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Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405
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28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering

The Augmented Reality Technology as Enabler for the Digitization of

Industrial Business Processes: Case Studies
Fahmi Bellalouna
University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, Moltkestarsse 30, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany

Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-721-925-1862; fax: +49-721-925-1915. E-mail address: fahmi.bellalouna@hs-karslruhe.de

Abstract

Augmented Reality Technology Augmented Reality Technology (AR) is one of the key technologies of digital transformation in industrial and
non-industrial areas. Due to the rapid development of display hardware and tracking systems, virtual and augmented reality applications are being
developed today that would only have been possible in large research laboratories with huge efforts a few years ago. This paper presents the
application of the augmented reality technology in the industrial field. Based on industrial case studies the implementation of two AR applications
and their potential to digitize the product lifecycle processes will be discussed. The case studies were developed within cooperation projects
between the University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe and a fire truck manufacturer with the focus on the following topics: product configuration
management and assembly assistance. The objective of this work is the investigation of the AR application in the industrial environment and its
capability as digital transformation technology along the product lifecycle. The presented paper delivers experiences and suggestions in terms of
praxis-oriented development and deployment of the AR technology in the engineering field, which can be used for future AR research works.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR); Product Configuration Management; Production Planning and Assembly Assistance; Idustrial Digitization.

1. Introduction hardware and tracking systems, virtual and augmented reality

applications are being developed today that would only have
The Progress in information and communication been possible in large research laboratories a few years ago [3].
technologies (ICT) eliminated economic and technical Indeed, modern smartphones and tablet computers, although
restrictions and creates completely new opportunities for they were mostly not primarily purchased by their users for AR,
action. This leads to innovations that were previously simply are now very useful with their cameras, sensors and computing
unimaginable [1]. This process is called "digital performance as the basis for AR systems. Large companies like
transformation" and is defined by the MIT Center of Digital Google or Apple provide SDKs (Software Development Kits)
Business as “the use of new digital technologies (e.g. social for the development of AR applications. Accordingly, today
media, smartphone, analysis and integrated devices) to enable there are thousands of new AR applications available that are
significant improvements and to increase the performance of waiting for millions of potential users - users who already have
the processes in the business environment (e.g. improve the the necessary hardware [3].
customer experience, streamline operations or create new Despite the exponential technological development that AR
business models) [2]. Augmented Reality Technology is one of has experienced in recent years, currently no observable and
the key technologies of digital transformation in industrial and significant breakthrough for this technology in terms of
non-industrial areas. Due to the rapid development of display application in the business processes can be noted in the

2212-8271 © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.124

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 Fahmi Bellalouna / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 400–405 401

industrial environment. According to a trend study by Tata

Consultancy Services and Bitkom Research, only around 15%
of industrial companies in Germany used AR in their business
processes in 2019 [4]. According to the same trend study, the
major hurdles for the introduction of new digital technologies
such as AR within industrial companies can be summarized as
follows: lack of skilled employees with new digital
technologies; direct benefits for the own processes not
recognizable; Lack of acceptance among the company staff;
lack of time due to the daily workload. These aspects were the
major motivation for the initiation of the implementation of the
presented use cases. The carrying out of the in this paper present
case studies can be considered as feasibility study that has the
investigation of the follows topics as main objective: the needed
implementation effort for AR application; the benefit and Fig. 1. AR system (AR app for the configuration of fire truck)
potential of AR for business processes; the employees’ Currently, the AR Technology is already used in many areas
acceptance for the AR technology. The AR case studies were such as retail, construction, medical, education, marketing,
carried out for the business areas: “product configuration tourism. CaratLane, one of India’s largest online jewellery
management” and “assembly assistance”. retailers, implemented an AR-app to introduce the world’s first
virtual 3D jewellery Try-on app. Using a facial recognition and
2. Definition and application of augmented reality 3D imaging technology to turn the user’s laptop or smartphone
screen into a mirror. MAC Cosmetics implements this
The According to Azuma [5] Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology on location in their New York retail store. Another
variation of Virtual Environments (VE), or Virtual Reality as it example is the IKEA Place app, which lets consumers
is more commonly called. VE technologies completely experience how true-to-scale furniture would look, and fit, in
immerse a user inside a synthetic environment. While their house [7]. The automobile manufacturer Volkswagen has
immersed, the user cannot see the real world around him. In used AR to investigate and to plan a new hall building for a
contrast, AR allows the user to see the real world, with virtual new factory. The AR application enables a completeness check
objects superimposed upon or composited with the real world. and the reliable detection of position deviations on the
Therefore, AR supplements reality, rather than completely construction site [8]. AR technology has already found its way
replacing it. A common example for an application of AR into education. AR applications put students into the story,
would be the insertion of further information during the live what makes learning more lively. Instructors can use AR as
broadcast of a soccer game, e.g. the offside lines or goal distracting technology to motivate and engage the students [9]
distances during a free kick are digitally shown on TV [6]. [10]. According to Horvath and Sudar, there are some
According to Azuma AR system should have the following significant and determinate research results on learning
three basic characteristics [5] (Fig. 1): efficiency related to AR technology: 30% faster student’s
 Combines real and virtual: using sensors (e.g. camera, activity and team work, 50% better information
gyroscope, GPS) the real observed objects can be detected comprehension, 50% more complex information sharing, 30%
and oriented according the user position in the real time. [11].
Based on the position of the real object and the perspective The AR technology is expected to perform well in the future,
view of the user, the virtual objects can be rendered and especially towards the development of intuitive human-
superimposed in the right geometric size and orientation in machine interfaces [12]. The International Data Corporation
the 3D space. predicts an enormous market growth from 0.2 bn. USD in 2016
 Interactive in real time: by means of user interfaces (e.g. to 48.7 bn. USD in 2021 [13]. In spite of the depicted trend,
touchscreen, hand gestures, microphone, earphone) can current applications in the industry sector are often
the user interact (input / output of data) with the real and characterized as proprietary [14]. Especially the transfer from
the virtual objects in real time (e.g. overlay or hide digital a laboratory environment towards industry is considered to be
data). inhibited by specific requirements [14].
 Visualization in 3D: 3D visualization of the virtual objects
in the 3D space can be done using special graphic software 3. Related research works
and hardware (e.g. HMD, Display of tablet computers and
smartphones). The 3D visualization must be linked to the In last few years several research and industrial works have
user and follow its motion, so that the 3D virtual object can conducted, to investigate the application of the emerging AR
be rendered in the real time according to the relative technology in the industrial environment. The results of these
position of user to the real object. works show the significance of this technology for improving
the industrial business processes and give new impulses for
future research projects. Furthermore, the analyzed related
works show some intersection with this presented paper
regarding the project target and the developed approach.
However, the ways of the realization differ. Bellow, a short

