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Fruit and Vegetables as a Potential Source of Alternative Electrical Energy

Conference Paper · January 2019

DOI: 10.14421/icse.v2.77

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 ISSN 2597-5250
Volume 2, 2019 | Pages: 161-167 EISSN 2598-232X

Fruit and Vegetables as a Potential Source of

Alternative Electrical Energy

Syifa Fauzia1*, Muhammad Abdul Haq Ashiddiqi1, Alfiatun Wa’is Khusnul Khotimah2
1
Physics Department, 2Biology Education Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Kalijaga
Jl. Marsda Adisucipto No. 1 Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. Tel. + 62-274-540971, Fax. + 62-274-519739
*
Email: syifafz1@gmail.com

Abstract. From the total municipal organic waste, around 60% are vegetables and 40% are leaves, fruit peels and leftovers. In fruits
contain substances such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Hydrogen, that produces cell
energy), which under certain conditions these chemicals act as electrolytes. From the electrical properties that contain a lot of electrolytes
from fruit and vegetable waste can be used as a renewable alternative energy source in the form of bio-batteries as a substitute for
conventional batteries. The development of waste fruits and vegetables as bio-batteries will contribute greatly to the world of science in
particular, and society in general. Data collection from previous studies was carried out and then analyzed based on existing parameters.
There are various parameters related to the electrical properties of fruits and vegetables. Different types of fruits and vegetables produce
different currents and voltages. Fruits and vegetables have different pH (acidity), where pH is inversely proportional to current and
voltage. In addition, the type of electrode used also affects the electrical properties. The distance between electrodes is inversely
proportional to current and voltage in fruit and vegetable waste. Installing bio-batteries in series and parallel can increase current and
voltage. Bio-batteries with a higher voltage will produce longer LED flash times.

Keywords: Bio-batteries, Organic waste, Renewable alternative energy

Abbreviations: NADH (Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Hydrogen)

INTRODUCTION is converted into electricity or electrical energy is used

so that non-spontaneous reactions can occur (chang,
Energy sources are very abundant in nature, from non- 2004).
renewables such as petroleum, to renewable energy According to Jauharah (2013) fruits and vegetables
sources which are currently hotly discussed and can be used as alternative renewable energy sources in
developed such as sunlight, geothermal energy, and the form of bio-batteries as a substitute for
wind. Of all energy sources, renewable energy is conventional batteries because they have electrical
expected to be the hope of future energy sources properties that contain a lot of electrolytes. When fruits
because of its superiority that is available continuously, and vegetables begin to decompose, a chemical process
environmentally friendly, and abundant. known as fermentation occurs. During this process,
Battery is a device that can generate electrical fruits and vegetables produce more acid which
energy by involving the transfer of electrons through a increases electrolyte strength in fruits and vegetables.
conductive medium of two electrodes (anode and Thus, juices from ripe or rotten fruits and vegetables
cathode) so as to produce an electric current and a become more reactive with electrodes and produce
difference in potential difference. The main component higher stresses than fresh fruit or vegetable juices.
of the battery consists of electrodes and electrolytes. (Amin et al., 2005)
(Kartawidjaja et al., 2008) Electrolytes or ionic Sucipto (2007) trial in Imamah (2013) also proved
conductors serve as providers of means to transfer ions. that banana and orange peels can be used as a direct
The working principle of the battery uses the source of electric current. The results of the research
principle of electrochemistry by utilizing a process of showed that the average voltage generated by a dry
reduction-oxidation where the negative electrode battery with a banana skin electrolyte was 1.24 volts.
(anode) will experience an oxidation reaction so that Resistance in wall hours averaged 5 days 6 hours (135
the electrons on the surface of the anode will be hours).
released and carried by the electrolyte ion to the In this study will be studied the potential use of
positive electrode (cathode). The transfer of electrons fruits and vegetables for energy sources in the form of
by electrolyte ions will then produce a voltage bio-battery which aims to determine parameters related
difference and an electric current if connected or to fruits and vegetables as an alternative energy source.
coupled with electronic components such as diodes, This study aims to determine the electrical parameters,
resistors or capacitors (Kartawidjaja et al., 2008). acidity and the best composition produced by bio-
Electrochemistry is a redox reaction which in this batteries of various types of fruits and vegetables in
reaction the energy released by a spontaneous reaction their use as bio-batteries.
162 2: 161-167, 2019

MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 3. Results of voltage measurement banana peel mali (Muhlisin,
2015).

