Shear Force, Axial Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

CE 211
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS I
Shear Force, Axial

Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
CE 211
Mechanics of Solids I
Classification of Beam Supports
Figure 1
Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

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Internal Hinge
Figure 2

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Calculations of Beam Reactions

Example 1:
Find the reaction at the supports for a simple beam loaded as shown in
Fig. 3(a). Neglect the weight of the beam.
Figure 3
Solution:
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 ↷ + 200 + 100 × 0.2 + 160 × 0.3 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 × 0.4 = 0
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = +670 N ↑
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0 ↷ + 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 0.4 + 200 − 100 × 0.2 − 160 × 0.1 = 0
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = −410 N ↓
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Example 2:
Find the reactions for the partially loaded beam with a uniformly varying
load shown in Fig. 4(a). Neglect the weight of the beam.
Solution: Figure 4
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 ↶ + +15 × 2 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 × 5 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 6 kN ↓
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0 ↷ + −𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 5 − 15 × 3 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 9 kN ↓
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Example 3:
Determine the reactions at A and B for the beam shown in Fig. 5(a) due
to the applied force.
Figure 5
Solution:
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 ↷ + 4 × 3 − 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × 12 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 1 k ↑ = 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0 ↷ + 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 12 − 4 × 9 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 3 k ↑
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 → + 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 − 3 − 1 = 0 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 = 4 k →
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 42 + 32 = 5 k
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 12 + 12 = 2 k
Check : ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 ↑ + +3 − 4 + 1 = 0
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Hinges or Pinned Joints
Figure 6
Occasionally, hinges or pinned joints are introduced into beams and
frames. A hinge is capable of transmitting only horizontal and vertical
forces. No moment can be transmitted at a hinged joint. Therefore, the
point where a hinge occurs is a particularly convenient location for
“separation” of the structure into parts for purposes of computing the
reactions. This process is illustrated in Fig. 6. Each part of the beam so
separated is treated independently.
CE 211
Each hinge provides an extra axis around which moments

may be taken to determine reactions. The introduction of a
hinge or hinges into a continuous beam in many cases makes
the system statically determinate. The introduction of a
hinge into a determinate beam results in a beam that is not
stable. Note that the reaction at the hinge for one beam acts
in an opposite direction on the other beam.

CE 211
DIRECT APPROACH FOR P, V & M (Method of Sections)
Figure 7: An Application
of The Method of
Sections to Statically
Determinate Beam

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Definition of Positive Shear
Figure 8
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Positive Shear and Bending Moment
Figure 9: Positive Sense of Shear Figure 10: Definition of Bending Moment Signs
and Bending Moment Defined
in (a) Is Used in This Text With
Coordinates Shown in (b)

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Example 4:
Consider earlier Example 2
and determine the internal
system of forces at sections
a-a and b-b; see Fig. 11(a).
Solution:
1 2
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = −9 + × 2 × × 10 = −2.33 kN
2 3
1 2 1
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎 = −9 × 2 + × 2 × × 10 × × 2
2 3 3
= −13.6 kN.m
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = +6 kN
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏 = −6 × 1 = −6 kN.m Figure 11

Example 5:
𝑉𝑉 = +2 k for 0 < 𝑥𝑥 < 5
𝑉𝑉 = −2 k for 5 < 𝑥𝑥 < 10
Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed

𝑀𝑀 = +2𝑥𝑥 k − ft for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑀𝑀 = +2𝑥𝑥 − 4 𝑥𝑥 − 5 = +20 − 2𝑥𝑥 k-ft for 5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 10
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Figure 12
P, V, and M Diagrams
Department of Civil Engineering

