of the BBA (GEN) 5TH semester required for leading to the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Business Administration (GEN) from MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report is based on Export Procedures and Documentation . A Project cant be said to be the work of an individual, a project is a combination of views, ideas, suggestions and contribution of many people.
I take this opportunity to acknowledge this report a real success. I would like to thank my project guide Ms. Preeti Malik, Department of Business Administration, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, C-4 Janakpuri, New Delhi, without whom this project report would not be possible. I am also very thankful to my parents, all my colleagues who have inspired and helped me in making this project report.

Jackson Joseph 0302121707

CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1 Introduction How one begins to do export Objective of the study Research Methodology Limitations of the study

TOPIC

PAGE NO.
1-28 1-23 24 25-27 28

Profile of the organization Company History Profile of Marcos Enterprises Corporate Social Responsibility

29-41 32 33-40 41

Analysis and Interpretation

42-85

Conclusion

82-91

Bibliography

92

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
India has a mission to capture 2% of the global share of trade by 2010, up from the present level of less than 1%. Export is one of the lucrative business activities in India. The government also provides various promotional schemes to the exporters for earning valuable foreign exchange for the country and for meeting their requirements for importing modern technology and essential inputs. Besides, the income from export business is also exempted to the specified extent under the Income Tax Act, 1961, Refund of Central Excise and Custom Duty on export is also made under the Duty Drawback Scheme of the Government. There is no Sales Tax on products meant for exports. Exports can be of goods which can be moved physically from one country to another or can be of service rendered. Detailed list of services are given in the Foreign Trade Policy covering more than 160 items e.g. Insurance, Hospital, Postal and Telecommunication
etc.

TWO CLASSES OF EXPORTS:

Physical Exports: If the goods physically go out of the country or services are rendered outside the country then it is called as physical export. Deemed Exports: Where the goods do not go out of the country physically they can be termed as deemed exports. This will be subject to certain conditions as prescribed by the DGFT. Under Deemed Exports, the goods may be supplied to the manufacturer exporter who ultimately export a finished product of which this supply forms a part and ultimately go out of the country. E.g. Supply of fabrics to the garment exporter who exports the garments made out of the said fabric. The government may announce from time to time the types of supplies that may be considered as deemed export. The Foreign Trade Policy gives the list of supplies considered under the Deemed Export Category. The policies and procedures are different for Physical Exports and Deemed Exports as also the benefits available. In a nutshell, Deemed Exports do not enjoy all the benefits that are available under Physical Export. The Foreign Trade defines exports as taking out of India any goods by land, sea, air. Although the act does

not term them as Physical Exports, we have to put phrase to distinguish it from Deemed Exports which is sales in India but considered as exports for limited purpose.

TYPES OF EXPORTERS:
Exporters can be basically classified into two groups Manufacturer Exporter: As the exporter has the facility to manufacturer the product he intends to export and hence he exports the products manufactured by him. Merchant Exporter: An exporter who does not have the facility to manufacture an item. But, he procures the same from other manufacturers or from the market and exports the same. An exporter can be both a manufacturer exporter as well as a merchant exporter, he can export product manufactured by him or he can export items bought from the market. Once it is decided to export, it is mandatory on your part to follow certain procedures, rules and regulations as prescribed by various regulatory authorities such as DGFT, RBI, and Customs. These procedures, rules and regulations are laid down in the Exim Policy 2004-09, Exchange Control Manual, Customs Act etc. Accordingly Export documents are required to be prepared keeping in view of the requirement of the foreign buyers and our regulatory authorities.

HOW TO SET UP AN EXPORT ORGANISATION

The proper selection of organization depends upon Ability to raise finance. Capacity to bear the risk. Desire to exercise control over the business. Nature of regulatory framework applicable to anyone If the size of the business is small, it would be advantageous to form a sole proprietary business organization. It can be set up easily without much expenses and legal formalities. It is subjected to only few governmental regulations. However, the biggest disadvantage of sole proprietorship business is limited ability to raise funds which restricts the growth. Besides the owner has unlimited personal liabilities. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it is advisable to form a partnership firm. The partnership firm can also be set up with ease and economy. Business can take benefit of the varied experiences and expertise of the partners. The liability of the partners though joint and several, is practically distributed amongst the various partners, despite the fact that the personal liability of the partner is unlimited. The major disadvantage of partnership firm of business organization is that conflict amongst the partners is a potential threat to the business. It will not be out of place to mention here that partnership firms are governed by the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 and, therefore they should be formed within the parameters laid down by the Act. Company is another form of business organization, which has the advantage of distinct legal identity and limited liability to the share holders. It can be a private limited company or a public limited company. A private limited can be formed by just two persons subscribing to its share capital. However, the number of its shareholders cannot exceed 50, public cannot be invited to subscribe to its capital and the members right to transfer their share is restricted. On the other hand, a pubic limited company has a minimum of seven members. There is no limit on the maximum number of its members. It can invite the public to subscribe to its capital and permit the transfer of share. A public limited company offers enormous potential for growth because of access to substantial funds. The liquidity of investment is high because of easiness of transfer of shares. However its formation can be recommended only when the size of the business is large. For small business, a sole proprietary concern or a partnership firm will 8

be the most suitable form of business organization. In case it is decided to incorporate a private limited company, the same is to be registered with the Registrar of Companies. CHOOSING APPROPRIATE MODE OF OPERATIONS: You can choose any of the following modes of operations Merchant Exporter i.e. buying the goods from the market or from the manufacturer and then selling it to foreign buyers. Manufacturer Exporter i.e. manufacturing the goods yourself for export. Sales Agent / Commission Agent / Indenting Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the seller and charging the Commission. Buying Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the buyer and charging Commission. Service provider i.e. providing service from India to another country.

NAMING THE BUSINESS Whatever form of business organization has been finally decided, naming the business is an essential task for every exporter. The name and style should be soft, attractive, short and meaningful. Open a current account in the name of the organisation in whose name you intend to export. It is advisable to open the account with a bank which is authorised to deal in Foreign Exchange. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPORT ORGANISATION marketing manager for generating sales Commercial manager for looking activities of the execution of the orders. staff personnel for carrying out the day-to-day activities namely o o o o o Preparation of pre - shipment documents. Co-ordinating with clearing agents on the progress of the shipment to be made. Co-ordinating with the ware house\C. excise department regarding packing and clearance of the goods for export. Preparation of post shipment documents foe banks. Follow-up with the bank on dispatch of documents, receipt of payment, availment of bank loans etc. 9

To look into the requirement of licenses, claiming of export benefits fiiling of documents with the Government Authorities in Discharge of Export Obligations, if any, filing of returns to the various Government Agencies which are mandatory, prepare and keep an information bank of various transaction of the company, their domestic as well as international competitors.

An office boy for doing leg work. A clearing and forwarding agent to handle the documents and the goods in the customs premises\ in the ports of lading. Depending upon the size of the business the numbers of personnel under each

category may increase. For example if a company is transacting substantial volume of business in more than one product. Then it is necessary to have marketing manager for each product so that the person can concentrate on a particular trade to enhance the business.

REGISTRATION WITH REGIONAL LICENCING AUTHORITIES OBTAINING IMPORTER EXPORTER CODE (IEC) NUMBER. The Customs Authorities will now allow the exporter to export or import goods into or from India unless he holds a valid IEC number. Before applying for IEC number it is necessary to open a bank account in the name of the company with any commercial bank authorized to deal in foreign exchange. The duly signed application form should be supported by the following documents. Bank receipt ( in duplicate ) / Demand Draft for payment of the fees of Rs. 1000/Certificate from the banker of the applicant firm as per Annexure 1 to the form given. One copy of PAN number issued by Income Tax Authorities duty attested by the applicant. One copy of Passport Size photographs of the applicant duly attested by the banker to the

applicant. Declaration by the applicant that the proprietor/partners/directors as the case may be of the applicant company, are not associated as proprietor/partners/directors in any other firm, which has been caution, listed by the RBI. Where the applicant declares that they are associated as proprietor/partners/directors in any other firm, which has been caution, listed by the RBI, they will be allotted IEC No. but with an additional condition that they can export only with RBIs prior approval and they should approach RBI for the purpose. Each importer/exporter shall be required to file importer/exporter profile once with the licensing authority shall enter the information furnished in Appendix 2 in their
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database so as to dispense with changes in the information given in Appendix-2, importer/exporter shall intimate the same to the licensing authority.

IEC EXEMPT CATEGORIES. The following importer exporter is exempted from the requirement of IEC code number. Ministries \ Department of Central or State Government. Person importing or exporting goods for their personal use not connected with trade or manufacture or agriculture. Persons importing\exporting goods from\to Nepal & Myanmar provided the CIF value of single consignment does exceed Indian Rs. 25000\-. APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AN IEC NUMBER For obtaining IEC number apply in the prescribe form along with the documents listed above to Regional Licensing Authority (Office of the Regional DGFT). The registered office or the head office may apply for allotment of IEC No. Whenever, there is a change in the name, address or constitution of the holder of IEC No., such change should be intimated within 30 days to the concern authorities. IEC certificate will be issued in the form (copy enclosed). A copy of IEC No. is also endorsed to the concerned banker. VALIDITY : The IEC No allotted to a firm/company will be valid for all its branches/divisions units/factories as indicated in the IEC No. Import/Export of any commodity by that firm/company. There being no date of expiry, the IEC once allotted is valid till it is revoked. But, if no import or export is effected in the previous financial year, the same will be made inoperative. However, this can be made operative by a formal request to the DGFT.

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IDENTITY CARD (For conducting transactions with the office of DGFT): As it is not always possible for the top man or directors, promoters of the company to visit DGFT frequently. There is a provision of issuance of identity cards to the proprietors/partners/directors and their authorized representatives. An application of Issuance of an identity card may be made in the form (Appendix-5) The document/

License/Certificate/Permissions may be delivered to the identity card holder and officials of the Licensing Authority(DGFT)shall not be responsible for any loss etc. In case of loss of an identity card a duplicate card may be issued on the basis of an FIR & affidavit. In addition to obtaining the IEC No. the exporter is also required to obtain Business Identification No(BIN). For this exporter is required to contact DGFT online on web site. The licensing authority issues BIN in coordination with customs authorities. This BIN is required to be mentioned on the shipping bills at the time of customs clearance of the export cargo. RCMC (Registration-Cum-Membership Certificate) REGISTRATION WITH EXPORT PROMOTION COUNCILS In order to enable the exporter to obtain benefits/concessions under the Foreign Trade Policy, the exporter is required to register himself with an appropriate export promotion agency by obtaining registration-cum-membership certificate. (RCMC). If the export product is that it is not covered by any EPC, RCMC in respect thereof may be issued by FIEO. An application for registration should be accompanied by a self certified copy of the Importer-Exporter Code number issued by the regional licensing authority concerned and bank certificate in support of the applicants financial soundness. The RCMC shall be valid for 5 years ending 31st March of the licensing year.

REGISTRATION WITH SALES TAX AUTHORITIES: Goods that are to be shipped out of the country for export are eligible for exemptions from both Sales Tax and Central Sales Tax. For this purpose, exporter should get himself registered with the Sale Tax Authority of is state after following the procedures prescribed under the Sales Tax Act applicable to his state.

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HOW ONE BEGINS TO DO EXPORT

Before entering into the venture of exports, one must look for the product to be exported and the market where he intends to export. In case of a manufacturer, obviously he would like to export the product he manufactures as is or with possible modification as may be required by the market. However, in case of a merchant exporter or a trader, one has to identity the product to export. If the exporter is already in the trade in the domestic market and is familiar with the product it would be an advantage to export the said product of which he has reasonable knowledge. Before selecting a product, one must simultaneously made a study and find out the prospective market. For finding out the market for the selected product, the following methods will help. Get statistical information as to imports of the product by various countries and their growth prospects in the respective countries Approach the chamber of commerce for their guidance to find out the market. Approach the Export Promotion Council dealing in the product of selection to get more information. The Preliminary Once you are ready with the product you wish to export and have found the market for the same, you are ready to proceed further. Following sequences can be followed: Any one, who wishes to export, must first of all get an Importer Exporter Code Number (IE Code).This can be obtained by making a formal application to the office of the Regional Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT). Get yourself registered with the related Export Promotion Council and become a member. Also arrange to obtain Registration-Cum-Membership Certificate (RCMC) from the council. This has twin objectives: o Under the Foreign Trade Policy, it is mandatory that an exporter gets him registered with the Export Promotion Council to avail of various export facilities.