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summary about the significant works is given without claim of complex knowledge work, with an initial emphasis on software
completeness. development, although it has been used in other fields and is
Quandt et al. [13] discussed and defined the general slowly starting to be explored for other complex work, research
requirements for AR application based on two industrial case and advanced technologies [19]. Scrum is suitable for
studies: an AR-based assistance system for wind energy development projects dealing with new innovative
services technicians and an AR-based welding simulator for technologies with unpredictable challenges such as the AR
education and training purposes. In both case studies, the technology, for which conventional predictive project
authors identified approaches to meet the defined requirements management approaches are not suited [19]. For the
for successful application of AR solutions in industrial implementation of the case studies a so-called scrum team was
scenarios. The work of Quandt et al. only presented a system built, which contains a representative from the business unit
architecture for AR applications and does not provide any “product owner”, a “development team” of students and a
information about their implementation and their introduction project manager “scrum master”. The implementation of the
in the industrial practice. Weiding et al. [15] presented a new case studies was structured in several successive iteration loops
approach for a systematic development process for mobile AR also known as sprint. Each sprint starts with a sprint planning
application to support production planning. The developed event that establishes a sprint goal. The team accepts what they
approach delivers a theoretic basic methodology how to design agree is ready and translate this into a sprint backlog, with a
an AR application for a production planning process, however breakdown of the work required and an estimated forecast for
it has not been realized into a concrete AR application and there the sprint goal. Each sprint ends with a sprint review and sprint
is a lack of how to be applied in the practice. Mura et al. [16] retrospective, that reviews progress to show to stakeholders and
proposed an approach for system based on the interaction identify lessons and improvements for the next sprints [20].
between a force sensor and an AR equipment, used to give the In order to evaluate the implemented AR applications
worker during a manual assembly process the necessary systematically, a questionnaire was created and used as basis
information about the correct assembly sequence and alert him for the evaluation workshops with the business unit experts and
in case of errors. During this work two AR devices were used key users. The evaluation workshops were structured in three
and tested: a video-mixing spatial display and an optical see- phases: introduction phase to present the AR application and its
through apparatus. The presented approach was developed for functions (time duration about 10 min), field trial phase with
a small and simple assembly process and had prototypical the experts to test the AR application in real field situations
character with open issues and weaknesses. Servan et al. [17] (time duration about 30 min), and the assessment phase to fill
developed an approach for using AR in AIRBUS A400M shop out the questionnaire (time duration about 30 min). The
floor assembly work instructions. To replace the elaborate questionnaire focused on the following topics:
paper-based work instructions (e.g. drawings of components,  Performance: the ability of the AR application to exact
torques to be applied, sealing system characteristics or paste, overlay of the virtual data on the physical object and the
etc.) AIRBUS Military developed within the MOON project real-time rendering when changing user position.
(asseMbly Oriented authOring augmeNted reality) an AR-  Usability: intuitive use of the AR functions without any
based assembly work instruction approach. MOON uses 3D hindrance while real task operation.
information from the iDMU (industrial Digital Mock-Up) to  Added value: the perception of added value for the
generate assembly instructions by applying Augmented Reality considered business processes due to the use of the AR
technology. A demonstrator was developed for the electrical application.
harness routing in the of the AIRBUS A400M. The results of The outcomes of the final assessment of the questionnaire was
the project showed that the use of augmented reality in the shop a list of recommendation for the involved business units on how
floor was a feasible alternative to the conventional paper-based to deal with the AR technology in the future in terms of aptitude
documentation. The project proposed a methodology, named for the own business processes and the application scope.
MOON, based on the combination of these two techniques:
iDMU and augmented reality. The paper of Porcelli et al. [18] 5. Case Study: AR-based product configuration
presents a case study in an industrial context, that depicts the management for rescue platform
main technical and organizational challenges that have to be
faced in order to introduce AR in the delivery process of The rescue platform of a fire engine has approx. 50 different
maintenance services. Within this case study the technical and special and optional equipment (e.g. diver leader, stretcher,
organizational issues that can limit the actual introduction of wheelchair ramp, camera, lighting) that can be selected by the
this technology were identified and discussed. The authors customer while the product configuration. The product
believe the AR technology is directed, within a few years, to configuration is currently carried out with the help of the sales
become a standard equipment of service and maintenance documents, which exist in paper form as product catalogs. The
department. product catalogs are created individually for the single
equipment and provide a functional description with a simple
4. Methodology image presentation of the assembly position. In this way, only
one optional equipment can be considered at the same time, so
The realization of the presented case studies has been done that the space available when installing two neighboring
applying the scrum product design and project management components is not apparent. It also remains unclear whether the
framework. Scrum is an agile process framework for managing components may collide and a simultaneous installation is not

