Sickle cell anemia patients are resistant to Malaria disea

caused by Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Why???

• Normal Red Blood Cells live 120 days
• Parasite spends an obligatory part of its life cycle
in RBCs
• RBCs with HbS have a shorter life span than
Normal RBCs
• Parasite can not complete the intracellular stage
of its development
• This may provide a selective advantage to
heterozygotes living in regions where Malaria is a
major cause of death
 Post- Mortem Biochemistry

• Although No Ante-Mortem Alcohol intake;

• Post- Mortem Blood Samples may contain ALCOHOL
• What can be reason for this?
• How can you distinguish Ante- mortem alcohol intake from
Post- mortem alcohol production?
 Glycolysis is the principal process for
Alcohol production

• Lysis= Destruction
• Glycolysis= Destruction of Glucose
• Alcoholic fermentation in Gut begins with The breakdown
of Sugars by Bacteria and Yeasts which is also known as
Glycolysis
 Vitrous humour Alcohol analysis is used
In order to distinguish
Ante mortem and Post mortem Alcohol

• If Blood alcohol (+), Vitrous humour alcohol (+) Reason;

Ante mortem Alcohol intake
• If Blood Alcohol (+), Vitrous alcohol (-) Reason; Microbial
Alcoholic Fermentation
 Case Study
• A 3-year-old boy
• Chronic pulmonary and gastrointestinal problems
• Family history of similar symptoms is also present
 Case Study
• Chloride sweat Chloride ( Cl ) test result; Positive
Sweat Chloride test for
Cystic fibrosis Diagnosis
Cystic fibrosis
• An inherited disease
• Abnormal mucous secretion and sweat glands
• Sticky abnormal mucous secretion leads to;
• Frequent respiratory infections
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Pancreatic enzyme dysfunction, which in turn leads to;
• Malabsorption of nutrients, and excessive electrolyte
secretion
 Cystic fibrosis
• Reason;
• Protein Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance
Regulator (CFTR) is defective
• Leads to abnormal Chloride transport
• Approximately 70% ofmutations are accounted for by
deletion of 3 specific base pairs at the F 508 position of the
CFTR
 In sweat glands

• Defects in CFTR prevent the reabsorption of Chloride (Cl–)

in the sweat gland duct
• Thus increases the concentration of NaCl in sweat

• When You kiss the child with cystic fibrosis;

• Child tastes SALTY
BLOOD COMPONENTS
Prof Dr Ahmet Belce
abelce@biruni.edu.tr
Platelet Rich Plasma = PRP
PRF= Platelet Rich Fibrin
PRF= Platelet Rich Fibrin
PRF= Platelet Rich Fibrin
 Rev Med Brux 2010 Nov-Dec;31(6):521-7.
[The use of platelet concentrates: platelet-rich
plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in bone
reconstruction prior to dental implant surgery].
• Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF)
are used in various medical fields, particularly in oral and
maxillofacial surgery
• Contain high levels of growth factors, which are the key
elements in wound healing, particularly in bone
regeneration
• Platelet concentrates are easy to apply in clinical practice
and offer potential benefits including Rapid wound
healing and Bone regeneration
 PLATELETS (= PLT) = Thrombocytes
• Function; Hemostasis, thrombosis, and
wound healing
• Form; Primary hemostatic plug
• Provide surface for coagulation factors to
make secondary hemostatic plug
• HELP BLOOD CLOTTING
• Aid in healing injured tissue
RBC= Red Blood Cell = Erythrocyte
 Hematopoiesis
‘’Blood Cells Production’’
Hematopoiesis
• Chronic kidney diseases Anemia
• Reason; Erythropoietin deficiency
 Anemias
• Relatively common sign and symptom of various medical
conditions
• Defined as a significant decrease in the count of RBC
• According to the World Health Organization;
• A condition in which the number of RBCs, and consequently
their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet the
body’s physiologic needs
• Anemia is not a disease, but is instead the sign of an
underlying basic pathological process
• Diagnosis according to the symptoms obtained by history and
physical examination of patients with anemia should be
supported by laboratory parameters related to the underlying
pathological cause
 Causes of Anemia
• Decreased Red Blood Cells production
• Increased Red Blood Cells destruction
• Iron deficiency

• Folic acid deficiency

• Vitamin B12 deficiency

 Causes of Anemia
• Bone marrow failure
• Erytropoeitin deficiency (Chronic kidney disease)
• Increased RBC destruction (Haemolytic anemia,
Thalassemias)
• Chronic illness ( Malignancy)
• Lead poisoning
Occult Blood Analysis in Feces
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia

Spoon Nail
 Favism

• Reason; Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

• Caused by fava bean ingestion
• Presents as acute hemolytic anemia usually after 24 hours
after the beans are ingested
• Hemoglobinuria is more
• Anemia is generally acute and severe leading to acute
kidney failure
 Lead Poisoning
• Inhibits Hemoglobin synthesis
• Causes anemia

Lippincott Illustrated Rewiews Biochemistry

 BLOOD COMPOSITION

• Hematocrit (= Htc); Percentage of Red blood cells

 Some Diseases affect
White Blood Cells’ Percentage
 If Eosinophil Count
Allergy and/or Parasites may be
WBC (= Leucocytes) Reference Range
4000- 10000 /mm3
• 4.000 ; Leukopenia

• 10.000 ; Leukocytosis
 Leukocytosis
Acute/ Chronic Infections, Leukemia ???
High Leukocytes in Urine sediment

Urinary System Infection

 Thrombocytes
Help in blood clotting
• ; Thrombocytopenia
• ; Thrombocytosis
Thrombocytopenia

Internal bleeding risk

RBC= Red Blood Cell = Erythrocyte
Polycythemia

Anemia
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
 MCV = Mean Corpuscular Volume
MCH= Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
MCHC = Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration
 MCV = Mean Corpuscular Volume
• > 95 → Macrocytic anemia
• 80 – 95 → Normocytic anemia
• < 80 → Microcytic anemia
MCHC = Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

• MCHC Normal ; Normochromic anemia

• MCHC ; Hyperchromic anemia

• MCHC ; Hypochromic anemia

Hypochromic Red Blood Cells
Laboratory Results in Iron Deficiency
Anemia
• Iron (= Fe)
• Total Iron Binding Capacity
• Ferritin (= Iron storage protein)
 Vitamin B12 deficiency causes to
Macrocytic anemia = Megaloblastic anemia

• MCV
 Laboratory Tests for Anemia

• Hemogram = Complete Blood Count

• Iron (Fe)
• Total Iron Binding Capacıty (TIBC)
• Folic acid
• Vitamin B12
• Ferritin