SQL Commands

SQL COMMANDS
SQL CREATE Database

The SQL CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create new SQL database.
Syntax:
Basic syntax of CREATE DATABASE statement is as follows:
CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;
Always database name should be unique within the RDBMS.
Example:
If you want to create new database <testDB>, then CREATE DATABASE statement would
be as follows:
SQL> CREATE DATABASE testDB;
Make sure you have admin privilege before creating any database. Once a database is created,
you can check it in the list of databases as follows:
SQL> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| AMROOD |
| TUTORIALSPOINT |
| mysql |
| orig |
| test |
| testDB |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DROP or DELETE Database

The SQL DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing database in SQL
schema.
Syntax:
Basic syntax of DROP DATABASE statement is as follows:
DROP DATABASE DatabaseName;
Example:
If you want to delete an existing database <testDB>, then DROP DATABASE statement
would be as follows:
SQL> DROP DATABASE testDB;
NOTE: Be careful before using this operation because by deleting an existing database
would result in loss of complete information stored in the database.
Make sure you have admin privilege before dropping any database. Once a database is
dropped, you can check it.
SQL> in the list of databases as follows:
SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| AMROOD |
| TUTORIALSPOINT |
| mysql |
| orig |
| test |
+--------------------+
SQL SELECT Database
When you have multiple databases in your SQL Schema, then before starting your operation,
you would need to select a database where all the operations would be performed.
The SQL USE statement is used to select any existing database in SQL schema.
Syntax:
Basic syntax of USE statement is as follows:
USE DatabaseName;
Example:
You can check available databases as follows:
SQL> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| AMROOD |
| TUTORIALSPOINT |
| mysql |
| orig |
| test |
+--------------------+
Now, if you want to work with AMROOD database, then you can execute the following SQL
command and start working with AMROOD database:
SQL> USE AMROOD;
SQL CREATE Table
Creating a basic table involves naming the table and defining its columns and each column's
data type.
The SQL CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table.
Syntax:
Basic syntax of CREATE TABLE statement is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);
CREATE TABLE is the keyword telling the database system what you want to do. In this
case, you want to create a new table. The unique name or identifier for the table follows the
CREATE TABLE statement. Then in brackets comes the list defining each column in the
table and what sort of data type it is. The syntax becomes clearer with an example below. A
copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the CREATE TABLE
statement and the SELECT statement. You can check complete details at Create Table
Using another Table.
CREATE TABLE USING ANOTHER TABLE
A copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the CREATE TABLE
statement and the SELECT statement.
The new table has the same column definitions. All columns or specific columns can be
selected.
When you create a new table using existing table, new table would be populated using
existing values in the old table.
Syntax:
The basic syntax for creating a table from another table is as follows:
CREATE TABLE NEW_TABLE_NAME AS
SELECT [ column1, column2...columnN ]
FROM EXISTING_TABLE_NAME
[ WHERE ]
Here, column1, column2...are the fields of existing table and same would be used to create
fields of new table.
Example:
Following is an example, which would create a table SALARY using CUSTOMERS table
and having fields customer ID and customer SALARY:
SQL> CREATE TABLE SALARY AS SELECT ID, SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS;
This would create new table SALARY, which would have the following records:
+----+----------+
| ID | SALARY |
+----+----------+
| 1 | 2000.00 |
| 2 | 1500.00 |
| 3 | 2000.00 |
| 4 | 6500.00 |
| 5 | 8500.00 |
| 6 | 4500.00 |
| 7 | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+
Example:
Following is an example, which creates a CUSTOMERS table with ID as primary key and
NOT NULL are the constraints showing that these fileds can not be NULL while creating
records in this table:
SQL> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
You can verify if your table has been created successfully by looking at the message
displayed by the SQL server, otherwise you can use DESC command as follows:
SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | | |
| ADDRESS | char(25) | YES | | NULL | |
| SALARY | decimal(18,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
Now, you have CUSTOMERS table available in your database which you can use to store
required information related to customers.
SQL DROP or DELETE Table
The SQL DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table definition and all data, indexes,
triggers, constraints, and permission specifications for that table.
NOTE: You have to be careful while using this command because once a table is deleted
then all the information available in the table would also be lost forever.
Syntax:
Basic syntax of DROP TABLE statement is as follows:
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example:
Let us first verify CUSTOMERS table and then we would delete it from the database:
If you want to add primary key after creating the table earlier
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
If you want to add foreign key after creating the table earlier
ALTER TABLE ORDERS ADD FOREIGN KEY (Customer_ID) REFERENCES
CUSTOMERS (ID);
If you want to drop primary key
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP PRIMARY KEY ;
If you want to drop foreign key
ALTER TABLE ORDERS DROP FOREIGN KEY;