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Example 6:
Determine axial-force, shear, and bending-moment diagrams for the
cantilever loaded with an inclined force at the end; see Fig. 13(a).
Figure 13
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Example 7:
Determine axial-force, shear, and bending-moment diagrams for the
cantilever loaded with an inclined force at the end; see Fig. 14(a).
Figure 14
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Example 8:
Plot shear and a bending-moment diagram for a simple beam with a
uniformly distributed load; see Fig. 15.
Figure 15
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Example 9:
For the beam in Example 4, shown in Fig. 16(a), express the shear V and
the bending moment M as a function of 𝑥𝑥 along the horizontal member.
Figure 16
Solution:
1 𝑥𝑥 5
For 0<x<3, 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥 = −9 + 𝑥𝑥 × 10 = −9 + 𝑥𝑥 2 kN
2 3 3
1 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 5
𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = −9𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 × 10 ( ) = −9𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 3 kN.m
2 3 3 9
For 3<x<5, 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥 = −9 + 15 = +6 kN
𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = −9𝑥𝑥 + 15 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 6𝑥𝑥 − 30 kN.m
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Example 10:
Write analytic expressions for V and M for the beam shown in Fig. 17.
Figure 17
Solution:
Unlike the preceding cases, this is a statically indeterminate problem to the
first degree having one redundant reaction. There is no horizontal reaction at
A. Except for carefully identifying the unknown reactions as 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 , 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴
the procedure is the same as before, although numerical results cannot be
obtained until the reactions are determined. On this basis, at a distance 𝑥𝑥 away
from the origin,
𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥
And
𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 ⁄2
= 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2 ⁄2
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Example 11:
Consider a structural system of three interconnected straight bars, as
shown in Fig. 18(a). At arbitrary sections, determine the internal forces
𝑃𝑃, 𝑉𝑉, and 𝑀𝑀 in the members caused by the application of a vertical force
𝑃𝑃1 at 𝐷𝐷.
Figure 18
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Solution:
The solution begins by calculating the reaction at A, which is then
shown on beam segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. At an arbitrary section through this beam,
the internal forces are seen to be :
𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥1 = +𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥1 = 0 and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥1 = +2𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎
These forces are constant throughout the length of the vertical bar and
become the reactions at B for the beam segment 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. It is important to
note that the axial force in member 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 acts as shear in 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. After the
reactions at 𝐵𝐵 for 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 are known, the usual procedure gives the
following internal forces :
𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥2 = 0, 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥2 = −𝑃𝑃1 , and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥2 = +2𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥2

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For member 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶, except for the need for resolving the force 𝑃𝑃1 at 𝐶𝐶, the
procedure for determining the internal forces is the same as before,
giving :
𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥3 = − 𝑃𝑃1 ⁄ 2 , 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥3 = − 𝑃𝑃1 ⁄ 2 ,
and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥3 = +𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥3 ⁄ 2
By substituting 𝑥𝑥3 = 2𝑎𝑎 into the last expression, it can be verified that
the bending moment at 𝐷𝐷 is zero, as it should be.
Shear and bending-moment diagrams for this structural system can be

plotted directly on the outline of the frame.

CE 211
V and M by Integration
 Differential Equations of Equilibrium for a Beam Element :
Figure 19: Beam And Beam Elements Between Adjoining Sections

CE 211
Consider a beam element ∆𝑥𝑥 long. isolated by two adjoining sections

taken perpendicular to its axis. Fig. 19(b). Such an element is shown as a
free body in Fig. 19(c). All the forces shown acting on this element have
positive sense. The positive sense of the distributed external force 𝑞𝑞 is
taken to coincide with the direction of the positive 𝑦𝑦 axis. As the shear
and the moment may each change from one section to the next, note
that on the right side of the element, these quantities are, respectively,
designated 𝑉𝑉 + ∆𝑉𝑉 and 𝑀𝑀 + ∆𝑀𝑀.
From the condition for equilibrium of vertical forces, one obtains

∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 ↑ + 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑞𝑞∆𝑥𝑥 − 𝑉𝑉 + ∆𝑉𝑉 = 0
or
∆𝑉𝑉
= 𝑞𝑞 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (1)
∆𝑥𝑥
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For equilibrium, the summation of moments around 𝐴𝐴 also must be
zero. So, upon noting that from point 𝐴𝐴 the arm of the distributed force
is ∆𝑥𝑥⁄2, one has :
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 ↶ + 𝑀𝑀 + ∆𝑀𝑀 − 𝑉𝑉∆𝑥𝑥 − 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑞𝑞∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥⁄2 = 0
∆𝑀𝑀 𝑞𝑞∆𝑥𝑥 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (2)
= 𝑉𝑉 +
∆𝑥𝑥 2
Equations 1 and 2 in the limit as ∆𝑥𝑥 → 0 yield the following two
basic differential equations:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
= 𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
and
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (4)
= 𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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By substituting Eq. 4 into Eq. 3,another useful reaction is

obtained:
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑀𝑀 ... ... ... ... ... ... (5)

= 2
= 𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
This differential equation can be used for determining reactions

of statically determinate beams from the boundary conditions.
whereas Equations 3 and 4 are very convenient for construction
of shear and moment diagrams. These applications will be
discussed next.

CE 211
Shear Diagrams by Integration of the Load

𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ... ... ... (6)
= 𝑞𝑞 ... ... ... (3) 𝑉𝑉 = � 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝐶𝐶1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0
Figure 20: Shear Diagrams for (a) A Uniformly Distributed Load Intensity, and
(b) A Uniformly Increasing Load Intensity
CE 211
By assigning definite limits to this integral, it is seen that the shear at a
section is simply an integral (i.e., a sum) of the vertical forces along the
beam from the left end of the beam to the section in question plus a
constant of integration 𝐶𝐶1 . This constant is equal to the shear on the
left-hand end. Between any two definite sections of a beam, the shear
changes by the amount of the vertical force included between these
sections. If no force occurs between any two sections, no change in
shear takes place. If a concentrated force comes into the summation, a
discontinuity, or a “jump,” in the value of the shear occurs. The
continuous summation process remains valid nevertheless, since a
concentrated force may be thought of as being a distributed force
extending for an infinitesimal distance along the beam.
On the basis of the preceding reasoning, a shear diagram can be estab-
lished by the summation process. For this purpose, the reactions must
always be determined first.
CE 211
Then the vertical components of forces and reactions are successively
summed from the left end of the beam to preserve the mathematical
sign convention for shear adopted in Fig. 8. The shear at a section is
simply equal to the sum of all vertical forces to the left of the section.
When the shear diagram is constructed from the load diagram by the
summation process, two important observations can be made regarding
its shape. First, the sense of the applied load determines the sign of the
slope of the shear diagram. If the applied load acts upward, the slope of
the shear diagram is positive, and vice versa. Second, this slope is equal
to the corresponding applied load intensity. For example, consider a
segment of a beam with a uniformly distributed downward load 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 and
known shears at both ends, as shown in Fig. 20(a). Since here the
applied load intensity 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 is negative and uniformly distributed (i.e.,
𝑞𝑞 = 𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 = constant), the slope of the shear diagram exhibits the same
characteristics.
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Alternatively, the linearly varying load intensity acting

upward on a beam segment with known shears at the ends,
shown in Fig. 20(b), gives rise to a differently shaped shear
diagram. Near the left end of this segment, the locally
applied upward load 𝑞𝑞1 is smaller than the corresponding
one 𝑞𝑞2 near the right end. Therefore, the positive slope of
the shear diagram on the left is smaller than it is on the
right, and the shear diagram is concave upward.