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possible. In addition, the installation position can only be Load of technical documents function loads and opens
viewed from a fixed perspective. This current configuration technical documents as PDF for the built equipment. Hence,
process of the rescue platform leads in the most of the case to the customer does not have to page through the product manual
wrong decision regarding the selection of the optional to look for the technical specification of a specific components.
equipment, which not fit to each other. However, these wrong As consequence, a valuable time during the configuration
decisions can only be detected during the assembly process of process can be saved and mistakes in terms of using of incorrect
the rescue platform. As consequence is cost- and time- data can be avoided.
consuming reconfiguration of the rescue platform, which leads Play of videos function loads and plays videos to
to costumer dissatisfaction and in some cases to customer demonstrate the use of the selected equipment in the field
churning. In order to simplify the configuration process for the during a rescue operation. This function offers a crucial support
rescue platform, an AR application was developed in this for the costumer while the decision process. In this case, the
cooperation project between the University of Applied configuration process will be carried out based on accurate
Sciences Karlsruhe and an OEM for fire trucks. Using the AR technical information and not on assumptions.
application, the costumer can overlay the virtual 3D models of
all the optional and extra equipment to a real basic rescue
platform. To use the AR application, only a real rescue platform
with basic equipment without additional components is
required. The assembly, disassembly and transport of special
equipment for demonstrative purposes at sales events is
omitted, which greatly simplifies and speeds up the
configuration process. Below the main function of the AR
application are presented:
Model recognition and tracking function uses a 2D
drawing as target model to orient the camera of the AR device
to real basic rescue platform and to detect it (Fig. 2). Once the Fig. 3. AR function “Overlay 3D model for optional equipment”
model is detected, the virtual 3D model of the rescue platform
is overlaid on the physical real one. This function allows an 6. Case Study: AR-based assembly assistance for
uninterrupted model tracking even though the customer move firefighting equipment
around. The detection of the rescue platform based on catalog
image can also be attained by this function. The firefighting equipment (e.g. power saw, axe, fire truck,
hoses) is housed in various equipment boxes in a firetruck.
There is a wide variety of equipment configurations that can be
stored in the different equipment cases with different positions
(Fig. 4). The equipment configuration is determined in
collaboration with the fire department during the sales process
individually. Currently, the assembly process of the firefighting
equipment is based on paper 2D drawings, which depict the
equipment and its location in the firetruck. However, this
process is very elaborate and error-prone due to the high variety
Fig. 2. AR function “Model recognition” of the equipment, its storage and positioning. This process is
Tree view function structures the optional and extra particularly difficult for inexperienced employees and leads to
equipment into several categories (e.g. safety, extinguish high error rates while the assembly process. This causes high
system, camera system). Hence, the costumer can easy navigate numbers of customer complaints, which lead to high costs for
in the virtual equipment catalog and search for the needed guarantee and after sales service, as well as customer
components systematically. The content of a category expands dissatisfaction.
as sub-tree view by selecting a category in the main tree view. In order to improve the quality and to reduce the error rate
Overlay 3D Model function enables the display the virtual during the assembly process, an AR-based assembly assistant
3D model of one or more selected components in the tree view application was developed in cooperation with the firefighter
based on the real rescue platform in the correct position and equipment manufacturer. The AR application is intended to
size (Fig. 5). This function contains configuration rules that display the firefighting equipment virtually in the empty
prevent the selection of conflicting components. The tracking physical equipment cases using a mobile device (e.g. tablet,
function permits the observation of the shown 3D model from smartphone). This should make it easier for new employees to
different perspective for assembly and collusion check. get started with assembly process and support them during the
Animation function animates the in the tree view selected firefighting equipment installation. In addition, the AR
components. The animation shows the real movement of the application can be used to visualize the final assembly state of
components in the 3D space. Using this function, the costumer the firefighting equipment to the fire department in the earlier
can get a realistic impression of the built equipment and can sales process phase. This leads to avoid misunderstandings
check its collision with the neighboring components. Thus, a during the requirements management process and to identify
reliable and efficient configuration process can be ensured. change requests at an early product planning phase. In