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o Being a member, you will have access to all the information relating to the product that could be made available by the council o Many foreign buyers send their enquiries for the imports to the Export Promotion Council. Hence you will have few customers interested in your product. If you are a manufacturer, find out the provisions under the EXIM Policy of getting the raw materials duty free. Get familiar with the excise formalities as goods meant for export can be cleared without payment of C. Excise duty on the finished product subject to compliance of certain formalities. Understand the local government regulations in relations to the export of the product. Get information of the governments regulations of the importing country as to restrictions on the quantity, product specification, packing regulations, customs regulations, requirement of specific documents/information etc. Availability of Vessels/Airlines, the transport charges, frequency of operation etc., To look for a Custom House Agent (CHA) (also know as freight forwarders or clearing agents) for handling the documents/cargo in the customs. If the product is covered under any quota regulation, find out the agency/council who are handling the quota distribution for the product and the availability of quota for exports.

FINDING A CUSTOMER Once you have selected the market, the next step is to find a prospective customer. This you can get From the directory of importers of the country By writing to the Embassy of India in that country for assistance By writing to the chamber of commerce of that country By means of participation in a Fair/Exhibition abroad either directly or through the Export Promotion Council By participating in international fair if organized locally Through the personal contacts in that country. By these processes one can only have the list of customers. One has to dialogue or correspond with these customers by
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sending samples, getting feedback from the customers etc. to ultimately select the customer with whom to deal with. It is necessary to know the financial standing of the company which can be obtained through the bank channel or through the office of ECGC.

NEGOTIATING CONTRACT. Once the prospective customer is found, the business deal has to be concluded. The following aspects may be considered before entering into a final contract with the buyer. Credit Worthiness of the Customer. Availability of the Steamer/Airlines and the frequency The freight charges The full product specification The quantity, Price Terms of Payment Type of packing and markings on the packages Mode of shipment & Shipment schedule Tolerance of quantity to be shipped Documentation requirement for the customer Documentation requirement of the government of importing country Compliance of the local governmental rules and regulations

Before entering into contract one should take note of the above factors. While these are indicative, the requirements will vary from country to country, product to product and buyer to buyer.

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EXPORT SALES & CONTRACT TERMS & CONDITIONS Very often exporters do not enter into any formal contract and finalize the trade deal through the exchange of letters, cable, telex etc. It is, however, expedient that the parties (exporters & importers) incorporate all important terms & conditions of their trade deal in a separate document or contract that will avoid disputes arising out of uncertainty or ambiguity. Export contract may be sent in duplicate along with the Proforma Invoice to the overseas buyer. NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE CONTRACTS. There are certain, peculiar characteristics of international trade contract which are not present in those for sales of goods in the domestic market Whereas the parties to a domestic trace contract normally needs only agree on the elements which are necessary for their particular trade transactions like price, description, quality and quantity of goods, delivery terms etc the situation will be quite different when the buyer and the seller to sale/purchase contract belong to different countries. The parties to all international trade contracts provide all their relative rights and obligations in several ways For example, they may agree to adopt either the Law of the country of the buyer or that of the seller. The traders are normally reluctant to leave the determination of the rights and obligations by implications under the legal system of eithers country. They prefer to make explicit provisions regarding the rights and obligations by including a set of detailed and precise terms and conditions in their contract. EXPORT OF SAMPLES\GIFTS. Exports of bonafide trade and technical samples of freely exportable items shall be allowed without any limit. Goods including edible items of value not exceeding Rs. 100000/- in a licensing year, may be exported as a gift. However items mentioned as restricted for exports in ITC(HS) shall not be exported as a gift without a licence/certificate/permission, except in the case of edible items..

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ENTERING INTO AN EXPORT CONTRACT In order to avoid disputes, it is necessary to enter into an export contract with the overseas buyer. For this purpose, export contract should be carefully drafted incorporating comprehensive but in precise terms, all relevant and important conditions of the trade deal. There should not be any ambiguity regarding the exact specifications of goods and terms of sale including export price, mode of payment, storage and distribution methods, type of packaging, port of shipment, delivery schedule etc. The different aspects of an export contract are enumerated as under:

Product, Standards and Specifications Quantity Inspection Total Value of Contract Terms of Delivery Taxes, Duties and Charges Period of Delivery/Shipment Packing, Labeling and Marking Terms of Payment-- Amount/Mode & Currency Discounts and Commissions Licenses and Permits Insurance Documentary Requirements Guarantee Force Majeure of Excuse for Non-performance of contract Remedies Arbitration clause

It will not be out of place to mention here the importance of arbitration clause in an export contract Court proceedings do not offer a satisfactory method for settlement of commercial disputes, as they involve inevitable delays, costs and technicalities. On the other hand, arbitration provides an economic, expeditious and informal remedy for settlement of commercial disputes. Arbitration proceedings are conducted in privacy and the awards are kept confidential. The Arbitrator is usually an expert in the subject matter of the dispute. The
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dates for arbitration meetings are fixed with the convenience of all concerned. Thus, arbitration is the most suitable way for settlements of commercial disputes and it may invariably be used by businessmen in their commercial dealings.

TERMS OF SHIPMENTS INCOTERMS The INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) is a universally recognized set of definition of international trade terms, such as FOB, CFR & CIF, developed by the International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) in Paris, France. It defines the trade contract responsibilities and liabilities between buyer and seller. It is invaluable and a cost-saving tool. The exporter and the importer need not undergo a lengthy negotiation about the conditions of each transaction. Once they have agreed on a commercial terms like FOB, they can sell and buy at FOB without discussing who will be responsible for the freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks. The INCOTERMS was first published in 1936 --- INCOTERMS 1936 --- and it is revised periodically to keep with changes in the international trade needs. The complete definition of each term is available from the current publication --- INCOTERMS 2000. Under INCOTERMS 2000, the international commercial terms are grouped into E, F, C and D, designated by the first letter of the term, relating to the final letter of the term. E.g. EXW exworks comes under grouped E. The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. The scope of Incoterms is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of sale with respect to the delivery of goods. Incoterms deal with the number of identified obligations imposed on the parties and the distribution of risk between the parties. In international trade, it would be best for exporters to refrain, wherever possible, from dealing in trade terms that would hold the seller responsible for the import customs clearance
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and/or payment of import customs duties and taxes and/or other costs and risks at the buyers end, for example the trade terms DEO (Delivery Ex Quay) and DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) Quite often, the charges and expenses at the buyers end may cost more to the seller than anticipated. To overcome losses, hire a reliable customs broker or freight forwarder in the importing country to handle the import routines. Similarly, it would be best for importers not to deal in EXW (Ex Works) which would hold the buyer responsible for the export customs clearance, payment of export customs charges and taxes, and other costs and risks at the sellers end MORE CLARIFICATION ON INCOTERMS EXW {+the named place} Ex Works: Ex means from. Works means factory, mill or warehouse, which are the sellers premises. EXW applies to goods available only at the sellers premises. Buyer is responsible for loading the goods on truck or container at the sellers premises and for the subsequent costs and risks. In practice, it is not uncommon that the seller loads the goods on truck or container at the sellers pre4mises without charging loading fee. N the quotation, indicate the named place (sellers premises) after the acronym EXW for example EXW Kobe and EXW San Antonio. The term EXW is commonly used between the manufacturer (seller) and exporttrader(buyer), and the export-trader resells on other trade terms to the foreign buyers. Some manufacturers may use the term Ex Factory, which means the same as Ex Works. FCA {+the named point of departure} Free Carrier: The delivery of goods on truck, rail car or container at the specified point(depot) of departure, which is usually the sellers premises, or a named railroad station or a named cargo terminal or into the custody of the carrier, at sellers expense. The point(depot) at origin may or may not be a customs clearance centre. Buyer is responsible for the main carriage/freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks.

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In the air shipment, technically speaking, goods placed in the custody of an air carrier are considered as delivery on board the plane. In practice, many importers and exporters still use the term FOB in the air shipment. The term FCA is also used in the RO/RO (roll on/roll off) services In the export quotation, indicate the point of departure (loading) after the acronym FCA, for example FCA Hong Kong and FCA Seattle. Some manufacturers may use the former terms FOT (Free on Trucks) and FOR (Free on Rail) in selling to export-traders. FAS {+the named port of origin} Free Alongside Ship: Goods are placed in the dock shed or at the side of the ship, on the dock or lighter, within reach of its loading equipment so that they can be loaded aboard the ship, at sellers expense. Buyer is responsible for the loading fee, main carriage/freight, cargo insurance, and other costs and risks In the export quotation, indicate the port of origin(loading)after the acronym FAS, for example FAS New York and FAS Bremen. The FAS term is popular in the break-bulk shipments and with the importing countries using their own vessels. FOB {+the named port of origin) Free on Board: The delivery of goods on the board the vessel at the named port of origin (Loading) at sellers expense. Buyer is responsible for the main carriage/freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the port of origin (loading) after the acronym FOB, for example FOB Vancouver and FOB Shanghai. Under the rules of the INCOTERMS 1990, the term FOB is used for ocean freight only. However, in practice, many importers and exporters still use the term FOB in the air freight. In North America, the term FOB has other applications. Many buyers and sellers in Canada and the USA dealing on the open account and consignment basis are accustomed to using the shipping terms FOB Origin and FOB destination. FOB Origin means the buyer is responsible for the freight and other costs and risks. FOB Destination means the seller is responsible for the freight and other costs and risks until the goods are delivered to the buyers premises which may include the import custom clearance and payment of import customs duties and taxes at the buyers country, depending on the
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agreement between the buyer and seller. In international trade, avoid using the shipping terms FOB Origin and FOB Destination, which are not part of the INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms). CFR {+the named port of destination} CIF {+named port of destination} Cost, Insurance and Freight: The cargo insurance and delivery of goods to the named port of destination (discharge) at the sellers expense. Buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym CIF, for example CIF Pusan and CIF Singapore. Under the rules of the INCOTERMS 1990, the term CIFI is used for ocean freight only. However, in practice, many importers and exporters still use the term CIF in the air freight. CPT {+the named place of destination} Carriage Paid To: The delivery of goods to the named port of destination (discharge) at the sellers expenses. Buyer assumes the cargo insurance, import custom clearance, payment of custom duties and taxes, and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym CPT, for example CPT Los Angeles and CPT Osaka.

CIP {+ the named place of destination) Carriage and Insurance Paid To: The delivery of goods and the cargo insurance to the named place of destination (discharge) at sellers expense. Buyer assumes the importer customs clearance, payment of customs duties and texes, and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the place of destination (discharge) after the acronym CIP, for example CIP Paris and CIP Athens.

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DAF {+ the names point at frontier} Delivered At Frontier: The delivery of goods to the specified point at the frontier at sellers expense. Buyer is responsible for the import custom clearance, payment of custom duties and taxes, and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the point at frontier (discharge) after the acronym DAF, for example DAF Buffalo and DAF Welland. DES {+named port of destination} Delivered Ex Ship: The delivery of goods on board the vessel at the named port of destination (discharge) at sellers expense. Buyer assumes the unloading free, import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, cargo insurance, and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the Port of destination (discharge) after the acronym DES, for example DES Helsinki and DES Stockholm. DEQ {+ the named port of destination Delivered Ex Quay: The delivery of goods to the Quay (the port) at the destination at buyers expense. Seller is responsible for the importer customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, at the buyers end. Buyer assumes the cargo insurance and other costs and risks. In the export quotation, indicate the Port of destination (discharge) after the acronym DEQ, for example DEQ Libreville and DEQ Maputo. DDU {+ the named point of destination} Delivered Duty Unpaid: The delivery of goods and the cargo insurance to the final point at destination, which is often the project site or buyers premises at sellers expense. Buyer assumes the import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes. The seller may opt not to insure the goods at his/her own risks. In the export quotation, indicate the point of destination (discharge) after the acronym DDU for example DDU La Paz and DDU Ndjamena.

