2500 l/s of water flows through a 50 cm diameter pipe.

Calculate the mean velocity. If the diameter is reduced to

25 cm, what would be the mean velocity?

Solution
Q = Au
𝜋
u = Q/A = 2.50/( ∗ 0.50 2) = 12.75 m/s
4

In the second case:

𝜋
u = Q/A = 2.50/( ∗ 0.25 2) = 51 m/s
4
2500 l/s of water flows through a 50 cm diameter pipe.
Calculate the mean velocity. If the diameter is reduced to
25 cm, what would be the mean velocity?
 Conservation of Energy/Bernoulli’s Equation
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only
be transferred from one form to another.

Conservation of Energy (applied to fluid)

In fluid dynamics, total energy on a fluid is made up of

three components .
➢ Consider fluid flow through a pipe.
Element of fluid
L
Direction u
of flow

z
Reference level
1. Potential energy: Relative to some reference level.

PE = wz
2. Kinetic Energy: Due to velocity
wu 2
KE =
2g
3. Pressure Energy: Also known as flow energy or
flow work.
wp
WD =


Work necessary to move the fluid element

against Pressure
Proof of work done
Consider that a fluid element moves a distance L
Force on fluid = pA Element of fluid L
p u
Work done = Force  distance
= pAL
A
z
Volume V = AL Reference level
w
weight of fluid, w = V ; Hence V =


Therefore
w
Work done = pAL = pV = p

Total energy E possessed by the moving fluid
element
E = WD + PE + KE
= 1 + 2 + 3

So
2
wp wu
E= + wz + , Nm
 2g
Consider Conservation of Energy
2
wp1 wu1
E1 = + wz1 +
 2g
z2

2 z1
wp 2 wu 2
E2 = + wz 2 +
 2g Reference level

E1 = E2 If no energy is removed or added

2 2
wp1 wu1 wp 2 wu 2
E1 = + wz 1 + = E2 = + wz 2 +
 2g  2g
or
2 2
wp1 wu1 wp 2 wu 2
+ wz 1 + = + wz 2 +
 2g  2g
Dividing by , w
2 2 2
p1 u1 p2 u2 pn un
+ z1 + = + z2 + = ... = + zn + =H
 2g  2g  2g

Each term represents a form of Energy per unit

weight or “head”

p 
 Pressure head 
 
z  Potential (Elevation ) head Sum is Total Head, H
u2 
 Velocity head 
2g 
The Equation
2 2 2
p1 u1 p2 u2 pn un
+ z1 + = + z2 + = ... = + zn + = H = const
 2g  2g  2g

2
p u
+z+ = H = const
 2g

Bernoulli’s Equation
Restrictions in the application of the Bernoulli’s equation

➢ Flow is steady.

➢ Density is constant (which also means

the fluid is incompressible).

➢ Friction losses are negligible.

➢ The equation relates the states at

points along a single streamline, (not
on two different streamlines).
 Consider a horizontal uniform pipe
2 2
u1 u2
2g 2g

p1 p2
 
H1 H2

z1 z2

Reference level
 Consider a horizontal uniform pipe
2 2
u1 u2
2g 2g

p1 p2
 
H1 H2
Reference

z1 = 0 z2 = 0 level
 Consider an inclined non-uniform pipe
2
u2
2
u1 2g
2g

H2
H1
Exercise

14
Example
Oil of specific gravity 0.75 flows through a 15 cm diameter
pipe under pressure of 98.1 kN/m2. If the datum is 3 m
below the centre of the pipe and the total head with to
the datum is 20 m. Calculate the discharge.

Solution
𝑃 𝑉2
H= + + z
 2𝑔
98.1 𝑣2 𝑣2
20 = + + 3 = 13.33 + +3
9.81 𝑥 0.75 2𝑔 2𝑔
V = 8.48 m/sec
Discharge Q = VA
= 8.50 X Τ4 𝑋 0.15 𝑋 0.15 = 0.15 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠
Exercise
Consider the water flow in a converging duct without
losses due to friction in the figure below. The
parameters at sections 1 and 2 of the pipe are given.
Determine the value of Z2.