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following the main functions of the AR application are 7. Implementation of the AR applications
outlined.
The presented AR applications were implemented using the
software systems Vuforia SDK and Unity3D Engine. An
important element of an AR application is the model target. A
model target is a real-world object that has to be recognized in
the AR application by the camera of the AR device. It can be
an image, e.g. a photo or a page in a magazine, or a real object
like a chair. In order to have a stable and reliable detection, the
real object must be static and have a distinctive shape. The
target objects in this work were created with the Vuforia SDK
based on the 3D CAD models of the real objects (Fig. 7). The
UX (user experience) in the AR applications is designed and
Fig. 4. Fire truck with firefighting equipment (Rosenbauer)
implemented in Unity3D Engine. The UX describes the design
To start the AR-based assembly process, the QR code of the
of the UI (user interface) in interactive context. Before the
fire truck case that have to be assembled has to be scanned.
development of the UX, the requirements for the AR
Based on this information the virtual data of the firefighting
application were defined. These were derived from the tasks of
equipment will be loaded while the following steps.
the target user groups. The best method to collect the user tasks
Afterwards, an AR visual target for the concerned equipment
and to identify the user interactions with the AR application,
box will appear, which can serve to identify and track the real
was the discussion with the user groups the typical everyday
box in the fire truck (Fig. 5).
experiences. The final AR applications were built from
Unity3D as Android Apps that can be run on any Android
device (Smartphone, Tablet) that fulfills the hard- and software
requirements.

Fig. 5. AR target to recognize the real firefighting equipment box.

After the identification of the real equipment box, the virtual
graphic data of the box and the included firefighting equipment Fig. 7. Create AR model target for the rescue platform.
will be displayed in the 3D space in the right position (Fig. 6).
Using the camera of the AR device, an uninterrupted model 8. Evaluation of the AR applications
tracking can be ensured even though the user move around the
equipment box. Furthermore, the firefighting equipment will be In order to get final evaluation of the implemented AR
shown as tree structure that can be shown and hidden. The applications from the involved business unit experts, several
equipment can also be found via a search function applying the evaluation and review workshops were conducted at the end of
part number or the part name. This will be displayed the use cases. The evaluation feedbacks are summarized in the
graphically interactively with the information of the equipment following table.
boxes, where is mounted. With those implemented AR Table 1. Summary of the evaluation of the AR applications.
functions, the employees can visualize the virtual 3D models Performance Usability Added values
of the equipment in interactive way in order to get a better view AR-based Stable target The AR The AR-based
about the equipment box bevor starting the assembly process. Configuration detection and application configuration
Moreover, the AR application can also be used to check the Management precise provides a good management
assembly process regarding the correctness and the overlaying of the UX for a offers many
completeness of the fitted equipment. 3D model of the configuration advantages
rescue platform. process. The compared to the
However, due the use of a tablet today paper-based
large size of the as AR device process in terms
real rescue was not felt as of context-
platform the hindrance for oriented data
target tracking the costumer presentation. The
during the user activities while reliability of the
Fig. 6. left: empty real equipment box, right: visualization of the virtual motion cannot be the product product
graphic data of the box and the included firefighting equipment. achieved configuration. configuration can
accurately. be improved and
late costly

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configuration thank the engineers and the employees of Rosenbauer for their
changes can be support in carrying out this work and in evaluating and
avoided. discussing the implemented AR applications.
AR-based Smooth target The AR The overlying of
assembly detection and application the virtual 3D References
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