This writing method is by looking for literature about No Weight (gr) Electrolyte Voltage Current
fruits and vegetables as a source of electrical energy. Mass (gr) (V) (mA)
Data collection from previous studies was carried out 1 34 18 0,52 0,5
and then analyzed based on existing parameters. Data 2 34 19 0,55 0,55
collection and analysis is carried out on 29 November 3 34 120 0,62 0,65
to 11 December 2017. 4 34 20 0,62 0,98
5 34 22 0,69 1,02
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 34 23 0,72 1,5
7 34 24 0,74 1,8
Electrical Properties by Various Kinds of Fruits and 8 34 25 0,8 2,9
Vegetables 9 34 25 0,98 4,3
Fruits and vegetables have various electrical properties.
10 34 25 1,05 6,5
Research conducted by Muhlisin et al (2015) compared
banana peels and durian peel as a battery stone paste.
The resulting voltage shows the electrical properties of
Table 4. Results of voltage measurement durian peel (Muhlisin, 2015).
each. The maximum stress value obtained from banana
peel paste is greater than durian peel, namely 1.12 volt No Weight (gr) Electrolyte Voltage Current
banana peel and 0.99 volt durian peel. And ambon Mass (gr) (V) (mA)
bananas are the best bananas used in this experiment as 1 34 18 0,45 0,23
a substitute for battery stone paste. 2 34 21 0,55 0,24
3 34 22 0,56 0,37
Table 1. Results of voltage measurement banana peel ambon (Muhlisin,
2015). 4 34 23 0,63 0,4
5 34 23 0,8 0,72
No Weight (gr) Electrolyte Voltage Current
Mass (gr) (V) (mA) 6 34 23 0,82 1,5
1 34 19 0,62 0,12 7 34 24 0,88 1,7
2 34 19 0,68 1 8 34 24 0,94 2,84
3 34 20 0,85 2,7 9 34 25 0,95 7
4 34 20 0,89 2,85 10 34 25 0,99 10
5 34 21 0,95 4
6 34 22 1 5 The difference in electrical properties is because
7 34 22 1 5,5 each substance is contained therein. Various kinds of
8 34 22 1,09 7,8 fruits and vegetables have varying levels of acidity.
This also affects the voltage generated, as the research
9 34 22 1,09 9,5
conducted by Jauharah (2013). The relationship
10 34 25 1,2 10 between pH and voltage generated is inversely
proportional.

Table 2. Results of voltage measurement janten banana peel (Muhlisin,

2015).

No Weight (gr) Electrolyte Voltage Current

Mass (gr) (V) (mA)
1 34 17 0,45 0,15
2 34 18 0,51 0,17
3 34 19 0,6 0,67
4 34 20 0,62 0,82
5 34 21 0,75 0,87
6 34 22 0,77 2,1
7 34 22 0,9 1,9
8 34 22 1,96 3
9 34 23 1 4 Figure 1. Relationship between pH value and voltage on a variety of bio-
10 34 25 1,07 9 batteries of fruit and vegetable waste (Jauharah, 2013).
 Syifa Fauzia, et.al. – Fruit and Vegetables as a Potential Source of Alternative Electrical Energy 163

Another study conducted by Kholida and Pujayanto

(2015) states the relationship of electric current with
the acidity of citrus fruits and mangoes. PH is inversely
proportional to the strength of the electric current.

Figure 5. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in

fruit mango arumanis (Kholida, 2015).

Figure 2. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in

fruit lime (Kholida, 2015).

Figure 6. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in

fruit mango sengir (Kholida, 2015).

Figure 3. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in

fruit Pontianak oranges (Kholida, 2015).

Figure 7. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in

fruit mango manalagi (Kholida, 2015).

Effect of Electrodes on Electricity of Fruits and

Vegetables
Research conducted by Imamah (2013) studied the
Figure 4. Relationship between pH and strength of electric current in
fruit tangerines (Kholida, 2015). electrical effects caused by variations in electrode
material contained in citrus fruit waste. Obtained
variation of distance and pair of electrodes influence
the value of the voltage and current of the battery
produced. The distance between electrodes varied from
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm.
164 2: 161-167, 2019

Elec- Graphs of electrical current with variations in distance Graph of voltage values with variations in distance
trode

Cu-Fe

Al –
Brass

Cu-
Pb

Brass
-Cu

Cu-Al

Figure 8. Electric current and voltage graph with variations distance electrodes (Imamah, 2013).
 Syifa Fauzia, et.al. – Fruit and Vegetables as a Potential Source of Alternative Electrical Energy 165

Based on research obtained the distance between conducted by Jauharah (2013) where the distance
electrodes is inversely proportional to current and between electrodes is inversely proportional to the
voltage. The smaller the electrode distance, the greater current and voltage strength for each variation of bio-
the voltage and current values generated at each pair of battery.
electrodes used. This is consistent with research