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DDP {+ the named point of destination) Delivered Duty Paid: The seller is responsible for most of the expenses which include the cargo insurance, import custom clearance, and payment of custom duties, and taxes at the buyers end, and the delivery of goods to the final point of destination, which is often the project site or buyers premise. The seller may opt not to insure the goods at his/her own risk. In the export quotation, indicate the point of destination (discharge) after the acronym DDP, for example DDP Bujumbura and DDP Mbabane. E-term,F-term, C-term &D-term: Incoterms 2000, like its immediate predecessor, groups the term in four categories denoted by the first letter in the three-letter abbreviation. Under the E-TERM (EXW), the seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own premises. It is the only one of that category. Under the F-TERM (FCA, FAS, &FOB), the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer. Under the C-TERM (CFR, CIF, CPT, & CIP), the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional cost due to events occurring after shipment or discharge. Under the D-TERM (DAF, DEQ, DES, DDU & DDP), the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination. All terms list the sellers and buyers obligations. The respective obligations of both parties have been grouped under up to 10 headings where each heading on the sellers side mirrors the equivalent position of the buyer. Examples are Delivery, Transfer of risks, and Division of costs. This layout helps the user to compare the parties respective obligations under each Incoterms.

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FINANCIAL RISKS INVOLVED IN FOREIGN TRADE As an exporter while selling goods abroad, you encounter various types of risks. The major risks which you have to undergo are as follows: Credit Risk Currency Risk Carriage Risk Country Risk

You can protect yourself against the above risks by initiating appropriate steps. Credit Risks : You can cover your credit risk against the foreign buyer by insisting upon opening a letter of credit in your favour. Alternatively one can avail of the facility offered by various credit risk agencies. A specific insurance cover can also be obtained from ECGC (Exports Credit & Guarantee Corporation) to cover your country risk besides covering credit risk. Currency Risks: As regards covering the currency risk, due to the exchange rate fluctuations, you can request your banker to book a forward contract. Carriage Risk: The carriage risk can be covered by taking an appropriate general insurance policy. Country Risk : ECGC provides cover to protect the exporter from country risks. A detailed procedure how an exporter can get himself protected against the above risks are given in separate chapters later.

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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1. To know the export procedure.

2. To know how one begins to do export.

3. To know the financial risks involved in foreign trade.

4. To know about quality control and pre-shipment inspection.

5. To know about shipping and custom formalities.

6. To know about ECGC(Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation)

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRIMARY data is data that you collect yourself using such methods as:

Direct observation - lets you focus on details of importance to you; lets you see a system in real rather than theoretical use (other faults are unlikely or trivial in theory but quite real and annoying in practice);

Surveys - written surveys let you collect considerable quantities of detailed data. You have to either trust the honesty of the people surveyed or build in self-verifying questions (e.g. questions 9 and 24 ask basically the same thing but using different words - different answers may indicate the surveyed person is being inconsistent, dishonest or inattentive).

Interviews - slow, expensive, and they take people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in-depth questioning and follow-up questions. They also show non-verbal communication such as face-pulling, fidgeting, shrugging, hand gestures, sarcastic expressions that add further meaning to spoken words. e.g. "I think it's a GREAT system" could mean vastly different things depending on whether the person was sneering at the time! A problem with interviews is that people might say what they think the interviewer wants to hear; they might avoid being honestly critical in case their jobs or reputation might suffer.

Logs (e.g. fault logs, error logs, complaint logs, transaction logs). Good, empirical, objective data sources (usually, if they are used well). Can yield lots of valuable data about system performance over time under different conditions.

Primary data can be relied on because you know where it came from and what was done to it. It's like cooking something yourself. You know what went into it. SECONDARY data is collected from external sources such as:

TV, radio, internet magazines, newspapers reviews research articles stories told by people you know

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There's a lot more secondary data than primary data, and secondary data is a whole lot cheaper and easier to acquire than primary data. The problem is that often the reliability, accuracy and integrity of the data is uncertain. Who collected it? Can they be trusted? Did they do any preprocessing of the data? Is it biased? How old is it? Where was it collected? Can the data be verified, or does it have to be taken on faith? Often secondary data has been pre-processed to give totals or averages and the original details are lost so you can't verify it by replicating the methods used by the original data collectors. In short, primary data is expensive and difficult to acquire, but it's trustworthy. Secondary data is cheap and easy to collect, but must be treated with caution. In this report data is collected from secondary sources:

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LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
1. There was shortage of time, therefore data is not complete. 2. The data taken from internet might not be recent one. 3. Due to my human limitation proper attention could not given to each and every detail mentioned in the project. The project might contain certain errors. 4. Since data is secondary, it need not be appropriate.

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COMPANY PROFILE

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Company Profile
Established in the early 1930s as a trading company, Marcos has come a long way today in the field of exports and caters to the broad product group of Ready made Garments, Madeups and Accessories. Just like history is built over a long time, Marcos too has managed to reach its present state after having won the trust of its esteemed patrons over the last six decades and is now catering to clients spread across USA, Europe, Australia , New Zealand and Japan.

New State of the Art Factory

It gives us pleasure to inform you that on 22nd of June 2004 Marcos has moved to its new state of the art factory with covered area of 40000 sq.ft. We have equipped this new set-up with the most modern imported knitted and woven garment making machines and finishing equipment. The production lines are well laid out to ensure smooth and timely workflow. This has given us an added edge compared to the rest of the industry. These proactive steps in production control and management have resulted in timely delivery of our products, which adhere to strict quality control standards. This has also resulted in increased production we wish to offer to your esteemed company.

Location:
Our factories located in the Kirti Nagar Industrial area are spread over three adjoining buildings with 6 floors of working area available in all the buildings providing us with enough working space to produce merchandise for some of the biggest companies in the fashion industry. Our manufacturing facilities are authorized factories which adhere to the

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pollution control norms of the Government and are conveniently located 15 km from the City Center (Connaught Place) and 25km away from the Indira Gandhi International Airport.

Garment and Made-ups Section:

Our well qualified professional designers and merchandisers work round the clock to develop new fabrics and garments by keeping up with the latest international trends and forecasts. This makes an expression of elegance in cuts and an eccentric play of vibrance, reflecting the concept behind each and every collection which compete among the latest fashion trends in the international market. Our sampling section is capable of developing garments as per an indivisual buyers' styles, colors and specifications. Our garments Adhere to the Aromatic Amines emission limit and are completely Azo free

Fashion Jewelery :
We are one of the very few companies with facilities to produce fashion jewelry and accessories in-house on our state of the art metal casting and finishing machines. With our inhouse electroplating and finishing setup, we can provide the clients with a degree of finishing that no other company can attain. We have been the pioneers in India to attain the nickel emission control limits as prescribed by the German law and the latest Lead content limit set by Danish law. With components being sourced from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Korea, Hong Kong, USA and China our resultant product is a blend of the Euro-Ethnic with superb finishing. The product range in the department is carefully selected to provide a tasteful blend of handicraft, ethnic art and fashion. The collection includes sourcing within India from Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, South India and other ethnic art centers. Our in-house fashion designers are always up-to-date about the overseas consumers' preference and taste.

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Home Furnishing Section:The design department has an ongoing responsibility to develop new and innovative designs which is essential for us to maintain our leading position in the export of this product range. Our exclusive and yet distinctive range of superbly crafted products are displayed at our own showroom. This facilitates easy access to merchandise for the buyers' to select and place orders.

Manufacturing Facilities:We are equipped with the most modern imported garment making machines and finishing equipments. The production lines are well laid out to ensure smooth and timely work flow. The most recent addition to infrastructure is the state of the art production facility, which has given us an added edge compared to the rest of the industry. These proactive steps in production control and management have resulted in timely delivery of our products which adhere to strict quality control standards ,made possible by our in-house production facilities.

Environment & Safety of Workers

The new factory has all the amenities which would make the worker feel at ease working in it, like centralized air cooling, canteen facilities and enhanced fire safety measures, like fire sprinklers and alarms with ease evacuation routes for escape in case of emergency and separate men and womens washrooms to prevent any discrimination. All the water used for washing or plating is stored for recycling and used in the company itself for sanitation purposes. Not only this, all the rainwater during monsoons is collected (harvested) and sent underground again so that so that water table is preserved.

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HISTORY
History weathered is built over time, so as MARCOS

with the ever changing and dynamic fashion cycles multi product trading company ,

to build its mark in the Fashion industry. Established in the early 1930s as a small Marcos has grown to be one of the biggest fashion accessories export houses in India. Metamorphosing with the changing times, Marcos changed its constitution in 1979 to become a private company limited by shares and has since been lauded with has very recently

various accolades and recognitions. Marcos

been conferred with the highest export turnover award by the Government of India and also recognised as a Star House, a allowing recognition conferred on a select a Export

few companies in this

them to stand out amongst

million others

highly competitive and very dynamic industry

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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

As a responsible corporate group ,we consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of our activities on our suppliers & employees as well as the environment. Our obligation is seen to extend beyond the statutory obligatio n to comply with legislation of the country to making sure that we somehow contribute to the betterment of our suppliers, employees and society as a whole. We are associated with various social programmes , trusts and charities and independently engage in activities such as contributing to provide a higher level of education to the children of our employees for their better future and also trying to give back to society by contributing our resources , both financial and otherwise for various social programmes for the upliftment of the villagefolk and have a properly penned down and monitored system of making sure that no child or adult is exploited in any manner whatsoever in the manufacturing of our product lines.

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CODE OF CONDUCT
Our company being a socially compliant audited supplier of the Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI) adheres in letter and spirit to the code of conduct laid therein. This social and environmental code of conduct has been agreed to, and laid down, by a joint conglomerate of more than 250 BSCI member retailers from around the world. This code of conduct can be studied in detail online at www.bsci-eu.org for the main charter points below; 1. Legal Compliance 2. Freedom Of Association and The Right To Collective Bargaining 3. Prohibition of Discrimination 4. Compensation 5. Working Hours 6. Workplace Health and Safety 7. Prohibition of Child Labour 8. Prohibition of Forced labour and Disciplinary Measures 9. Environment And Safety Issues 10. Management Systems

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ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

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EXPORT DOCUMENTS

Any export shipment involved various documents required by various authorities such as customs, excise, RBI, Inspection and according depending upon the requirements, there are categorized into 2 categories, namely commercial documents and regulatory documents. A.

Commercial Documents. : - Commercial documents are required for effecting

physical transfer of goods and their title from the exporter to the importer and the realisation of export sale proceeds. Out of the 16 commercial documents in the export documentation framework as many as 14 have been standardised and aligned to one another. These are proforma invoice, commercial invoice, packing list, shipping instructions, intimation for inspection, certificate, of inspection of quality control, insurance declaration, certificate' of insurance, mate's receipt, bill of lading or combined transport document, application for certificate origin, certificate of origin, shipment advice and letter to the bank for collection or negotiation of documents. However, shipping order and bill of exchange could not be brought within the fold of the Aligned Documentation System,

1.

Commercial Invoice: Commercial invoice is an important and basic export

document. It is also known as a 'Document of Contents' as it contains all the information required for the preparation of other documents. It is actually a seller's bill of merchandise. It is prepared by the exporter after the execution of export order giving details about the goods shipped. It is essential that the invoice is prepared in the name of the buyer or the consignee mentioned in the letter of credit. It is a prima facie evidence of the contract of sale or purchase and therefore, must be prepared strictly in accordance with the contract of sale.

