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Collaborative Robots (Cobots) –
The Key Driver for the New Industrial Transition?

Section title
Yulin Wang – Technology Analyst, IDTechEx
Robotics,
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Collaborative Robots (Cobots) 2023-2043
Collaborative robots (cobots), mobile manipulators, end-effectors, sensors, grippers, automotive manufacturing, picking and placing,
palletizing, packaging, food and beverage, electronics
Cobots market to exceed US$100 billion by 2043
www.IDTechEx.com/Cobots
As labor becomes increasingly costly and scarce, especially in the post-

COVID era, attention is increasingly turning towards robotics as a key
component to automate a wide range of industries.
This report from IDTechEx provides a technical and commercial analysis of

the growing market for service robots, considering both the key application
areas and enabling technologies underpinning the industry. The report also
provides ten-year application-based and regional market forecasts for the
future of the service robots industry.
For full details and lists of available reports, please visit www.IDTechEx.com
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Webinar Contents
• Introduction
• Cobots Applications
• Emerging Technologies
• Market Trends
• Summary
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Section title
Introduction
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Cobots: Definitions
Cobots
Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Stage Four Stage Five Stage Six
Fixed Safety Light barrier Laser scanner Operators & robots Shared workspace Autonomous
Fence separation separation working together no virtual guarding collaborative robots
No fence but no Sequential Simultaneous Response to real-
Fenced robots
shared workspace collaboration collaboration time movement
Increase in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
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Cobots: Definitions
Stage One
Fixed Safety
Fence
Fenced robots
Source: KUKA
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Cobots: Definitions
Cobots
Stage Five
Shared workspace
no virtual guarding
Simultaneous
collaboration
Source: KUKA
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Safety Requirement for Cobots
The maximum force and power Hand guiding is a cobot feature that
delivered by the robot should be allows operators to program a cobot to
limited to a certain threshold to learn new paths and positions by guiding
Power and Hand it with a hand-operated device.
minimize the potential risks
force limiting guiding
Safety monitored stop is typically used

Sensors are used for speed and for applications where robots have
distance monitoring. minimal interaction with human workers
Speed and Safety
separation monitored stop
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Cobots: Benefits
Traditional industrial robots

Comparison factor Industrial robot Cobot
Close proximity allowed with

Proximity to human Proximity not allowed;
proper safety evaluation and
operators requires barriers
precautions
Footprint Large (robot cell) Small (standalone robot)

Difficulty of
High Low
programming
Collaborative robots
Payload High Low
Reach Long Limited
Speed High Limited
Application scenarios Low-mix high-volume High-mix low-volume (HMLV)
(variability) (LMHV) production production
Adaptability, flexibility,
Limited High
re-deployability
Source: KUKA
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Cobot Market Segmentation
Comparison of Cobots (DoF = 6)

− Most (>90%) cobots have a payload
Medium payload (2-12kg) & between 2 and 12kg, along with a
medium reach (432 – 1700mm) reach between 400 and 1700mm. Lack
of significant differentiation.
−
Reach (mm)
Fanuc CR-35iA has the largest payload

and the maximum reach.
Small Payload (<2kg) &
small reach (<800mm)
− Compared with accuracy, repeatability

plays a more important role in cobots.
Payload (kg)
Size of bubble – repeatability: a smaller bubble implies a better repeatability

Limited differentiation in physical parameters
Repeatability: robot’s ability to recreate the exact same motion every time
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Cobot Market Segmentation
Most commercialized cobots have a payload-

to-weight ratio between 0.1 and 0.4
CR-35iA
− Most cobots have a

Zu18 payload-to-weight ratio
Payload (kg)
between 0.1 and 0.4.
CR-15iA
− Higher payload-to-
Pulse 75 weight ratio means a
APAS higher working
TX2touch-90XL efficiency.
Source: IDTechEx Weight (kg)
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Section
Cobots title
Applications
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Applications by Task and End-User Industry
End-user industry Task
Automotive manufacturing Pick and place
Packaging and palletizing

Food and beverage
Material handling
Hospitality and healthcare

Quality inspection
Others (e.g., academic

3C manufacturing /
research, etc.)
electronics
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Payback Time by Application
− Average payback time of cobots:

10.5 months.
− Many SMEs do not know the

expected payback time in their
specific product lines. This deters
them from adopting cobots.
− This payback time only refers to the

cobot payback time excluding other
accessories. Other accessories
(e.g., end-effectors, sensors, etc.)
could be expensive and lead to a
longer ROI.
Data source: Universal Robots
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Section title
Emerging Technologies
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Overview of the OEMs and Suppliers
Sensors Software
Note: we only focus on the main

products of these companies, End-effector
and companies that sell
components that belong to
supplier
other categories but not as their
main products will be heavily
ignored in this Venn chart Accessory suppliers
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Key Components and Accessories
Hardware Software
Mechanical components (non end-effectors) Simulation software
End effectors Robot control software
Vision systems External software
Sensors External vision system
Pose identification system