Bio Graph of the relationship of electric current and resistance Graph of voltage relationships and resistance with
Battery with variation of distance between electrodes distance between electrodes
Orange
waste
battery

Tomato
waste
battery

Chili
waste
battery

Carrot
waste
battery

Banana
waste
battery

Figure 9. Graph of the relationship between electric current and voltage with distance variations between electrodes for various bio-batteries (Jauharah,
2013).
166 2: 161-167, 2019

Electrical Properties of Fruit and Vegetable Waste

Batteries in Parallel-Series Series
Based on experiments carried out by Imamah (2013),
the battery that is installed in parallel series, has a
voltage value and the current strength is greater than
that of a single battery on the same electrode pair.
Resistance also affect the amount of current produced.
the greater the resistance, the smaller the current value,
the greater the voltage value. In this experiment, the
pair of Cu-Fe electrodes had the largest current and
voltage values compared to the other electrode pairs.
Figure 13. Graphs relationship between voltage and obstacles; in bio-
battery series-parallel variety of fruit and vegetable waste (Jauharah,
2013).

Similarly, the parallel-series Bio-battery experiment

conducted by Jauharah (2013) resulted in nearly three
times the value of a single electric current and a single
bio-battery voltage. The highest current and voltage
strengths are owned by bio-batteries of citrus fruit
waste compared to tomatoes, carrots, peppers and
bananas with a voltage of 2.72 volts.

Bio-Battery Voltage Measurements and the Length

Figure 10. Graph of flow charts on bio-battery measurements in series of Time the LED Lights on the Parallel-Series Bio-
and in parallel (Imamah, 2013). Batteries
The measurement of the voltage and duration of the
LED lights is found in the experiment conducted by
Jauharah (2013). It appears that bio-batteries with a
higher voltage produce longer LED flash times. Bio-
batteries that are capable of turning on the longest LED
lights are produced by Orange fruit waste bio-batteries
with a 75-hour LED flame.

Figure 11. Series and parallel voltage charts (Imamah, 2013).

Figure 14. Average initial voltage graph (Jauharah, 2013).

Figure 12. Graphs relationship between electric current and resistance

(Jauharah, 2013). Figure 15. Graph of the LED flasht; on various bio-batteries of fruit and
vegetable waste. (Jauharah, 2013).
 Syifa Fauzia, et.al. – Fruit and Vegetables as a Potential Source of Alternative Electrical Energy 167

Similarly, in the experiments conducted by Imamah parameters that are known in this study are pH (acidity
(2013), where the variation of electrodes with a higher level), type of electrode used, distance between
voltage results in a longer LED flame time. Bio-battery electrodes, how to install bio-batteries in series or
pairing of Cu-Fe electrodes arranged in parallel series parallel, and the voltage generated by bio-batteries.
produces the highest voltage and the longest LED Based on the research that has been done shows that
flame is 1.58 volts and turns on for 18.14 hours. pH is inversely proportional to current and voltage. In
Whereas for other electrode pairs such as Al-brass, addition, the type of electrode used also affects the
Brass-Cu and Cu-Al cannot turn on the LED. This is electrical properties. The distance between electrodes
because the resulting voltage is very low, which is will be inversely proportional to the current and voltage
equal to 0.43 volt, 0.33 volt and 0.67 volts. in fruit and vegetable waste. While installing bio-
batteries in series and parallel can increase current and
voltage. Bio-batteries with a higher voltage will
produce longer LED flash times.
Through research that has been done, fruits and
vegetables have the potential to be used as an
alternative source of electrical energy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the Faculty of Science

and Technology UIN Sunan Kalijaga and the journal
"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry"
Figure 16. Graph of voltage measurement results on LED flames in who have collaborated in holding the International
series and parallel Bio-batteries (Imamah, 2013). Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE) 2018.

REFERENCES

Amin, M. and Dey, P. "Electrochemical Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable

Freshness", the WSEAS Transactions on Biology and Biomedicine,
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Chang, Raymond. 2004. Basic Chemistry Third Edition Volume 2.
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Imamah. aisyah n. 2013. Effect of Electrode Material Variations and
Variations Between Electrode Distance to Electrical Generated by
Citrus Fruit Waste (Citrus Sp.). (Thesis). University of Jember. East
Java. (In Indonesian).
Jauharah, Wira Dian. 2013. Analysis of Electricity Produced by Fruit
Waste and Vegetables as Alternative Energy Bio-Batteries. (Thesis).
Figure 17. Graph of Results of Old LED Flash Measurements in Series University of Jember. East Java . (In Indonesian).
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