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Contents of Commercial Invoice Name and address of the exporter. Name and address of the consignee. Name and the number of Vessel or Flight. Name of the port of loading. Name of the port of discharge and final destination. Invoice number and date. Exporter's reference number. Buyer's reference number and date. Name of the country of origin of goods. Name of the country of final destination. Terms of delivery and payment. Marks and container number. Number and packing description. Description of goods giving details of quantity, rate and total amount in terms of internationally accepted price quotation. Signature of the exporter with date. Significance of Commercial Invoice 2 It is the basic document useful in preparation of various other shipping documents. It is used in various export formalities such as quality and pre-Shipment inspection excise and customs procedures etc. It is also useful in negotiation of documents for collection and claim of incentives. It is useful for accounting purposes to both exporters as well as importers. Inspection Certificate: The certificate is issued by the inspection authority such as the export inspection agency. This certificate states that the goods have been inspected before shipment, and that they confirm to accepted quality standards. 3 Marine insurance policy: Goods in transit are subject to risk of loss of goods arising due to fire on ship, perils of sea, theft etc. marine insurance protects losses incidental to

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voyages and in land transportation. Marine insurance policy is one of the most important document used as collateral security because it protects the interest of all those who have insurable interest at the time of loss. The exporter is bound to insure the goods in case of CIF quotation, but he can also insure the goods in case of FOB contract, at the request of the importer, but the premium payment will be made by the exporter. There are different types of policies such as
SPECIFIC POLICY: This policy is taken to cover different risks for a single

shipment. For a regular exporter, this policy is not advisable as he will have to take a separate policy every time a shipment is made, so this policy is taken when exports are in frequent.
Floating Policy: This is taken to cover all shipments for some months. There is

no time limit, but there is a limit on the value of goods and once this value is crossed by several shipments, then it has to be renewed.
Open Policy: This policy remains in force until cancelled by either party i.e.

insurance company or the exporter.

Open Cover Policy: This policy is generally issued for 12 months period, for

all shipments to one or more destinations. The open cover may specify the maximum value of consignment that may be sent per ship and if the value exceeded, the insurance company must be informed by the exporter.
Insurance Premium: Differs upon product to product and a number of such

other factors, such as, distance of voyage, type and condition of packing, etc. Premium for air consignments are lowered as compared to consignments by sea.
4.

Consular Invoice: Consular invoice is a document required mainly by the Latin

American countries like Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Mauritius, New Zealand, Myanmar, Iraq, Australia, Fiji, Cyprus, Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Zanzibar, etc. This invoice is the most important document, which needs to be submitted for certification to the Embassy of the importing country concerned. The main purpose of the consular invoice is to enable the authorities of the importing country to collect accurate information about the volume, value, quality, grade, source, etc., of the goods imported for the purpose of assessing import duties and also for statistical purposes. In order to obtain consular invoice, the exporter is required to submit three copies of invoice to the Consulate of

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the importing country concerned. The Consulate of the importing country certifies them in return for fees. One copy of the invoice is given to the exporter while the other two are dispatched to the customs office of the importer's country for the calculation of the import duty. The exporter negotiates a copy of the consular invoice to the importer along with other shipping documents.
Significance of Consular Invoice for the Exporter

It facilitates quick clearance of goods from the customs in exporter's as well as importer's country. Certification' of goods by the Consulate of the importing country indicarer that the importer has fulfilled all procedural and licensing formalities for import of goods.

It also assures the exporter of the payment from the importing country.

Significance of Consular Invoice for the Importer

It facilitates quick clearance of goods from the customs at the port destination and therefore, the importer gets quick delivery of goods. The importer is assured that the goods imported are not banned for imported in his country.

Significance of Consular Invoice for the Customs Office

It makes the task of the customs authorities easy. It facilitates quick calculation of duties as the value of goods as determine by the Consulate is considered for the purpose.

5.

Certificate of Origin: The importers in several countries require a certificate of

origin without which clearance to import is refused. The certificate of origin states that the goods exported are originally manufactured in the country whose name is mentioned in the certificate. Certificate of origin is required when: The goods produced in a particular country are subject to preferential tariff rates in the foreign market at the time importation. The goods produced in a particular country are banned for import in the foreign market.
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Types of the Certificate of Origin

(a) Non-preferential Certificate, of Origin: - Non-preferential certificate of origin is required in

general by all countries for clearance of goods by the importer, on which no preferential tariff is given. It is issued by: The authorised Chamber of Commerce of the exporting country. Trade Association. Of the exporting country.

(b) Certificate of Origin for availing Concessions under GSP :- Certificate of origin required for

availing of concessions under Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) extended by certain, countries such as France, Germany, Italy, BENELUX countries, UK, Australia; Japan, USA, etc. This certificate can be obtained from specialised agencies, namely;
(c)

Export Inspection Agencies. Jt. Director General of Foreign Trade.. Commodity Boards and their regional offices. Development Commissioner, Handicrafts. Textile Committees for textile products. Marine Products Export Development Authority for marine products. Development Commissioners of EPZs
Certificate for availing Concessions under Commonwealth Preferences (CWP): Certificate

of origin for the purpose of Commonwealth Preference is also known as 'Combined Certificate of Origin and Value'. It is required by two member countries, i.e. Canada and New Zealand of the Commonwealth. For concession under Commonwealth preferences, the certificates or origin have to be submitted in special forms obtainable, from the High Commission of the country concerned.
(d) Certificate for availing Concessions under other Systems of Preference:- Certificate of

origin is also required for tariff concessions. under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), Bangkok Agreement(BA) and SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) under which India grants and receives tariff concessions On
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imports and exports. Export Inspection Council (EIC) is the sole authority to print blank Certificates of Origin under BA, SAARC and SAPTA which can be issued by such agencies as EPCs, DCs of EPZs, EIC, APEDA, MPEDA, FIEO, etc... Contents of Certificate of Origin Name and logo of chamber of commerce. Name and address of the exporter. Name and address of the consignee. Name and the number of Vessel of Flight Name of the port of loading. Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery. Marks and container number. Packing and container description. Total number of containers and packages. Description of goods in terms of quantity. Signature and initials of the concerned officer of the issuing authority. Seal of the issuing authority.

Significance of the Certificate of Origin Certificate of origin is required for availing of concessions under Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) as well as under Commonwealth Preferences (CWP). It is to be submitted to the customs for the assessment of duty clearance of goods with concessional duty. It is required when the goods produced in a particular country are banned for import in the foreign market. It helps the buyer in adhering to the import regulations of the country. Sometimes, in order to ensures that goods bought from some other country have not been reshipped by a seller, a certificate of origin IS required.
6.

Bill of Lading: The bill of lading is a document issued by the shipping company or
its agent acknowledging the receipt of goods on board the vessel, and undertaking to deliver the goods in the like order and condition as received, to the consignee or his
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order, provided the freight and other charges as specified in the bill have been duly paid. It is also a document of title to the goods and as such, is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery. Bill of Lading serves three main purposes: As a document of title to the goods; As a receipt from the shipping company; and As a contract for the transportation of goods.

Types of Bill of Lading Clean Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading acknowledging receipt of the goods apparently in good order and condition and without any qualification is termed as a clean bill of lading. Claused Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading qualified with certain adversere marks such as, "goods insufficiently packed in accordance with the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act," is termed as a claused bill of lading. Transhipment or Through Bill of Lading: - When the carrier uses other transport facilities, such as rail, road, or another steamship company in addition to his own, the carrier issues a through or transhipment bill of lading. Stale Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading that has been held too long before it is passed on to a bank for negotiation or to the consignee is called a stale bill of lading. Freight Paid Bill of Lading: - When freight is paid at the time of shipment or in advance, the bill of landing is marked, freight paid. Such bill of lading is known as freight bill of lading. Freight Collect Bill of lading :- When the freight is not paid and is to be collected from the consignee on the arrival of the goods, the bill of lading is marked, freight collect and is known as freight collect bill of lading Contents of Bill of Lading Name and logo of the shipping line. Name and address of the shipper. Name and the number of vessel.
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Name of the port of loading. Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery. Marks and container number. Packing and container description. Total number of containers and packages, Description of goods in terms of quantity. Container status and seal number. Gross weight in kg. and volume in terms of cubic meters. Amount of freight paid or payable. Shipping bill number and date. Signature and initials of the Chief Officer. .

Significance of Bill of Lading for Exporters It is a contract between the shipper and the shipping company for carriage of the goods to the port of destination. It is an acknowledgement indicating that the goods mentioned in the document have been received on board for the Purpose of shipment. A clean bill of lading certifies that the goods received on board the ship are in order and good condition. It is useful for claiming incentives offered by the government to exporters The exporter can claim damages from the shipping company if the goods are lost or damaged after the issue of a clean bill of lading. Significance of Bill of Lading for Importers It acts as a document of title to goods, which is transferable endorsement and delivery. The exporter sends the bill of lading to the bank of the importer so as to enable him to take the delivery of goods. The exporter can give an advance intimation to the foreign buyer about the shipment of goods by sending him a non-negotiable copy of bill of lading

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Significance of Bill of Lading for Shipping Company It is useful to the shipping company for collection of transport charges from the importer, if not collected from the exporter.

7. Airway Bill: An airway bill, also called an air consignment note, is a receipt issued
by an airline for the carriage of goods. As each shipping company has its own bill of lading, so each airline has its own airway bill. Airway Bill or Air Consignment Note is not treated as a document of title and is not issued in negotiable form. Contents of Airway Bill Name of the airport of departure and destination. The names and addresses of the consignor, consignee and the first carrier. Marks and container number. Packing and container description. Total number of containers and packages. Description of goods in terms of quantity. Container status and seal number. Amount of freight paid or payable. Signature and initials of the issuing carrier or his agent. Importance of Airway Bill: It is a contract between the airlines or his agent to carry goods to the destination. It is the document of instructions for the airline handling staff. It acts as a customs declaration form. Since, it contains details about freight it also represents freight bill. 7. Shipment Advice to Importer:- After the shipment of goods, the exporter intimates the importer about the shipment of goods giving him details about the date of shipment, the name of the vessel, the destination, etc. He should also send one copy of nonnegotiable bill of lading to the importer. 8. Packing List: The exporter prepares the packing list to facilitate the buyer to check the shipment. It contains the detailed description of the goods packed in each case, their gross and net weight, etc. The difference between a packing note and a packing list is that the packing note contains the particulars of the contents of an individual pack,
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while the packing list is a consolidated statement of the contents of a number of cases or packs. 9. Bill of Exchange: The instrument is used in receiving payment from the importer. The importer may prefer Bill of Exchange to LC as it does not involve blocking of funds. A bill of exchange is drawn by the exporter on the importer, to make payment on demand at sight or after a certain period of time. B/E is a means to collect payment. B/E is a means to demand payment. B/E is a means to extent the credit. B/E is a means to promise the payment. B/E is an official acknowledgement of receipt of payment. Financial documents perform the function of obtaining the finance collection of payment etc. 2 sets. Each one bearing the exclusion clause making the other part of the draft invalid. Sight B/E. Usance B/E. It is known as draft. Immediate payment Sight draft. There are two copies of draft. Each one bears reference to the other part A&B. when any one of the draft is paid, the second draft becomes null and void. Parties to bill of exchange. 1. The drawer: The exporter / person who draws the bill. 2. The drawee: The importer / person on whom the bill is drawn for payment. 3. The payee: The person to whom payment is made, generally, the exporter / supplier of the goods. B Auxiliary Documents: These documents generally form the basic documents based on which the commercial and or regulatory documents are prepared. These documents also do not have any fixed formats and the number of such documents will wary according to individual requirements.

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1. Proforma Invoice: The starting point of the export contract is in the form of offer made by the exporter to the foreign customer. The offer made by the exporter is in the form of a proforma invoice. It is a quotation given as a reply to an inquiry. It normally forms the basis of all trade transactions. Contents of Proforma Invoice Name and address of the exporter. Name and address of the importer. Mode of transportation, such as Sea or Air or Multimodal transport. Name of the port of loading. Name of the port of discharge and final destination. Provisional invoice number and date. Exporter's reference number. Buyer's reference number and date. Name of the country of origin of goods. Name of the country of final destination. Marks and container number. . Number and packing description. Description of goods giving details of quantity, rate and total amount in terms of internationally accepted price quotation. Signature of the exporter with date.

