Software Design Principles

02 Design and OOP Concepts

Dr. Mostafa Elgendy
Mostafa.Elgendy@fci.bu.edu.eg
Agenda
▪ Overview.

▪ SW Design Concepts

▪ Object Oriented Concepts

▪ Summary

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 Overview

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Overview

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Overview
▪ The importance of design can be stated with a single word –
quality.

▪ Design provides you with representations of software that

can be assessed for quality.

▪ Design is the only way that you can accurately translate

stakeholder’s requirements into a blueprint for finished
software products or system.

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Overview
▪ Software design serves as the foundation for all the software
engineering.

▪ Without design, you risk building an unstable system. This

system
▪ May fail when small changes are made.

▪ May be difficult to test.

▪ Whose quality cannot be assessed until late in the software process, when
time is short, and many dollars have already been spent.

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Qualified Design Characteristics
▪ Whatever kind of process, and process model used. The final
design should be evaluated against three main measures:
▪ Design Correctness: the design must implement all explicit Customer’s
requirements and accommodate all of them.

▪ Design Clarity: readable, understandable for developers and testers and

operation supporter.

▪ Design Completeness: Complete Picture of data, functional and

behavioral domains implementation

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 SW Design Concepts

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SW Design Concepts
▪ Cohesion measures how much a design makes the design
and architectural elements to be responsible of one and only
BankAccount BankLoan
task/function.

+Open() +Grant()
+Close() +Decrease()
+GetBalance():double +GetInstallment():double
+Activate() +Activate()
+Reactivate() +GetLoanBalance():double


+GetLoanBalance():double
High Cohesion?! High Cohesion?!
High Cohesion?!
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SW Design Concepts
▪ Coupling describes how much tight the code structure (i.e class) is to
another code structure.

▪ It is highly recommended to keep the design loosely coupled.

▪ High coupling indicates a design that is difficult to reuse and

maintain because of its many interdependencies on other types (i.e
classes).

▪ Loose coupling minimize code dependency.

▪ Loose coupling simplify responding to changes.

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SW Design Concepts
▪ Cohesion vs. Coupling

▪ Low Cohesion indicates a design that makes code

structures/modules/classes responsible of more than one function.

▪ High Coupling indicates a design that is difficult to reuse and

maintain because of its many interdependencies on other types.

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 OOP Concepts

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Objects in life
▪ An object represents an entity in the real world that can be
distinctly identified.

▪ For example, a student, a desk, a circle, a button, and car.

▪ An object has a state, and behaviors.

▪ The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (also known as

properties) with their current values.

▪ The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods.

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Objects and classes
▪ Class A template or blueprint that describes the kinds of
state and behavior that objects of its type support.

▪ Class Uses:

▪ Variables to define data fields.

▪ Methods to define behaviors.

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Objects and classes
▪ An Object is an instance of a class

▪ That object will have :

▪ Its own state.

▪ Access all behaviors defined by its class.

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Defining Class
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field

/** Construct a circle object */

Circle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}

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 Encapsulation

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Encapsulation
▪ Described as a protective barrier that prevents the code and
data being randomly accessed by other code defined
outside the class.

▪ Is the technique of making the fields in a class private and

providing access to the fields via public methods.

▪ Is also referred to as data hiding.

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Benefit of Encapsulation
▪ The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.

▪ A class can have total control over what is stored in its

fields.

▪ The users of a class do not know how the class stores its
data.

▪ A class can change the data type of a field, and users of the
class do not need to change any of their code.
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Implement Encapsulation
▪ Keep instance variables private.

▪ Make public accessor methods.

▪ For the methods, use the naming convention of

set<someProperty> and get<someProperty>.

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Implement Encapsulation

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 Inheritance

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Inheritance
▪ A class can extend another class, inheriting all its data members
and methods while redefining some of them and/or adding its
own.

▪ Inheritance represents the is a relationship, an object of a

subclass also can be treated as an object of its superclass.

▪ Advantage:
▪ To take advantage code reuse.

▪ To use polymorphism.

