What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their experiences
with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which work on our
instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data like a human does? So
here comes the role of Machine Learning.

DEFINATION: “Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data,

improve performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly
programmed.”

How does Machine Learning work

✓ A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the prediction models,
and whenever it receives new data, predicts the output for it.

✓ The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the amount of data, as the huge amount
of data helps to build a better model which predicts the output more accurately.

✓ Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some predictions, so

instead of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the data to generic algorithms, and
with the help of these algorithms, machine builds the logic as per the data and predict the
output. Machine learning has changed our way of thinking about the problem. The below
block diagram explains the working of Machine Learning algorithm:
Features of Machine Learning:

o Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.

o It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
o It is a data-driven technology.
o Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge amount of
the data.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning

1) Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample labeled
data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that basis, it predicts the output.
The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn about each
data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model by providing a sample
data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.

The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The supervised
learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student learns things in the
supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is spam filtering.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

o Classification
o Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision.

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled, classified,
or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any supervision. The goal of
unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with
similar patterns.

In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to find useful
insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two categories of
algorithms:

o Clustering
o Association

3) Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a

reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action. The agent learns
automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the
agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to get the most
reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.

The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example of
Reinforcement learning.

Applications of Machine learning

Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and it is growing very rapidly day by
day. We are using machine learning in our daily life even without knowing it such as Google
Maps, Google assistant, Alexa, etc. Below are some most trending real-world applications of
Machine Learning:

1. Image Recognition:

Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to
identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image recognition
and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion:

Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo
with our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.

2. Speech Recognition

While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition,
and it's a popular application of machine learning.

Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as
"Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms
are widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana,
and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice instructions.
3. Self-driving cars:

One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine learning
plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company
is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to train the car models to
detect people and objects while driving.

4. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:

Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam.
We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in
our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters
used by Gmail:

o Content Filter
o Header filter
o General blacklists filter
o Rules-based filters
o Permission filters

Rote learning:

Rote learning is the basic learning activity. It is also called memorization because
the knowledge, without any modification is, simply copied into the knowledge base. As
computed values are stored, this technique can save a significant amount of time.

When a computer stores a piece of data, it is performing a rudimentary form of learning.

In case of data caching, we store computed values so that we do not have to recomputed them
later.

When computation is more expensive than recall, this strategy can save a significant amount of
time

Rote learning technique can also be used in complex learning systems provided sophisticated
techniques are employed to use the stored values faster and there is a generalization to keep the
number of stored information down to a manageable level. Checkers-playing program, for
example, uses this technique to learn the board positions it evaluates in its look-ahead search.

Learning by taking advice

This type is the easiest and simple way of learning. In this type of learning, a programmer writes
a program to give some instructions to perform a task to the computer. Once it is learned (i.e.
programmed), the system will be able to do new things.

The advice may come from many sources: human experts, internet to name a few. This type of
learning requires more inference than rote learning. The knowledge must be transformed into an
operational form before stored in the knowledge base. Moreover the reliability of the source of
knowledge should be considered.

The system should ensure that the new knowledge is conflicting with the existing knowledge.
FOO (First Operational Operationaliser ), for example----e, is a learning system which is used to
learn the game of Hearts. It converts the advice which i-s in the form of principles, problems, and
methods into effective executable (LISP) procedures (or knowledge). Now this knowledge is
ready to use.

EBL ARCHITECTURE:

Definition: Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) is a principled method for exploiting available

domain knowledge to improve supervised learning. Improvement can be in speed of learning,
confidence of learning, accuracy of the learned concept, or a combination of these.