Importance of Proforma Invoice It forms the basis of all trade transactions. It may be useful for the importer in obtaining import licence or foreign exchange. 2. Intimation for Inspection: Whenever the consignment requires the pre-shipment inspection, necessary application is to be made to the concerned inspection agency for conducting the inspection and issue of certificate thereof. 3. Declaration of Insurance: Where the contract terms require that the insurance to be covered by the exporter, the shipper has to give details of the shipment to the insurance company for necessary insurance cover. The detailed declaration will cover:
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Name of the shipper \ exporter. Name & address of buyer. Details of goods such as packages, quantity, value in foreign currency as well as in Indian Rs. Etc. Name of the Vessel \ Aircraft. Value for which insurance to be covered.

4. Application of the Certificate Origin: In case the exporter has to obtain Certificate of Origin from the concerned authorities, an application has to be made to the concerned authority with required documents. While the simple invoice copy will do for getting C\O from the chamber of commerce, in respect of obtained the same from the office of the Textile Committee or Export Promotion Council, the documents requirement are different. 5. Mate's Receipt: Mate's receipt is a receipt issued by the Commanding Officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on the ship. The mate's receipt is a prima facie evidence that goods are loaded in the vessel. The mate's receipt is first handed over to the Port Trust Authorities. After making payment of all port dues, the exporter or his agent collects the mate's receipt from the Port Trust Authorities. The mate's receipt is freely transferable. It must be handed over to the shipping company in order to get the bill of lading. Bill of lading is prepared on the basis of the mate's receipt. Types of Mate's Receipts Clean Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues a clean mate's receipt, if he is satisfied that the goods are packed properly and there is no defect in the packing of the cargo or package. Qualified Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues qualified mate's receipt, when the goods are not packed properly and the shipping company does not take any responsibility of damage. to the goods during transit. Contents of Mate's Receipt Name and logo of the shipping line. Name and address of the shipper. Name and the number of vessel.
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Name of the port of loading. Name of the port of discharge and place of delivery. Marks and container number. Packing and container description. Total number of containers and packages. Description of goods in terms of quantity. Container status and seal number. Gross weight in kg. and volume in terms of cubic meters. Shipping bill number and date. Signature and initials of the Chief Officer.

Significance of Mate's Receipt It is an acknowledgement of goods received for export on board the ship. It is a transferable document. It must be handed over to the shipping company in order to get the bill of lading. Bill of lading, which is the title of goods, is prepared on the basis of the mate's receipt. It enables the exporter to clear port trust dues to the Port Trust Authorities.

Obtaining Mate's Receipt The goods are then loaded on board the ship for which the Mate or the Captain of the ship issues Mate's Receipt to the Port Superintendent. 6. Shipping Order: It is issued by the Shipping/Conference Line intimating the exporter about the reservation of space for shipment of cargo which the exporter intends to ship. Details of the vessel, poet of the shipment, and the date on which the goods are to be shipped are mentioned. This order enables the exporter to make necessary arrangements for customs clearance and loading of the goods. 7. Shipping Instructions: At the pre-shipment stage, when the documents are to sent to the CHA for customs clearance, necessary instructions are to be give with relevance to

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The export promotion scheme under which goods are to be exported. Name of the specific vessel on which the goods are to be loaded. If goods are to be FCL or LCL. If freight amount are to be paid / collected. If shipment are covered under A.R.E.-1 procedure. Instructions for obtaining Bill of Lading etc.

8. Bank letter for negotiation of documents: at the post shipment stage, the exporter has to submit the documents to a bank for negotiation or discounting or collection for forwarding the same to the customer and also for realization of export proceeds. The bank letter is the set of instruction for the bank as to how to handle the documents by them and by the bank at the buyers country which may include Name and address of the buyer. Details of various documents being sent and the number of the copies thereof. Name and address of the buyers bank if available. If the documents are sent L/C or on open terms. If the proceeds are to adjusted against any pre-shipment packing credit loan. If the bill amount is to be adjusted against any forward exchange cover. In case of credit bill who has to bear the interest, either exporter or if the same is to be collected from the buyer.
Instructions in case non-acceptance/non-payment by the buyer.

C. Regulatory Document: Regulatory pre-shipment export documents are prescribed by

the different government departments and bodies in order to comply with various rules and regulations under the relevant laws governing export trade such as export inspection, foreign exchange regulation, ex port trade control, customs, etc. Out of 9 regulatory documents four have been standardised and aligned. These are shipping bill or bill of export, exchange control declaration (GR from), export application dock challan or port trust copy of shipping bill and receipt for payment of port charges.
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1. Shipping Bill: Shipping bill is the main customs document, required by the customs authorities for granting permission for the shipment of goods. The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the shipping bill is duly stamped, i.e. certified by the customs. Shipping bill is normally prepared in five copies : Customs copy. Drawback copy. Export promotion copy. Port trust copy. Exporter's copy.

Types of Shipping Bill Based on the incentives offered by the government, customs authorities have introduced three types of shipping bills: Drawback Shipping Bill: - Drawback shipping bill is useful for claiming the customs drawback against goods exported. Dutiable Shipping Bill: - Dutiable shipping bill is required for goods which are subject to export duty. Duty-free Shipping Bill: - Duty-free shipping bill is useful for exporting goods on which there is no export duty. In order to facilitate easy recognition and quick processing, following colours have been provided to different kinds of shipping bills : Types of goods Drawback shipping bill Dutiable shipping bill Duty-Free shipping bill Contents of Shipping Bill Name and address of the exporter. Name and address of the importer. Name of the vessel, master or agents and flag.
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By Sea Green Yellow White

By Air Green Pink Pink

Name of the port at which goods are to be discharged. Country of final destination. Details about packages, description of goods, marks and numbers, quantity and details of each case. FOB price and real value of goods as defined in the Sea Customs Act. Whether Indian or foreign merchandise to be re-exported Total number of packages with total weight and value.

Significance of Shipping Bill a) Shipping bill is the main customs document, required by the customs authorities for granting permission for the shipment of goods. b) The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the shipping bill is duly stamped, i.e. certified by the customs. c) Duly endorsed shipping bill is also necessary for the collection of export incentives offered by the government. d) It is useful to the Customs Appraiser while determining the actual value of goods exported. 2. A.R.E. 1 form (Central excise): this form ARE-1 is prescribed under Central Excise rules for export of goods. In case goods meant for export are cleared directly from the premises of a manufacturer, the exporter can avail the facility of exemption from payment of terminal excise duty. The goods may be cleared for export either under claim for rebate of duty paid or under bond without payment of duty. In both the events the goods are to be cleared under form A.R.E-1 which will show the details of the goods being exported, the relevant duty involved and if the duty is paid or goods being cleared under bond, details of goods being sealed either by the exporter or Central Excise officials etc. 3. Exchange Control declaration Form (GR/PP/SOFTEX): under the exchange control regulations all exporters must declare the details of shipment for monitoring by the Reserve Bank of India. For this purpose, RBI has prescribed different forms for different types of shipments like GRI, PP forms etc. These declaration forms must be presented to the customs officials at the time of passing of export documentation. Under the EDI processing of shipping bill in the
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customs, these forms have been dispensed with and a new form SDF has to be submitted to the customs in the place of above forms. 4. Export Application: this is the application to be made to the customs officials before shipment of goods. The prescribed form of the application is the Shipping Bill/Bill of Export. Different types are required for shipment like ex-bond, duty free goods, and dutiable goods and for export under different export promotion schemes such as claims for duty drawback etc. 5. Vehicle Ticket/Cart Ticket/Gate Pass etc.: before the goods are being taken inside the port for loading, necessary permission has to be obtained for moving the vehicle into the customs area. This permission is granted by the Port Trust Authority. This document will contain the detail of the export cargo, name and address of the shippers, lorry number, marks and number of the packages, drivers licence details etc. 6. Bank Certificate of Realisation: this is the form prescribed under the Foreign Trade Policy, wherein the negotiating bank declares the fob value of exports and for the date of realisation of the export proceeds. This certificate is required fore obtaining the benefit under various schemes and this value of fob is reckoned as fob value of exports. D. Other Document: Black List Certificate: it certifies that the ship/aircraft carrying the cargo has not touched the particular country on its journey or that the goods are not from the particular country. This is required by certain nations who have strained political and economical relations with the so called Black Listed Countries. Language Certificate: Importers in the European Community require a language certificate along with the GSP certificate in respect of handloom cotton fabrics classifiable under NAMEX code 55.09. Generally four copies of language certificate are prepared by the concerned authority who issues GSP certificate. Three copies are handed over to the exporter. A copy is sent along with the other documents for realisation of export proceeds.

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Freight Payment Certificate: in most of the cases, the B/L or AWB will mention the transportation and other related charges. However if the exporter does not want these details to be disclosed to the buyer, the shipping company may issue a separate certificate for payment of the freight charges instead of declaring on the main transport documents. This document showing the freight payment is called the freight certificate.

Insurance Premium Certificate: this is the certificate issued by the Insurance Company as acknowledgement of the amount of premium paid for the insurance cover. This certificate is required by the bank for arriving at the fob value of the goods to be declared in the bank certificate of realisation.

Combined Certificate of Origin and Value: this certificate is required by the Commonwealth Countries. This certificate is printed in a special way by the Commonwealth Countries. This certificate should contain special details as to the origin and value of goods, which are useful for determining import duty. All other details are generally the same as that of Commercial Invoice, such as name of the exporter and the importer, quality and quantity of the goods etc.

Customs Invoice: this is required by the countries like Canada, USA for imposing preferential tariff rates.

Legalized Invoice: this is required by the certain Latin American Countries like Mexico. It is just like consular invoice, which requires certification from Consulate or authorised mission, stationed in the exporters country.

Special Provision under Uniform Customs and practice for Documentary Credit 500, for Commercial Invoice. Article-37: Commercial Invoice

UCP-

o Must appear on their face to be issued by the beneficiary named in the credit. o Must be made out in the name of the applicant.
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o Need not be signed Banks may refuse Commercial Invoice issued for amounts in excess of the amount permitted by the credit except otherwise stated. The description of the goods in the commercial invoice must correspond with the description of the credit. In all other documents the goods may be described in the General in general terms not inconsistent with description in the credit. In all documents goods may be described in general terms not inconsistent with the Description of the goods in the credit. Pre-Shipment Documents: Shipping bill. Export order/Sales contract/Purchase order. Letter of Credit Commercial invoice. Packing list. Certificate of origin. Guaranteed Remittance (G.R/SDF/PP/SOFTEX),or SDF. Certificate of Inspection. Various declarations required as per custom procedure.

Exchange Control Declaration Form: all exports to which the requirement of declaration apply must be declared on appropriate forms as indicated below unless the consignment is of samples and of No Commercial Value GR FORM: to be completed in duplicate for exports otherwise than by post including export of software in physical form i.e. magnetic tape/discs and paper media. SDF FORM: to be completed in duplicate and appended to the Shipping Bill for export declare to the customs offices notified by the Central Government which have introduced EDI system for processing Shipping Bill. PP FORM: to be completed in duplicate for export by post.
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SOFTX: to be completed in triplicate for export of software otherwise than in the physical form i.e. magnetic tapes/discs and paper media.