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Inheritance

Superclass Circle Circle Methods Circle Data

Inheritance

Cylinder Circle Methods Circle Data

Subclass
Cylinder Methods Cylinder Data

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Inheritance, Example
public class Circle {
private double radius;
public Circle() {}
public Circle(double radius) {
this.radius = radius; Superclass Subclass
}
Circle Cylinder
public double getRadius() {
-radius
return radius; -length
+getRadius
} +setRadius +getLength
+findArea +setLength
public void setRadius(double radius) { +findVolume
this.radius = radius;
}
public double findArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
}

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Inheritance, Example
public class Cylinder extends Circle {
private double length = 1;

public double getLength() {

return length; Superclass Subclass
}
Circle Cylinder
-radius
public void setLength(double length) { +getRadius
-length

this.length = length; +setRadius

+findArea
+getLength
+setLength
} +findVolume

public double findVolume() {

return findArea() * length;
}
}

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Inheritance, Example
Cylinder cylinder = new Cylinder();
System.out.println("The length is " + cylinder.getLength());
System.out.println("The radius is " + cylinder.getRadius());
System.out.println("The volume of the cylinder is " +
cylinder.findVolume());
System.out.println("The area of the circle is " +
cylinder.findArea());
The output is:
The length is 1.0
The radius is 1.0
The volume of the cylinder is 3.14159
The area of the circle is 3.14159

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Inheritance
▪ A class may have several subclasses and each subclass
may have subclasses of its own.

▪ The collection of all subclasses descended from a common

ancestor is called an inheritance hierarchy.

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Creating a Subclass
▪ Creating a subclass extends properties and methods from
the superclass.

▪ You can also:

▪ Add new properties

▪ Add new methods

▪ Override the methods of the superclass.

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Overriding Methods
▪ A subclass inherits methods from a superclass.

▪ Sometimes it is necessary to modify the method defined in

the superclass.

▪ This is referred to as method overriding.

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Overriding Methods
public class Circle {
private double radius;
public Circle() {}
public Circle(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
/** Set a new radius */
public void setRadius(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
/** Return area */
public double findArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
}

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Overriding Methods
// Cylinder: New cylinder class that overrides the findArea()
// method defined in the circle class.
public class Cylinder extends Circle {
/** Return the surface area of this cylinder. The formula is
* 2 * circle area + cylinder body area
*/
public double findArea() {
return 2 * super.findArea() + 2 * getRadius() * Math.PI * length;
}
// Other methods are omitted
}

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Overriding Methods
▪ The argument list must exactly match.(If they don't match,
call it overloaded).

▪ The return type must be the same.

▪ You cannot override a method marked final.

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Overloading Methods
▪ Having multiple methods with public class Animal {
public void eat() {
the same name but different System.out.println("Generic Animal
Eating");
signatures in a class. }
}
public class Horse extends Animal {
▪ You can overload superclass public void eat() {
System.out.println("Horse eating hay ");
method }
public void eat(String s) {
System.out.println("Horse eating " + s);
}
}

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Overriding vs. Overloading

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 Polymorphism

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Polymorphism
▪ Generally, polymorphism refers to the ability to appear in
many forms.

▪ Allows multiple objects of different subclasses to be treated

as objects of a single super class, while automatically
selecting the proper methods to apply to a particular object
based on the subclass it belongs to

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Polymorphism
▪ For example, given a base class shape, polymorphism
enables the programmer to define different area methods for
any number of derived classes, such as circles, rectangles
and triangles.

▪ No matter what shape an object is, applying the area

method to it will return the correct results.

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Polymorphism Example1
▪ When parent class reference is used to refer to a child class
object.

▪ Given the parent class Person and the child class Student,
we add another subclass of Person which is Employee.

▪ Below is the class hierarchy

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Polymorphism Example1
▪ Now suppose we have a printName method in our super class Person, and we override this
method in both Student and Employee subclass's.

public class Student extends Person {

public void printName(){
System.out.println("Student Name" );
}}
public class Employee extends Person {
public void printName(){
System.out.println("Employee Name" );
}}

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Polymorphism Example1
▪ We can create a reference that is of type super class, Person, to an object of
its subclass, Student.

Student studentObject = new Student();

Employee employeeObject = new Employee();
// Person reference point to a Student object
Person ref = studentObject;
// Calling printName() of the Student object instance
ref.printName();

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Polymorphism Example1
▪ Going back to our main method, when we try to call the
printName method of the reference Person ref, the
printName method of the Student object will be called.

▪ Now, if we assign ref to an Employee object, the printName

method of Employee will be called.

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Polymorphism Example2
▪ Another example that illustrates polymorphism is when we try to pass a reference to methods
as a parameter.