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
This means CUSTOMERS table is available in the database, so let us drop it as follows:
SQL> DROP TABLE CUSTOMERS;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Now, if you would try DESC command, then you would get error as follows:
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'TEST.CUSTOMERS' doesn't exist
Here, TEST is database name which we are using for our examples.
SQL INSERT Query
The SQL INSERT INTO Statement is used to add new rows of data to a table in the
database.
Syntax:
There are two basic syntaxes of INSERT INTO statement as follows:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)]
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
Here, column1, column2,...columnN are the names of the columns in the table into which you
want to insert data.
You may not need to specify the column(s) name in the SQL query if you are adding values
for all the columns of the table. But make sure the order of the values is in the same order as
the columns in the table. The SQL INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...valueN);
Example:
Following statements would create six records in CUSTOMERS table:
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );
VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 );
VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );
VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );
VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );
VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );
You can create a record in CUSTOMERS table using second syntax as follows:
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );
All the above statements would produce the following records in CUSTOMERS table:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SQL SELECT Query
SQL SELECT Statement is used to fetch the data from a database table which returns data in
the form of result table. These result tables are called result-sets.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of SELECT statement is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2...are the fields of a table whose values you want to fetch. If you
want to fetch all the fields available in the field, then you can use the following syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Following is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary fields of the customers
available in CUSTOMERS table:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS;
This would produce the following result:
+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+
If you want to fetch all the fields of CUSTOMERS table, then use the following query:
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SQL WHERE Clause
The SQL WHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching the data from single
table or joining with multiple tables.
If the given condition is satisfied, then only it returns specific value from the table. You
would use WHERE clause to filter the records and fetching only necessary records.
The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statement, but it is also used in UPDATE,
DELETE statement, etc., which we would examine in subsequent chapters.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of SELECT statement with WHERE clause is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]
You can specify a condition using comparison or logical operators like >, <, =, LIKE, NOT
etc. Below examples would make this concept clear.
Example:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Following is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary fields from the
CUSTOMERS table where salary is greater than 2000:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY >
2000;
+----+----------+----------+
+----+----------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+
CUSTOMERS table for a customer with name Hardik. Here, it is important to note that all
the strings should be given inside single quotes ('') where as numeric values should be given
without any quote as in above example:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME =
'Hardik';
+----+----------+----------+
+----+----------+----------+
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+----------+
SQL AND and OR Operators

The SQL AND and OR operators are used to combine multiple conditions to narrow data in
an SQL statement. These two operators are called conjunctive operators.
These operators provide a means to make multiple comparisons with different operators in
the same SQL statement.
The AND Operator:
The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement's
WHERE clause.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of AND operator with WHERE clause is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition1] AND [condition2]...AND [conditionN];
You can combine N number of conditions using AND operator. For an action to be taken by
the SQL statement, whether it be a transaction or query, all conditions separated by the AND
must be TRUE.
Example:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
CUSTOMERS table where salary is greater than 2000 AND age is less tan 25 years:
2000 AND age < 25;
+----+-------+----------+
+----+-------+----------+
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+-------+----------+
The OR Operator:
The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE
clause.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of OR operator with WHERE clause is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name WHERE [condition1] OR
[condition2]...OR [conditionN]
You can combine N number of conditions using OR operator. For an action to be taken by the
SQL statement, whether it be a transaction or query, only any ONE of the conditions
separated by the OR must be TRUE.
Example:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
CUSTOMERS table where salary is greater than 2000 OR age is less tan 25 years:
2000 OR age < 25;
+----+----------+----------+
+----+----------+----------+
| 3 | kaushik | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) AS "RECORDS" FROM CUSTOMERS;
+---------+
| RECORDS |
+---------+
|7|
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
SQL> SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
+---------------------+
| Current_Timestamp |
+---------------------+
| 2009-11-12 06:40:23 |
+---------------------+
SQL> SELECT GETDATE();;
+-------------------------+
| GETDATE |
+-------------------------+
| 2009-10-22 12:07:18.140 |
+-------------------------+
SQL UPDATE Query