Cables
Specific color area size identification
Teach pendant Line/circle burr
Others
Control box
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Safety Sensors
Distance Vision
− Force/Torque Sensors – force measuring and

collision detection
− Vision Sensors
− Collision detection (touch) sensors

Touch o Camera
o Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors
o LiDAR
o Proximity sensors (capacitive sensors)
o Tactile sensors
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Tactile Sensors
– Tactile mode: Measuring the capacitance change in each

tactile cell induced by physical contacts of the object.
– Proximity mode: Detecting the capacitance change from
an approaching object.
– Current market: not well-adopted by cobot users/OEMs –
torque sensors are the mainstream due to cost
advantages.
Proximity mode Tactile mode
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Price of End-Effector
− Welding tools have the highest

average costs.
− Mechanical grippers have the

lowest average costs.
− Concern of SMEs: high costs of

the accessories.
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Grippers in Cobots
Force Task complexity Price Control Applications Other comments
Workpieces of different sizes,

Sensitive to the dusty condition
shapes, and surfaces when high
Vacuum Popular High power consumption – high
High Low Low Not precise positioning accuracy is not required;
grippers operational costs
Ideal for delicate items requiring
high speed or gripping forces
Pneumatic For handling workpiece in a Fast response time

High Low Low Not precise
grippers compact area Can only handle single parts.
Tend to be messier than other

Hydraulic
Very high Low High Not precise Heavy-duty applications types because of the oil used in
grippers
their pumps
Electric Lightweight and fast-moving tasks – Precise control, more

grippers
Popular
Moderate High High Precise
e.g., pick & place, machine tending expensive, high speed provided
Magnetic When moved quickly, the part

Moderate Low Low Precise Ferromagnetic material
grippers can slip out of the gripper
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Section
Market title
Trends
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Market Size of Cobots by Application
− Packaging is expected to have the largest growth in the upcoming two decades – HMLV packaging
− The total market size will have a 169-fold increase in the upcoming 20 years.
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Section title
Summary
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Key Takeaways
− The cobot market is expected to grow quickly with a 169-fold

increase by 2043.
− Flexibility, small footprint, and low capital barrier are three

main benefits whereas low payload, limited reach, and
speed restrict productivity.
− The cobot market lacks significant and useful differentiation.
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Contact us to explore how we can
support your business.
Research: research@IDTechEx.com
Section title
Europe (UK) Rest of World
lllll
Cambridge: +44 1223 812300 Asia (Japan): +81 3 3216 7209

USA
Boston: +1 617 577 7890
Collaborative Robots (Cobots) 2023-2043:

Technologies, Players & Markets
Sample pages are available for all IDTechEx reports
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Collaborative Robots (Cobots) –

The Key Driver for the New Industrial Transition?

• Technology assessment • Company profiling • Market forecasts

Reports | Subscriptions | Consulting | Journals | Webinars

Supporting you at each crucial decision making step

Market Commercialization Product Ongoing

IDTechEx data at your command:

Our extensive knowledgebase & analysts

Cobots market to exceed US$100 billion by 2043

As labor becomes increasingly costly and scarce, especially in the post-

This report from IDTechEx provides a technical and commercial analysis of

Increase in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

Increase in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

Safety monitored stop is typically used

Traditional industrial robots

Close proximity allowed with

Footprint Large (robot cell) Small (standalone robot)

Comparison of Cobots (DoF = 6)

Fanuc CR-35iA has the largest payload

− Compared with accuracy, repeatability

Size of bubble – repeatability: a smaller bubble implies a better repeatability

Most commercialized cobots have a payload-

− Most cobots have a

between 0.1 and 0.4.

Source: IDTechEx Weight (kg)

End-user industry Task

Automotive manufacturing Pick and place

Packaging and palletizing

Hospitality and healthcare

Others (e.g., academic

− Average payback time of cobots:

− Many SMEs do not know the

− This payback time only refers to the

Data source: Universal Robots

Note: we only focus on the main

Mechanical components (non end-effectors) Simulation software

End effectors Robot control software

Vision systems External software

Sensors External vision system

Pose identification system

− Force/Torque Sensors – force measuring and

− Collision detection (touch) sensors

– Tactile mode: Measuring the capacitance change in each

Proximity mode Tactile mode

− Welding tools have the highest

− Mechanical grippers have the

− Concern of SMEs: high costs of

Force Task complexity Price Control Applications Other comments

Workpieces of different sizes,

Pneumatic For handling workpiece in a Fast response time

Tend to be messier than other

Electric Lightweight and fast-moving tasks – Precise control, more

Magnetic When moved quickly, the part

− The cobot market is expected to grow quickly with a 169-fold

− Flexibility, small footprint, and low capital barrier are three

− The cobot market lacks significant and useful differentiation.

Cambridge: +44 1223 812300 Asia (Japan): +81 3 3216 7209

Collaborative Robots (Cobots) 2023-2043:

Sample pages are available for all IDTechEx reports