These forms are available for sale in Reserve Bank of India Export declaration forms have utmost importance and are binding on the exporters. It is, therefore, necessary that enough care is taken while declaring exports on these forms, with special reference on the following points. Name and address of the authorised dealer through whom proceeds of exports have been or will be realized should be specified in the relevant column of the form. Details of commission and discount due to foreign agent or buyer should be correctly declared otherwise difficulties may arise at the time of remittance of such commission. It should be clearly indicated in the form whether the export is on outright sale basis or on consignment basis and irrelevant clauses must be stuck out Under the term analysis of full export value a break up of full export value of goods under F.O.B value, freight and insurance should be furnished in all cases, irrespective of the terms of contract. All documents relating to the export of goods from India must pass through the medium of an authorised dealer in foreign exchange in India within 21 days of shipment. The amount representing the full export value of goods must be realized within six months from date of shipment. Disposal of Copies of Export Documentation Form GR forms covering export of goods other than jewellery should be completed by the exporter in duplicate and both the copies should be submitted to customs at the port of Shipment. Customs will give their running serial number on both the copies of the GR forms after verifying the particulars and admitting the corresponding shipping bill. The value declared by the exporter will also be verified by the customs and they will
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also record the assessed value. Duplicate copy will be returned to the exporter and the original will be remained by the customs for onward submission to the Reserve Bank. Duplicate form of the GR form will again be presented to the customs at the time of actual shipment. After examination of goods and certifying the quantity passed for shipment the duplicate copy will again be returned to exporter for submission to an authorised dealer. However, an exception to submission of GR forms to the Customs authorities have been made in case of deep sea fishing. (a) PP forms are to be first presented to an authorised dealer for countersignature. The form will be countersigned by the authorised dealer only if the post parcel is addressed to his branch or correspondent bank in the country or import. The concerned overseas branch or correspondent is to be instructed to deliver the post parcel against payment or acceptance of relevant bill, as the case may be. (b) For post parcel addressed directly to the consignee, the authorised dealer will countersign the form, provided (i) an irrevocable letter of credit for the full value of export has been opened in favour of exporter and has been advised through authorised dealer concerned; or (ii) the full value of shipment has been received in advance by the exporter through an authorised dealer; or (iii)On receipt of full value of shipment declared on this form the authorised dealer will forward to RBI the duplicate copy along with the certified copy of shippers invoice. (iv) The authorised is satisfied on the basis of standing and track record of the exporter and arrangements made for realisation of the export proceed that he cold do so. If the authorised dealer is not satisfied about standing etc. of the exporter, the application is rejected. No reference is entertained by the Reserve Bank in such cases.

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(c) The original PP form countersignature will be returned to the exporter by the authorised dealer and the duplicate will be retained by him. Original PP form should then be submitted to the post office along with the parcel. The post office through the goods have been dispatched will forward the original to RBI. The export of computer software may be undertaken in physical form i.e. software prepared on magnetic tape and paper media as well as in non-physical form by direct data transmission through dedicated earth stations/satellite links. The export of computer software in physical form is subject to normal declaration on GR/PP form and regulations applicable there to will also be applicable to such exports. However, export of non-physical form should be declared on SOFTEX Form. Besides computer software, export of video / T.V. Software and all other types of software products / packages should also be declared on the SOFTEX forms. Since export of software is fraught with many risks and special guidelines have been framed for handling such exports.

QUALITY CONTROL AND PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION

Realizing the importance of the need for supplying quality goods as per international standards, the Government of India has introduced Compulsory Quality Control and PreShipment Inspection of over 1050 items of export under Export (Quality Control and PreShipment Inspection) Act 1963. At present, the export items that are subjected to compulsory inspection includes food and agricultural products, chemicals, engineering, coir, jute and footwear. Compulsory Pre-shipment Inspection: Foods and Agriculture & Fishery Mineral & Ore Organic & Inorganic Chemicals Refectories & Rubber Products
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Foot wear & Foot wear components Ceramic Products & Pesticides Light Eng. Products Steel ;Products Jute Products Coir & Coir Products

Exemption from compulsory Pre-shipment Inspection: Status Houses Certification by Units IPQC approved by EIA EUO/EPZ/SEZ Firm Letter from the overseas buyer Specified products such as Eng/Fishery average level of Rs.1.5 Cr.for the last three years no compliant. For monitoring pre-shipment inspection, Govt. of India has set up Export Inspection Council (EIO) The EIC has set up 5 Export Inspection Agencies (EIA). The EIAs are located one each at Mumbai, Calcutta, Cochin, Delhi and Chennai. The EIAs has a network of nearly 60 offices throughout India. Each EIA is given certain jurisdiction for inspection purpose. For instance, EIA of Mumbai has jurisdiction over Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa.

Systems of Quality Control: For the purpose of pre-shipment inspection, EIC has recognized three systems of inspection namely: Self-Certification In-Process Quality Control Consignment Wise Inspection

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Self-Certification: Under this system, complete authority is given to the manufacturing units to certify their own products and issue certificates for export. The manufacturing units which have been recognized under this scheme have to pay a nominal yearly fee at the rate of 0.1% of FOB price subject to minimum of Rs.2,500/- and maximum of Rs.1 lakh in a year to the concerned EIA In-Process Quality Control (IPQC): In this system, companies/units adjusted as having adequate level of quality control right from raw material stage to the finished product stage including packaging are eligible to get the inspection certificate on a formal request by the exporter. Over 800 units all over India are operating under this system. Constant vigil and surveillance are kept on units approved under IPQC and self-certification system. Units approved under the above two systems are often known as Export worth Units, because of their consistent standards of quality. Consignment wise Inspection: Under this system, each and every consignment is subject to compulsory inspection. The exporter has to follow a certain procedure such as: He has to make an application to Export Inspection Agency with certain documents. The EIA deputes inspector to inspect the goods After the inspection, the goods are repacked with EIA seal The inspector then makes a report to Deputy Director of EIA The Dy. Director of EIA then issues Inspection Certificate in triplicate if the inspection report is favorable If the inspection report is not favorable, a rejection note is issued. o It is to be noted that goods marked with ISI/AGMARK/BIS14000/ISO 9000 are not required to be inspected by any agency o Overseas buyer may depute his own inspection team to inspect the goods o Inspection of textile goods is conducted by Textile Committee in respect of those exporters who are registered with the textile committee.
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Norms: Adequate Testing Facility Raw Material Testing & Process Control After Sales Services & Maintaining Product Quality Control on bought out components Meteorological Control & PKG. Independent Quality Audit & Houses.

Fumigation: For ensuring that no insects or bacteria are carried with the export certain types of export products are fumigated before shipment. The fumigation is carried out in the port of shipment.

SHIPPING AND CUSTOMS FORMALITIES

(As per the Prevailing Law i.e., ICA 62)

The shipment of export cargo has to be made with prior permission of, and under the close supervision of the custom authorities. The goods cannot be loaded on board the ship unless a formal permission is obtained from the custom authorities. The custom authorities grant this permission only when it is being satisfied that the goods being exported are of the same type and value as have been declared by the exporter or his C&F agent, and that the duty has been properly determined and paid, if any. The custom procedure can be briefly explained as follows: Submission of Documents: The exporter or his agent submits the necessary documents along with the shipping bill to the Custom House. The documents include: o ARE-1 (Original and duplicate) o Excise gate pass (Original and duplicate transporters copy o Proforma Invoice o Packing List o GRI form (Original and duplicate)
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o Customs Invoice (where required in the importing country) o Original letter of credit/contract o Declaration form in triplicate o Quality Certificate o Purchase memo o Labels o Licence (if any required) including advance licence copy o Railway receipt/lorry way bill o Inspection Certificate by Export Inspection Agency

Verification of Documents: The Customs Appraiser verifies the documents and appraises the value of goods. He then makes an endorsement of Examination Order on the duplicate copy of shipping bill regarding the extent of physical examination of the goods at the docks. All documents are returned back to the agent or exporter, except o Original Copy of GR to be forwarded to RBI o Original copy of shipping bill o One copy of commercial invoice

Carting Order: The exporters agent has to obtain the carting order from the Port Trust Authorities. Carting Order is the permission to bring the goods inside the docks. The carting order is issued by the superintendent of Port Trust. Carting Order is issued only after verifying the endorsement on the duplicate copy of shipping bill. The Carting Order enables the exporters agent to cart goods inside the docks and store them in proper sheds.

Storing the Goods in the Sheds: After securing the carting order, the goods are moved inside the docks. The goods are then stored in the sheds at the docks.

Examination of Goods: The exporters agent then approaches the customs examiner to examine the goods. The customs examiner examines the cargo and records his

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report on the duplicate copy of the shipping bill. The customs examiner then sings the Let Export Order Let Export Order: The Let Export Order is then shown to the Customs Preventive Officer, along with other documents. The CPO is in charge of supervision of loading operations on the vessel. If CPO finds everything in order, he endorses the duplicate copy of shipping bill with the Let Ship Order This order helps the exporter/shipper to load the goods on the ship. Loading Goods: The goods are then loaded on the ship. The CPO supervises the loading operations. After loading is completed, the Chief Mate (Cargo Officer) of the ship issues the Mates Receipt. The Mates Receipt is sent to the Port Trust Office. The C&F agent pays the port trust dues and collects the mates receipt. The C&F agent then approaches the CPO and gets the certification of shipment of goods on AR Forms and other documents Obtaining Bill of Lading: The Mates Receipt is then handed over to the shipping company (on whose vessel the goods are loaded). The shipping company issues bill of lading. The Bill of Lading is issued in: o 3 negotiable copies of Bill of Lading o 10 to 12 Non-negotiable copies of Bill of Lading. The negotiable copies have title to goods; whereas non-negotiable copies do not have title to goods but are used for record purpose.

PROCEDURE OF EXCISE CLEARANCE:

The common procedure of excise clearance under bond and under rebate is discussed as follows: Preparing of Invoice: The export goods have to be cleared from the factory under invoice. The invoice contains details like name of the exporter, value of goods, excise duty chargeable, etc. The invoice is to be prepared in triplicate. In case of export under Bond, the invoice should be marked as For Export without payment of

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duty. In addition to the invoice, a prescribed for ARE 1 has to be filed in by exporter. Filling up of ARE-1 form (Annexure-20): The ARE-1 form needs to be filled in four copies. A fifth (Optional) may be filled in by the exporter, which can be used at the time of claiming other export incentives. The ARE-1 copies have distinct color for the purpose of verification and processing. Application to Assistant Commissioner of Central Excise (ACCE): The exporter has to make an application to ACCE regarding the removal of goods from the factory/warehouse for export purpose. Information to Range Superintendent of Central Excise (RSCE): The ACCE will inform the RSCE under whose jurisdiction the goods are intended to be cleared for export Deputation of Inspector: The RSCE will then depute an inspector to clear the goods, either at the factory or warehouse, and in certain cases at the port. Processing of ARE-1 Form: The Excise Officer/Inspector will make endorsement on all copies of ARE-1. The handling of ARE-1 Form is done as follows: o The inspector returns the original and duplicate copies to the exporter o The triplicate copy is sent to officer (ACCE or Maritime Commissioner (MCCE) to whom bond was executed or letter of undertaking (LUT) was given. This copy can also be handed over to the exporter in a tamper proof sealed cover to be submitted to ACCE/MCCE. o The 4th copy will be retained by the excise inspector. o The 5th copy is also handed over to the exporter. o At the time of export, original, duplicate and the 5th copy (optional) will be submitted to customs officer. The customs officer will examine these copies and then export will be allowed. o The customs officer will then make endorsement of export on all copies of ARE-1. He will cite shipping bill number and date and other particulars of export on ARE-1. o The original copy and quintuplicate (optional) will be returned to the exporter. The duplicate copy will be sent directly to the ACCE\MCCE
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i.e. excise officer with whom bond was executed will get 2 copies, one from RSCE (or excise inspector) when goods are cleared from factory and other Custom Officer after export. This will enable him to keep track to ensure that all goods cleared from factory or warehouse without payment of duty are actually exported. In case of export after payment of duty, under claim of rebate, the basic procedure is same as above, except that the triplicate copy (by excise inspector) and duplicate copy(by customs officer)will be sent to the officer to whom rebate claim is filed. If claim of rebate is by electronic submission, these copies well be sent to excise rebate audit section at the place of export. Refund or Release of Bond: The exporter should make an application to the excise officer for refund or release of bond. The application must be supported by original copy of ARE-1 form. The excise officer crosschecks the original copy of ARE-1 form and the duplicate and triplicate copies of ARE-1 form, which he had received earlier. If the copies match, then refund is given or the bond is released. FACTORY STUFFING OF CARGO Clearance of goods to docks: If the goods meant for export is of a small quantity which may not be sufficient to make one full container, the cargo is said to be less than container load (LCL) cargo. Such cargo has to be taken to the docks where the goods will be consolidated (combining the cargo of other exporters to make up quantity for a full container) by the agent and loaded into a container. Here the examination of the cargo is done at the docks.(There are also inland container depots approved by the customs where the goods can be consolidated and stuffed into the container by the agent under the supervision of the customs officer) If the goods meant for export is of sufficient quantity to make up a full container, the exporter has the option to take the goods to the docks and get them examined and stuffed into a separate container. An exporter gets the benefit on the freight amount for a full container. (Generally called box rate)

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Alternatively, he can have a container allotted to him and get the same to his Mills Premises. The goods meant for exports can be stuffed into the container under the supervision of the regional Central Excise Authority. Here the exporter has to Obtain permission from the Customs for getting the container to his mills premises for stuffing (House Stuffing) Inform the C.Excise Authorities at least 24 hours before bringing the container for loading. The C.Excise Authority will supervise the loading, seal the container and certify the invoice as directed in the permission given by the custom authorities. A special Lock is used to lock the doors of the container. Samples from the goods will be drawn, if necessary, as required under the customs permission. Such samples will be sealed and forwarded along with the container. The examiner in the docks may arrange to send the sample for testing. Then the container is moved to the dock for loading. Generally, such containerized goods are not subject to further examination in the customs. They will be directly taken for loading.

