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    PWHT

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    Zakariya Saif
    Stress-relief heat treating is used to relieve stresses that remain locked in a structure after manufacturing. It involves uniformly heating the structure below its transformation temperature, holding at this temperature, and then uniformly cooling it. This helps reduce distortion and stresses from welding that can affect performance. Sources of residual stress include processes like rolling, casting, forging, bending, machining, and especially welding, which can introduce highly localized stresses close to the yield strength of the material. Stress relief heat treating aims to reduce these locked-in manufacturing stresses.

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    PWHT

    Uploaded by

    Zakariya Saif
    7 views3 pages
    Stress-relief heat treating is used to relieve stresses that remain locked in a structure after manufacturing. It involves uniformly heating the structure below its transformation temperature, holding at this temperature, and then uniformly cooling it. This helps reduce distortion and stresses from welding that can affect performance. Sources of residual stress include processes like rolling, casting, forging, bending, machining, and especially welding, which can introduce highly localized stresses close to the yield strength of the material. Stress relief heat treating aims to reduce these locked-in manufacturing stresses.

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    Stress-relief heat treating is used to relieve stresses that remain locked in a structure after manufacturing. It involves uniformly heating the structure below its transformation temperature, holding at this temperature, and then uniformly cooling it. This helps reduce distortion and stresses from welding that can affect performance. Sources of residual stress include processes like rolling, casting, forging, bending, machining, and especially welding, which can introduce highly localized stresses close to the yield strength of the material. Stress relief heat treating aims to reduce these locked-in manufacturing stresses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    7 views3 pages

    PWHT

    Uploaded by

    Zakariya Saif
    Stress-relief heat treating is used to relieve stresses that remain locked in a structure after manufacturing. It involves uniformly heating the structure below its transformation temperature, holding at this temperature, and then uniformly cooling it. This helps reduce distortion and stresses from welding that can affect performance. Sources of residual stress include processes like rolling, casting, forging, bending, machining, and especially welding, which can introduce highly localized stresses close to the yield strength of the material. Stress relief heat treating aims to reduce these locked-in manufacturing stresses.

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    Stress-Relief Heat Treating of Steel

    Introduction
    STRESS-RELIEF HEAT TREATING is used to relieve stresses that remain
    locked in a structure as a consequence of a manufacturing sequence. This
    definition separates stress-relief heat treating from postweld heat treating in that
    the goal of postweld heat treating is to provide, in addition to the relief of residual
    stresses, some preferred metallurgical structure or properties (Ref 1, 2). For
    example, most ferritic weldments are given postweld heat treatment to improve the
    fracture toughness of the heat-affected zones (HAZ). Moreover, austenitic and
    nonferrous alloys are frequently postweld heat treated to improve resistance to
    environmental damage.
    Stress-relief heat treating is the uniform heating of a structure, or portion thereof,
    to a suitable temperature below the transformation range (Ac1 for ferritic steels),
    holding at this temperature for a predetermined period of time, followed by
    uniform cooling (Ref 2, 3). Care must be taken to ensure uniform cooling,
    particularly when a component is composed of variable section sizes. If the rate of
    cooling is not constant and uniform, new residual stresses can result that are equal
    to or greater than those that the heat-treating process was intended to relieve.

    Stress-relief heat treating can reduce distortion and high stresses from welding that
    can affect service performance. The presence of residual stresses can lead to stress-
    corrosion cracking (SCC) near welds and in regions of a component that has been
    cold strained during processing. Furthermore, cold strain per se can produce a
    reduction in creep strength at elevated temperatures.
    Residual stresses in a ferritic steel cause significant reduction in resistance to
    brittle fracture. In a material that is not prone to brittle fracture, such as an
    austenitic stainless steel, residual stresses can be sufficient to provide the stress
    necessary to promote SCC even in environments that appear to be benign (Ref 4).

    Sources of Residual Stress


    There are many sources of residual stress; they can occur during processing of the
    material from ingot to final product form (Ref 4, 5). Residual stresses can be
    generated during rolling, casting, or forging; during forming operations such as
    shearing, bending, drawing, and machining; and during fabrication, in particular,
    welding. Residual stresses are present whenever a component is stressed beyond its
    elastic limit and plastic flow occurs. Additional information on residual
    stresses can be found in the article "Defects and Distortion in Heat-Treated Parts"
    in this Volume.

    Bending a bar during fabrication at a temperature where recovery cannot occur


    (cold forming, for example) will result in one surface location containing residual
    tensile stresses, whereas a location 180° away will contain residual compressive
    stresses (Ref 6).

    Quenching of thick sections results in high residual compressive stresses on the


    surface of the material. These high compressive stresses are balanced by residual
    tensile stresses in the internal areas of the section (Ref 7).

    Grinding is another source of residual stresses; these can be compressive or tensile


    in nature, depending on the grinding operation. Although these stresses tend to be
    shallow in depth, they can cause warping of thin parts (Ref 8).

    Welding. The cause of residual stresses that has received the most attention in the
    open literature is welding. The residual stresses associated with the steep thermal
    gradient of welding can occur on a macroscale over relatively long distances
    (reaction stresses) or can be highly localized (microscale) (Fig. 1). Welding usually
    results in localized residual stresses that approach levels equal to or greater than
    the yield strength of the material at room temperature.

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