P2 = 15Pa
𝑢2 = 5 m/s
𝜌2 = 1000 kg/m3

16
 Exercise
In the pipe shown, 0.5 cm3/s of water flows from A to B.
The diameter of the pipe at A and B are respectively
30 cm and 60 cm. If the pressure head at A is 7 m of
water, find the pressure head at B. Neglect all losses

A 8m
3m
Datum

17
Exercise

• •
•

• •

Calculate Q and pressure ( p) at B, C, D, E

Soln.
Assumptions for solving
1. Exposed to air p
 =0

2. Large Volume 2
u
 0
2g
Find knowns
▪ At Point A
p A is Atmospheri c pressure
2
uA
▪ Area is very large so assume 0
2g
 ▪ At point F the pressure pF is atmospheric

From diagram, F is 1.2+1.8 = 3.0 m below point A

Apply Bernoulli’s equation to points A and F

2 2
pA uA pF uF
+ zA + = + zF +
 2g  2g
2
uF
z A = zF +
2g
 u F = ( z A − z F )2 g z A − z F = 3m

vF = 3 * 2 * 9.81m/s = 7.67m/s
2

D 2
 (25mm) 2  1m 2 
Q = Au = uF =    6 (7.67 m/s )
2 
4  4  10 mm 
= 3.77 10 −3 m 3 /s

Pressures at B, C , D, E
Write Bernoulli’s equation for points A and B
2 2
pA uA pB uB
+ zA + = + zB +
 2g  2g
 pA 2
=0 uA
 =0
2g

pB uB
2
 uB 
2
zA = + zB + ; PB =  ( z A − z B ) − 
 2g
 2g 
z A = zB
Q 3.77 10 −3 m 3 /s
Q = AB u B uB = = −3
= 3m/s
A 1.26 10 m 2

 3 2
m 2 2
/s 
pB = 9.81kN/m 0 −
3
2 
= − 4.5kN/m 2

 ( 2)(9.81m/s ) 
Note:

▪ Unlike fluid statics, Pressures at the

same elevation may NOT be the same when
fluid is moving.

▪ It is possible to have a negative pressure

lower that the vapor pressure which leads to
gas Bubbles formation (Cavitations)
Exercise
Determine the velocity of efflux from the nozzle in the
wall of the reservoir as shown below. Also find the
discharge through the nozzle. The water level in the
reservoir is 4 m above the centre line of the nozzle.

 = 100mm

Nozzle
Exercise
U = 3 m/s
2m

1m U = 10 m/s

Water is flowing in a channel as shown at a depth of 2 m

and velocity of 3 m/s. It then flows down a chute into
another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity
is 10 m/s. Assuming frictionless flow, determine the
difference in elevation of the channel beds. The
velocities are assumed to be uniform over the cross
sections.
Exercise
A jet of water vertically issuing from a 25 mm diameter
nozzle is directed upward. Calculate the diameter of the
jet at a point 5 m above the nozzle if the velocity with
which the jet leaves the nozzle is 15 m/s. Apply
Bernoulli’s equation.

Exercise
A pipe of varying section has the cross-sectional area of
25 cm2, 50 cm2 and 12 cm2 at points A, B and C
respectively (Refer to diagram). Find the discharge and
the absolute pressure at B if the atmospheric pressure is
10,.3 m of water. Depth of water in the reservoir is 10 m.
Neglect losses.
 D

10 m

B
15 m
10 m
C
2m
 p1 u12 p2 u22
+ + z1 = + + z2 = H
1 g 2 g g 2 g
At the reservoir, p1=0 U1 << U2

H u12
0
2g
p1 u12
+ + z1 = H
z1 g 2 g 2
z2

So Total Head = H = z1
 p u2
+ +z=H
 2g

p
p 

H H
z
z z
H
H

p u2
+ +z=H
 2g
 • Varying Diameters

2
H H
1
3
2 2 2 2
pA uA p1 u1 p2 u2 p3 u3
+ zA + = + z1 + = + z2 + = + z3 + =H
 2g  2g  2g  2g