METHODS OF RECEIVING PAYMENT AGAINST EXPORTS

Before we proceed to understand the concept of Letter of Credit, let us understand the various types of payment methods available against export. METHODS OF PAYMENT There are three methods of payment depending upon the terms of payment, and each method of payment involves varying degrees of risks for the exporter. The methods are: Payment in advance Documentary Bills Letter of Credit Open Account Counter Trade

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A.

PAYMENT IN ADVANCE

This method does not involve any risk of bad debts, provided entire amount has been received in advance. At times, a certain per cent is paid in advance, say 50% and the rest on delivery. This method of payment is desirable when: The financial position of the buyer is weak or credit worthiness of the buyer is not known. The economic/ political conditions in the buyers country are unstable. The seller is not willing to assume credit risk, as un the case of open account method. However, this is the most unpopular methods as a foreign buyer would not be willing to pay advance of shipment unless: B. The goods are specifically designed for the customer, and There is heavy demand for the goods (a sellers market situation). DOCUMENTARY BILLS:

Under this method, the exporter agrees to submit the documents to his bank along with the bill of exchange. The minimum documents required are full set of bill of lading commercial Invoice Marine Insurance policy and other document, if required.

There are two main types of documentary bills: Documents against Payment, Documents against Acceptance.

Documents against payment (D/P): The documents are released to the importer against payment. This method indicates that the payment is made against Sight Draft. Necessary arrangements will have to be made to store the goods, if a delay in payment occurs.

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The risk involved that the importer may refuse to accept the documents and to pay against them. The reason for non-acceptance may be political or commercial ones. In India, ECGC covers losses arising out of such risks. Under this system, as compared to D/A, the exporter has certain advantages: The document remain in the hands of the bank and the exporter does not lose possession or the ownership of goods till payment is made, Other reason may include that the exporter may not be able to allow credit and wait for payment. Documents Against acceptance (D/A): The document are released against acceptance of the Time Draft i.e. credit allowed for a certain period, say 90 days. However, the exporter need not wait for payment till bill is met on due date, as he can discount the bill with the negotiating bank and can avail of funds immediately after shipment of goods. In case of D/A as compared to D/P bills, the risk involved is much grater, as the importer has already taken possession of goods which may or may not be in his custody on the maturity date of the bill. If the importer fails to pay on due date, the exporter, will have to start civil proceedings to receive his payment, if all other alternatives fails. The risk involved can be insured with ECGC. C. LETTER OF CREDIT (L/C):

This method of payment has become the most popular form in recent times, it is more secured as company to other methods of payment (other than advance payment). A letter of credit can be defined as an undertaking by importers bank stating that payment will be made to the exporter if the required documents are presented to the bank within the variety of the L/C.

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THE LETTER OF CREIDT

Introduction The cycle of a business transaction can be said to be complete prima facie when the buyer has received the product he desires to buy and the seller gets his payment in due consideration of the product supplied. While the seller is keen to receive the payment for his supplies, the buyer is equally keen that he gets what he wants by the paying for the same. Tough there are many merit and demerits in each of the different mode of payments we have discussed earlier, in relation either to the buyer or to the seller, we shall now deal in detail about the mode of payment under the Documentary Credit. Generally, though exporters are complacent once they get the letter of Credit on hand feeling that their payment is secured, let me say it is as much a dubious instrument as is a safe instrument. If one does not understand the implications of the terms and condition of a letter of credit, the provisions under UCP 500, how co-operative are the exporters bank and how good are the L/C opening bank and the reimbursement bank, he is sure to land in trouble at once stage or another. There are ample cases of frauds under the Letter of Credit. More and more ingenious methods are adopted to circumvent the provisions of UPC 500 by fair or foul means. Hence, even the safety and security under the Letters of Credit may prove to be no better than a mirage for a man in the desert.

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Hence, sufficient care is to be taken by the exporter to ensure that instrument is received in order and the conditions of the L/C can be well complied with, and there are no clauses of ambiguity.

PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS FOR BANK NEGOTTIATION /PURCHASE

Document against exports should normally be realized through an authorized dealer foreign exchange. However payment of export can be received directly from the overseas buyer in the form of bank draft, pay order, bankers cheque, personal cheque foreign currency notes, foreign currency travelers cheque, etc. Without any monetary limit provided the exporters track record is good, he is a customer of the authorized dealers through whom documents are to be negotiated and prima facie the instrument of payment represents export proceeds realization. Take care to submit various documents in a proper manner and within the prescribed time schedule. Apply to the Reserve Bank for extension of time in case you feel there is likely to be a delay in realizing export proceeds. The following are the steps in realizing export proceeds: Approaching a Bank: After dispatch of the goods, either by sea, or by air, the exporter should approach his bank (authorized dealer) with a formal request to realize sale proceeds from the foreign buyer. It is obligatory to submit the shipping documents to an authorized dealer within 21 days of the date of shipment (subject to certain exceptions). In India, the exporters have to realize the full value of exports within 180 days from the date of shipment, (unless the payment terms offered are deferred payment terms). Where it is not possible to realize the sale proceeds within the prescribed period, the exporter should apply for extension in prescribed form ETX (in duplicate) to RBI. Submission of Documents to the Bank: The exporter should submit the following documents o Bill of Exchange o Full set of Bill of Lading
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o Commercial Invoice Copies o Certificate of Origin o Insurance Policy o Inspection Certificate o Packing List o GR (duplicate copy to forward it to RBI) o Bank Certificate o Other relevant documents. The above documents need to be submitted in two complete sets, because it is customary to dispatch two sets of documents, one after the other. This is because, if one set is misplaced or delayed in transit, the importer can get at least the other set and clear the goods. Verification of Documents: The bank will verify the documents to find o Whether the required documents are in order. o Whether the required documents are attested by customs and other authorities. Letter of Indemnity: If the exporter wants immediate payment from his bankers, then his bankers may provide advance payment only when the exporter signs an indemnity letter. The implications of an indemnity letter is that in the event of refusal of payment by the issuing bank in respect of LC, then the negotiating bank can ask the exporter to pay back the money advanced along with necessary charges. Common Document Discrepancies o Credit Expired o Late shipment o Presented after permitted time from date of issue of shipping documents o Short Shipment o Credit Amount Exceeded o Underinsured o Description of goods on invoice differ from that of credit

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o Mark and numbers differ between documents o Bill of lading, Insurance documents, Bill of Exchange not endorsed correctly o Absence of Documents called for under credit. o Insurance certificate submitted instead of policy. o Weight in different document differs. o Class of Bill of lading no acceptable-charter party or House B/L. o Insurance cover expressed in currency other than that of credit. o Absence of signature, where required on documents. o Bill of exchange not drawn as per tenor stated in credit. o Bill of exchange drawn on wrong party. o Insurance risks covered not being those specified in credit. o Absence of freight paid statement on B/L in CFR of CIF shipment. o Bill of lading doses not carry shipped on broad stamp. o Amount shown on invoice and bill of exchange differ. o Shipment not make to port specified. o Transshipment/part shipment undertaken where expressly forbidden. Discounting of bills: the bank may discount or negotiate the bills drawn against LC, and make immediate payment to the exporter, if so required. Dispatch of documents: before the submission of documents for

negotiation/collection, the bank examines them thoroughly with reference to the terms and conditions of the buyers order. Letter of credit and the laws relating to foreign exchange control. If any scrutiny, the documents are in order, the bank dispatches them to its overseas branch/correspondent branch as early as possible. The overseas branch of the bank then submits the document to the importers bank, and the importers bank hands it over to the importer.

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THE ECGC COVER

The abbreviated form for Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation is ECGC. As the name indicates this is a sort of guarantee or a sort of cover for the exporter. Let us now see what this is all about. Needless to say that an exporter before entering into a contract with the overseas buyer for making any supply, takes care to ensure that the customer with whom he is dealing have some credit worthiness. This he may be able to do either through the local agent who is in a better position to know about the customer or through a bank or through any of the exporters associates if happens to be in the area of the customer etc., But, in a business things may change. The financial status of a customer may take drastic turn and an established customer may go bankrupt within a short period of time. Moreover, the buyer may be willing to make the payment, but there are other environment which prevents him from effecting the transfer of funds through the bank. For e.g., there could be break out of war, the balance of payment position of the country may become unfavourable, there may be some coup of the government etc., and all transactions could be sealed. These are the risk factors for the exporters. What is the guarantee that he will get paid for the supplies he has made? With a view to provide support to Indian exporters, the Govt. of India set up the Export Risk Insurance Corporation (ERIC) in 1957. This was transformed into Export Credit & Guarantee Corporation Ltd. in 1964. In order to give the Indian identity a sharper focus the name was again changed to Export Credit & Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd., in 1983. This is a company wholly owned by the Govt. of India and functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and managed by the Board of Directors representing Government, Banking, Insurance, Trade, Industry etc.

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Though one may insist for a Letter of Credit, still there could be some elements of risk which we will study later here. Except getting an advance payment for the full value of the supplies, any other mode of payment will have some risk. Take the case of an exporter who has made supplies and before the payment is received the buyer goes bankrupt or there comes some new provision or policy of Government of the importing country preventing repatriation of the funds to other countries what recourse the exporter has to recover his dues. The litigation procedure might be time consuming and the exporter can never be sure of getting his full payment. An ECGC cover a safeguard his interest to a great extent. An exporter can either agree for sight payment or can made shipment on credit terms for say 60 days, 90 days etc., In project exports the period of payment may extend to some years. Longer the period of cre3dit given to the customer, more will be the risk factor for the exporter. In respect of sight bill, there is almost no risk because the customer has to make payment first before he retires the documents. Therefore, before the title of the goods is passed on to the customer, the importer makes the3 payment. However, in respect of usance bill (credit bills) the buyer retires the documents by accepting the usance draft and takes delivery of the goods. In case the customer goes bankrupt or become insolvent, before the due date of payment, the exporter is totally at a loss. While big units may be able to absorb the one time loss, small exporters will get broke even with one such transaction. Here the ECGC comes into picture. It takes up the responsibility of paying the funds to the exporter and makes all efforts including legal proceedings to recover the dues from the customer, provided the exporter has taken an ECGC cover.