▪ Suppose we have a static method printlnformation that takes in a Person reference as

parameter.

void printInformation( Person p ){

// It will call printName() method of the

// actual object instance that is passed

p.printName();

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Polymorphism Example2
▪ We can actually pass a reference of type Employee and type Student
to the printInformation method as long as it is a subclass of the
Person class.

Student studentObject = new Student();

Employee employeeObject = new Employee();
printInformation( studentObject ); Output:
Student Name
printInformation( employeeObject ); Employee Name

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How polymorphism work
▪ What will be determined at compile time.

▪ What will be determined at run time.

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Polymorphism binding
▪ What happen when I make thing like this?

▪ Animal a=new Horse();

▪ a.eat();//will call which one

▪ a.buck();

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Polymorphism binding
▪ Method invocations allowed by the compiler are based
solely on the declared type of the reference, regardless of
the object type

▪ Which overridden version of the method to call (in other

words, from which class in the inheritance tree) is decided at
runtime based on object type

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Polymorphism binding

Compiler
error

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 Abstraction

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Abstraction
▪ Is the process of taking away or removing characteristics
from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential
characteristics.

▪ Creating interface to denote common behavior without

specifying any details about how that behavior works.

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Abstraction Example
▪ You create an interface called Server which
has start() and stop() method.

▪ This is called abstraction of Server because every server

should have way to start and stop and details may differ

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Abstraction Example
▪ You create an interface called Shape which
has draw() and Area() method.

▪ This is called abstraction of Shape because every shape

should have way to draw and calculate area and details may
differ

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Implement Abstraction
▪ To implement Abstraction, use abstract class or interface.

▪ An abstract class is a class that contains one or more abstract

method.

▪ An Inteface is a class that contains all the methods abstract.

▪ An abstract method is a method that is declared without an

implementation.

▪ Example:
▪ Draw method in class shape.

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 Association

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Association
▪ There can be two types of relationships in OOPs:

▪ IS-A (Inheritance)

▪ HAS-A(association)

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Association
▪ The relationship that can be established between any two
classes.

▪ Association help the objects of one class to communicate

with the objects of the other class.

▪ Department class is storing the objects of Professor class

as its instance variable.

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Association
▪ There are two forms of Association that are possible in Java:

▪ Aggregation

▪ Composition

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Aggregation
▪ Is a form of HAS-A relationship between two classes.

▪ It is a relatively loosely coupled relation

▪ Although both classes are associated with each other,

▪ One can exist without the other independently.

▪ Aggregation is also called a weak association.

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Aggregation example 1
class Country{
private String name;
List<SportPerson> sportPersons;
//other code
}
//Sportsperson class
class SportPerson{
private String name;
}

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Aggregation example 1
▪ Association between a Country and a Sportsperson class.

▪ Country class is defined with a name and other attributes like

size, population, capital, etc, and a list of all the Sportspersons
that come from it.

▪ A Sportsperson class is defined with a name and other

attributes like age, height, weight, etc.

▪ Modeling this relation to OOPs, a Country object has-a list of

Sportsperson objects that are related to it.
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Aggregation example 1
▪ Note that a sportsperson object can exist with his own attributes and
methods, alone without the association with the country object.
Similarly, a country object can exist independently without any
association to a sportsperson object.

▪ Thus Aggregation helps in code reusability. Since classes exist

independently, The same classes can be reused to create
associations with other classes, without having to modify an existing
class, or without causing any issues to existing associations.

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Aggregation example 2
class Person {
// declare variables for Person class
public String name;
List<Car> cars; ;
//other code
}
class Car {
// declare variables for Car brand, color and modal
public String name, color, modal;
}

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Composition
▪ A form of relation that is more tightly coupled.

▪ Is called Strong association or known as Belongs-To association.

▪ As one class, for all intents and purpose belongs to another class, and
exists because of it.

▪ The association between College and Student. Below is how it is

defined
▪ College class is defined with name and the list of students that are studying in it

▪ A Student class is defined with name and the college he is studying at.

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Composition example 1
class College{
private String name;
ArrayList<Student> studentList;
//…..
}
//Student class
class Student{
private String name;
//…..
}

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Composition example 2
class Company {
// declare variable for company name
public String name;
// declare a list of OfficeOffice that a Company has
private List< Office Office> offices;
}
class Office {
// declare variables for name and address
public String name;
public String address; }

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Summary
▪ Overview.

▪ SW Design Concepts

▪ Object Oriented Concepts

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 Questions

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