The SQL UPDATE Query is used to modify the existing records in a table.
You can use WHERE clause with UPDATE query to update selected rows, otherwise all the
rows would be affected.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of UPDATE query with WHERE clause is as follows:
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];
You can combine N number of conditions using AND or OR operators.
Example:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Following is an example, which would update ADDRESS for a customer whose ID is 6:
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET ADDRESS = 'Pune' WHERE ID = 6;
Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
If you want to modify all ADDRESS and SALARY column values in CUSTOMERS table,
you do not need to use WHERE clause and UPDATE query would be as follows:
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET ADDRESS = 'Pune', SALARY = 1000.00;
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Pune | 1000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL DELETE Query
The SQL DELETE Query is used to delete the existing records from a table.
You can use WHERE clause with DELETE query to delete selected rows, otherwise all the
records would be deleted.
Syntax:
The basic syntax of DELETE query with WHERE clause is as follows:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE [condition];
You can combine N number of conditions using AND or OR operators.
Example:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Following is an example, which would DELETE a customer, whose ID is 6:
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID = 6;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
If you want to DELETE all the records from CUSTOMERS table, you do not need to use
WHERE clause and DELETE query would be as follows:
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS;
Now, CUSTOMERS table would not have any record.
Here are number of examples showing Description
WHERE part having different LIKE
clause with '%' and '_' operators:
Statement
WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%' Finds any values that start with 200
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%200%' Finds any values that have 200 in any
position
WHERE SALARY LIKE '_00%' Finds any values that have 00 in the
second and third positions
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2_%_%' Finds any values that start with 2 and are
at least 3 characters in length
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%2' Finds any values that end with 2
WHERE SALARY LIKE '_2%3' Finds any values that have a 2 in the
second position and end with a 3
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2___3' Finds any values in a five-digit number
that start with 2 and end with 3
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 AND SALARY >= 6500;
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 OR SALARY >= 6500;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IS NOT NULL;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME LIKE 'Ko%';
+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 );
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27;
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL> SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500);
+-----+
| AGE |
+-----+
| 32 |
| 25 |
| 23 |
| 25 |
| 27 |
| 22 |
| 24 |
+-----+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE > ALL (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY >
6500);
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE > ANY (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY >
6500);
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
mysql> use stms;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_stms |
+--------------------+
| cars_price_details |
| exam_info |
| student |
| student_info |
+--------------------+
mysql> desc cars_price_details;

+------------+------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+------------+------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| MODEL | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| CARS_PRICE | int | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

(20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL
(18, 2) );
mysql> desc customers;

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int | NO | | NULL | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| AGE | int | NO | | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERs ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS2( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

(18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME) );
mysql> desc customers2;

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

(18, 2) );
mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS3 ADD CONSTRAINT PK_CUSTID

PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME);

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS3 DROP PRIMARY KEY ;


+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int | NO | | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE ORDERS ( ID INT NOT NULL, DATE DATETIME,

CUSTOMER_ID INT references CUSTOMERS(ID), AMOUNT double, PRIMARY
KEY (ID) );
mysql> desc orders;

+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| DATE | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| CUSTOMER_ID | int | YES | | NULL | |
| AMOUNT | double | YES | | NULL | |
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

(18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID) );
mysql> CREATE TABLE ORDERS4 ( ID INT NOT NULL, DATE DATETIME,

CUSTOMER_ID INT references CUSTOMERS(ID), AMOUNT double, PRIMARY
KEY (ID) );
mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS5( C_ID INT NOT NULL, C_NAME

VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, C_AGE INT NOT NULL, C_ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
C_SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (C_ID) );
mysql> CREATE TABLE ORDERS5 ( O_ID INT NOT NULL, O_DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT references CUSTOMERS5(C_ID), O_AMOUNT double,
PRIMARY KEY (O_ID) );
mysql> DESC CUSTOMERS5;