WHAT ECGC OFFERS FOR PROTECTION OF EXPORTERS INTEREST ? ECGC offers various types of insurance cover to protect the exporters interest. For each type of cover an exporter has to take Policy specific to the respective requirements. The Policy that is most commonly taken by the exporters is the Standard Policy or otherwise called the Shipments (Comprehensive Risks) Policy.

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SHIPMENTS (COMPREHENSIVE RISKS) POLICY also called STANDARD POLICY For exporters with an annual export turnover in excess of Rs.50 lakhs, the Shipments (Comprehensive Risks) Policy is the one intended for covering shipments on cash basis or on short-term credit basis. (Credits not exceeding 180 days) The risks covered this Policy is as follows effective from the date of shipment.: Commercial Risks Insolvency of the buyer Failure of the buyer to make payment within a specified period. Buyers failure to accept the goods subject to certain conditions.

Political Risks Imposition of restrictions by the Govt. of the buyers country or any government action which may block or delay the transfer of payment made by the buyer. War, civil war, revolution or civil disturbances in the buyers country New import restrictions or cancellation of a valid import licence Interruption or diversion of voyage outside India resulting in payment of additional freight or insurance charges which cannot be recovered from the buyer. Any other cause of loss neither occurring outside India nor normally insured by general insurers and beyond the control of both the e porters and the buyer. Risks not covered under the Policy The Standard Policy does not cover losses on account of following risks: Commercial disputes including quality disputes raised by the buyer unless the exporter obtains a decree from a competent court of law in the buyers country in his favour Causes inherent in the nature of the goods
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Buyers failure to obtain necessary import or exchange control clearance from authorities concerned Insolvency or default of the agent of the exporter or of the collecting bank Loss or damage to goods which can be covered by general insurers. Exchange rate fluctuations Failure of the exporter to fulfill the terms of the export contract or negligence on his part.

Shipments Covered The Standard Policy is meant to cover all the shipments that may be made by an exporter during a period of 24 months ahead. The policy cannot be issued for selected shipments, selected buyer or selected markets. For specific requirements an exporter can opt for different policy from the various services offered by the corporation Exclusions: Shipments made against advance payments received or shipments against confirmed letters of credit which has the confirmation from the bank in India may be excluded. However, shipments against confirmed L/C may be covered for political risks only. The premium for cover under political risks will be less than that under the comprehensive policy. ECGC may also agree to exclude certain items if the exporter is dealingt in different distinct products. Shipments to Associates: Shipments to buyers i.e. the foreign buyers in whose business the exporter has financial interest, are normally excluded from the Policy. However such shipments can be covered against political risks. Shipments on Consignment basis: Shipments on consignment basis can be covered only against political risks. Shipments by Air

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Since the buyer is able to take delivery of the goods even without retiring the bank documents, shipments by air are not covered under the policy. However, the exporter may cover such shipments for payments under open terms. The exporter can have cover for such shipments, if he has obtained Credit Limit on such buyers on open delivery terms and also pays the premium at rates applicable to open delivery terms. HOW TO GET ECGC COVER Step 1. Open Policy:

An exporter desiring to get the ECGC cover has to approach the office of the ECGC making a Proposal. He must make his home work and be clear as to what will be his total turnover during a year ad what will be the maximum amount he expects to be outstanding from various buyers at a given point of time. Once this is clear he can apply for an Open Policy for the maximum amount that he expects to be outstanding at a given point of time. Suppose, he expects that at any given time his outstanding will be say Rs.50/- lakhs then he can apply for a policy for this amount. After verification of the details of the exporter, the ECGC

may issue a open policy for Rs.50 lakhs with a validity of say 2 years. This is the first step.

Step 2. - Credit Limit on Individual Buyer Once the open policy is taken, as a next step the exporter must make out the list of the customers to whom he expects to make shipment. For each and every customer he has to apply to the ECGC to have a limit of liability fixed. That is to say, he has to declare the maximum amount of bills he expects to be outstanding from each customer at a given point of time. Based on the value of business dealing, suppose the exporter expects that from customer A the outstanding may be Rs.10 lakhs. Then the exporter has to apply to ECGC in the prescribed form for getting limit fixed for the customer. On receipt of the application, ECGC will check for the credit worthiness of the customer either through their own net work of offices globally, or through the customers bank or through some reputed independent agency. Based on the credit report, ECGC will determine the limit that can be fixed for the customer. If it feels that a limit of Rs.10 lakhs is in order, it will advise the exporter of the same. Similarly, the exporter can have the limit fixed to all his customers.

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Once the limit is taken from ECGC, the exporter is free to make his shipments to the various customers. If shipment for any customer is made before getting the limit fixed by ECGC, no risk will be covered for that shipment. Step 3 Payment of Premium and filing of monthly returns For the risk the ECGC takes, it charges a premium on the value of the shipments actually made. This is calculated as per the table to be supplied by ECGC which shows the premium per Rs.100 of exports. This table which gives the premium amount payable is framed based on the following. The various countries around the globe are divided into different groups and are classified as A1, A2, B1, B2, C1,C2 & D. The countries are grouped according to their economic standard. For e.g. USA. Canada, UK are grouped in category A. The premium amount will be less for group A countries and will be increased gradually to group B, C & D countries. The premium for group D countries will be more because they are all economically weaker countries and payment risks are high Again the premium table is based on the period of credit. The slab is for credits up to 90 days, 120 days, 180 days etc. Longer the credit period greater is the premium. Thus, the premium will be least for group A countries and for the shorter credit period and will be maximum for group D countries and for maximum credit period FILING OF MONTHLY RETURNS: The exporter has to send a monthly return in the prescribed form to ECGC declaring the list of various shipments made and the amount of premium payable as per the premium table. The exporter has to work out the total premium applicable on the shipment effected and make payment to the ECGC The exporter is also expected to file a Monthly Return in a separate form listing all the Bills which are not paid on due date, if any, so that ECGC is periodically aware of the defaulters.

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In case of any eventuality when the buyer goes bankrupt, he may prefer a claim with ECGC for payment. The policy that is issued for shipment not covered under L/C is called Comprehensive Policy meaning that the policy will cover both the commercial and political risks. While commercial risk is that of the buyer going bankrupt, the political risk relates to the countrys policies which may prevent the repatriation of funds or there could be outbreak of war preventing financial transactions etc. All the above relates to shipments not covered under L/C. However, an exporter can have a separate ECGC Policy for shipments under L/C. Here the exporter will have the policy covering only the political risk since under L/C, the bank stands as a guarantor and there is no commercial risk. An exporter must cover all his exports under ECGC, including bills on sight basis, and are NOT under L/C. He cannot be selective to certain countries or certain buyer. The cover is on whole turnover basis. For all shipments under L/C, the buyer may take a separate policy to cover the political risks. The premium for L/C shipments will be relatively less than that on comprehensive policy. Note: ECGC cover is not for non-payment on account of dispute on quality, damages to the goods, theft, pilferage etc. The cover is only when the party goes insolvent or there are some political risk due to which the exporter is not in a position to get the payment immediately or on due date. This cover must be distinguished from the general insurance

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CONCLUSION

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Before entering into the venture of exports, one must look for the product to be exported and the market where he intends to export. Once you have selected the market, the next step is to find a prospective customer You should not be happy merely on receiving an export order. You should first acknowledge the export order, and then proceed to examine carefully in respect of Items Specification Pre-shipment inspection Payment conditions Special packaging Labeling and marketing requirements Shipment and delivery date Marine insurance Documentation requirement etc.

If you are satisfied on these aspects, a formal confirmation should be sent to the buyer, otherwise clarification should be sought from the buyer before confirming the order. After confirmation of the export order immediate steps should be taken for

procurement/manufacture of the export goods. In the meanwhile, you should proceed to enter into a formal export contract with the overseas buyer. Before accepting any order necessary homework should have been done as to availability of the production capacity, raw material e.t.c. It would be in the interest of the exporter to look into entering into forward contract to safeguard against exchange rate fluctuations. Ensure that the mode of payment is also agreed upon. In case of shipment against letter of credit, the buyer should be advised to open the credit well in advance before effecting the shipment.

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EXPORT DOCUMENTS
Commercial overseas export support documents. Transactions in foreign countries are very complex, sellers must explain what they are selling and buyers should know what they are buying. For that reason, we used the following documents to export: Some of the export documents are used for business purposes such as bills, notes and packaging weight. There are also documents to ensure the quality of what is being exported. Insurance documents certifying what is covered by insurance. Exporters are a number of risks when venturing into new lands. First, they risk not being paid by the importer in the foreign country. Secondly, if you do not know the political and economic situation of the country they are exporting to, they risk losing their money. Another risk taking is related to exchange rates. Export documents exist to relieve these risks Export Documents are categorized into these -namely Commercial Documents Regulatory Documents Auxiliary Documents

Commercial Documents - Commercial documents are required for effecting

physical transfer of goods and their title from the exporter to the importer and the realisation of export sale proceeds. These are commercial invoice, packing list, shipping instructions, certificate of inspection of quality control, insurance declaration, certificate' of insurance, bill of lading or combined transport document, application for certificate origin, certificate of origin, shipment advice and letter to the bank for collection or negotiation of Documents

Regulatory Documents - Regulatory pre-shipment export documents are

prescribed by the different government departments and bodies in order to comply with various rules and regulations under the relevant laws governing export trade such as export inspection, foreign exchange regulation, ex port trade control, customs, etc. Out of 9 regulatory documents four have been standardised and
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aligned. These are shipping bill or bill of export, exchange control declaration (GR from), export application dock challan or port trust copy of shipping bill and receipt for payment of port charges

Auxiliary Documents -.These

documents generally form the basic documents based on

which the commercial and or regulatory documents are prepared. These documents also do not have any fixed formats and the number of such documents will wary according to individual requirements. These are Proforma Invoice , Declaration of Insurance, Mate's Receipt Intimation for Inspection ,

QUALITY CONTROL AND PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION

Realizing the importance of the need for supplying quality goods as per international standards, the Government of India has introduced Compulsory Quality Control and Pre-Shipment Inspection of over 1050 items of export under Export (Quality Control and Pre-Shipment Inspection) Act 1963. At present, the export items that are subjected to compulsory inspection includes food and agricultural products, chemicals, engineering, coir, jute and footwear

Systems of Quality Control:

For the purpose of pre-shipment inspection, EIC has recognized three systems of inspection namely: Self-Certification In-Process Quality Control Consignment Wise Inspection

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SHIPPING AND CUSTOMS FORMALITIES

The goods cannot be loaded on board the ship unless a formal permission is obtained from the custom authorities. The custom authorities grant this permission only when it is being satisfied that the goods being exported are of the same type and value, and that the duty has been properly determined and paid. The Custom has its following procedures like submission of documents, then it is being verified, then they are being stored in the sheds, then goods are being examined and lastly goods are being loaded in the ship.

ECGC
The abbreviated form for Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation is ECGC. As the name indicates this is a sort of guarantee or a sort of cover for the exporter. Though one may insist for a Letter of Credit, still there could be some elements of risk which we will study later here. Except getting an advance payment for the full value of the supplies, any other mode of payment will have some risk. ECGC offers various types of insurance cover to protect the exporters interest. For each type of cover an exporter has to take Policy specific to the respective requirements. Take the case of an exporter who has made supplies and before the payment is received the buyer goes bankrupt or there comes some new provision or policy of Government of the importing country preventing repatriation of the funds to other countries what recourse the exporter has to recover his dues. The litigation procedure might be time consuming and the exporter can never be sure of getting his full payment. An ECGC cover a safeguard his interest to a great extent. It takes up the responsibility of paying the funds to the exporter and makes all efforts including legal proceedings to recover the dues from the customer, provided the exporter has taken an ECGC cover.

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HOW TO GET ECGC COVER

Step 1.

Open Policy:

Step 2. - Credit Limit on Individual Buyer Step 3 Payment of Premium and filing of monthly returns Note: ECGC cover is not for non-payment on account of dispute on quality, damages to the goods, theft, pilferage etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.google.com 2. www.exportindia.com 3. www.marcosinternational.com 4. www.soople.com 5. www.wikipedia.com

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