+-----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| C_ID | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| C_NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| C_AGE | int | NO | | NULL | |
| C_ADDRESS | char(25) | YES | | NULL | |
| C_SALARY | decimal(18,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> DESC ORDERS5;

+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| O_ID | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| O_DATE | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| CUSTOMER_ID | int | YES | | NULL | |
| O_AMOUNT | double | YES | | NULL | |
+-------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
If you want to add primary key after creating the table earlier
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD PRIMARY KEY (fieldname);
If you want to drop primary key

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP PRIMARY KEY ;
If you want to add foreign key after creating the table earlier
ALTER TABLE current-tablename
ADD (fieldname) REFERENCES old-tablename (fieldname);
If you want to drop foreign key

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP FOREIGN KEY;
Create a table with a check constraint
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18),
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
If check constraint not added earlier

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18 );
Changing the data type of a column

ALTER TABLE table_name {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name {data_type};
Changing old table name to a new table name

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;
Want to update the column values

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2....columnN=valueN
[ WHERE CONDITION ];
Want to delete data from table

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE {CONDITION};
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| db |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sakila |
| section_a |
| sem3 |
| sms |
| stms |
| sys |
| world |
+--------------------+
mysql> USE STMS;
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_stms |
+--------------------+
| customers |
| customers2 |
| customers3 |
| customers4 |
| customers5 |
| exam |
| exam_info |
| exam_new |
| faculty |
| orders |
| orders4 |
| orders5 |
| student |
| student_info |
+--------------------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE ATTND

-> (
-> REGNO INT,
-> NAME VARCHAR(50),
-> ATTP FLOAT,
-> PRIMARY KEY (REGNO,NAME)
-> );
mysql> DESC STUDENT;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| REGNO | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| NAME | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| CGPA | float | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY CGPA INT;


+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| CGPA | int | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD TMARKS INT;

+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| TMARKS | int | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY VARCHAR(100);
mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY NAME VARCHAR(100);

+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| TMARKS | int | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> SHOW TABLES;

+--------------------+
| Tables_in_stms |
+--------------------+
| attnd |
| customers |
| customers2 |
| customers3 |
| customers4 |
| customers5 |
| exam |
| exam_info |
| exam_new |
| faculty |
| orders |
| orders4 |
| orders5 |
| student |
| student_info |
+--------------------+
mysql> DESC FACULTY;

+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| F_ID | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| F_NAME | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| SUBJECT | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE DEPT

-> (
-> DNO INT PRIMARY KEY,
-> DNAME VARCHAR(50),
-> F_ID INT REFERENCES FACULTY (F_ID)
-> );
mysql>
SQL> DROP TABLE CUSTOMERS;
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS SET ADDRESS = 'Pune', SALARY = 1000.00;
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Pune | 1000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID = 6;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS;

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SQL COMMANDS

SQL CREATE Database

DROP or DELETE Database

If you want to drop primary key

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP PRIMARY KEY ;

If you want to drop foreign key

ALTER TABLE ORDERS DROP FOREIGN KEY;

SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;

SQL AND and OR Operators

SQL UPDATE Query

mysql> desc cars_price_details;

mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

mysql> desc customers;

mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERs ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

mysql> desc customers;

mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS2( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

mysql> desc customers2;

mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS3( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS3 ADD CONSTRAINT PK_CUSTID

mysql> desc customers3;

mysql> ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS3 DROP PRIMARY KEY ;

mysql> desc customers3;

mysql> CREATE TABLE ORDERS ( ID INT NOT NULL, DATE DATETIME,

mysql> desc orders;

mysql> desc customers;

mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS4( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR

mysql> CREATE TABLE ORDERS4 ( ID INT NOT NULL, DATE DATETIME,

mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS5( C_ID INT NOT NULL, C_NAME

mysql> DESC CUSTOMERS5;

mysql> DESC ORDERS5;

If you want to drop primary key

If you want to drop foreign key

If check constraint not added earlier

Changing the data type of a column

Changing old table name to a new table name

Want to update the column values

Want to delete data from table

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

mysql> CREATE TABLE ATTND

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

mysql> ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY CGPA INT;

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

mysql> DESC STUDENT;

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

mysql> DESC FACULTY;

mysql> CREATE TABLE DEPT

SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID = 6;

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