CE 211
Moment Diagrams by Integration of the Shear
𝑀𝑀 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐶𝐶2 ... (7)
𝑥𝑥
0
= 𝑉𝑉 ... (4)
Figure 21: Shear and Moment Diagrams for (a) A Uniformly Distributed Load
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Intensity, and (b) A Uniformly Increasing Load Intensity

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where 𝐶𝐶2 is a constant of integration corresponding to boundary

conditions at 𝑥𝑥 = 0. This equation is analogous to Eq. 6 developed for
the construction of shear diagrams. The meaning of the term 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 is
shown graphically by the hatched areas of the shear diagrams in Fig. 21.
The summation of these areas between definite sections through a
beam corresponds to an evaluation of the definite integral. If the ends
of a beam are on rollers, pin-ended, or free, the starting and the
terminal moments are zero. If the end is built-in (fixed against rotation),
in statically determinate beams, the end moment is known from the
reaction calculations. If the fixed end of a beam is on the left, this
moment with the proper sign is the initial constant of integration 𝐶𝐶2 .
By proceeding continuously along the beam from the left-hand end

and summing up the areas of the shear diagram with due regard to their
sign, the moment diagram is obtained.
CE 211
This process of obtaining the moment diagram from the shear

diagram by summation is exactly the same as that employed earlier
to go from loading to shear diagrams. The change in moment in a
given segment of a beam is equal to the area of the corresponding
shear diagram. Qualitatively, the shape of a moment diagram can
be easily established from the slopes at some selected points along
the beam. These slopes have the same sign and magnitude as the
corresponding shears on the shear diagram, since according to Eq.
4, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉. Alternatively, the change of moment 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
can be studied along the beam. Examples are shown in Fig. 21.
According to these principles, variable shears cause nonlinear vari-
ation of the moment. A constant shear produces a uniform change
in the bending moment, resulting in a straight line in the moment
diagram. If no shear occurs along a certain portion of a beam, no
change in moment takes place.
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Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉, according to the fundamental theorem of

calculus, the maximum or minimum moment occurs where
the shear is zero.
In a bending-moment diagram obtained by summation, at the

right hand end of the beam, an invaluable check on the work
is available again. The terminal conditions for the moment
must be satisfied. If the end is free or pinned, the computed
sum must equal zero. If the end is built-in, the end moment
computed by summation equals the one calculated initially for
the reaction. These are the boundary conditions and must
always be satisfied.

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Example 12:
Construct shear and moment diagrams
for the symmetrically loaded beam
shown in Fig. 22(a) by the integration
process.
Figure 22
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Example 13:
Consider a simple beam with a uniformly increasing load intensity
from an end, as shown in Fig. 23(a). The total applied load is W. (a)
Construct shear and moment diagrams with the aid of the
integration process.
(b) Derive expressions for V and M using Eq. 5.
Figure 23
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Solution:
Since the total load 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿2 ⁄2 , 𝑘𝑘 = 2𝑊𝑊 ⁄𝐿𝐿2 . For the given load
distribution, the downward reactions are 𝑊𝑊/3 and 2𝑊𝑊/3, as shown in
Fig. 23(a). Therefore, the shear diagram given in Fig. 23(b) begins and
ends as shown. Since the rate of applied load is smaller on the left end
than on the right, the shear diagram is concave upward. The point of
zero shear occurs where the reaction on the left is balanced by the
applied load; that is,
𝑊𝑊 1 2𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 hence,𝑥𝑥1 =
3 2 1 𝐿𝐿2 1 3
At 𝑥𝑥1 , the bending moment is maximum; therefore,
𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿 1 𝐿𝐿 2𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿 1 𝐿𝐿 2𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑀𝑀 =− + 2
=−
3 3 3 2 3 𝐿𝐿 3 3 3 9 3
By following the rules given in Fig. 21, the moment diagram has the
shape shown in Fig. 23(c).
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Although the shear and bending moment diagrams could be sketched
qualitatively, it was necessary to supplement the results analytically for
determining the critical values.
(b) Applying Eq. 5 and integrating it twice, one has
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑀𝑀 2𝑊𝑊
= 𝑞𝑞 = +𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = + 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 3
= + 𝐶𝐶1 and 𝑀𝑀 = + 𝐶𝐶1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 6
However, the boundary conditions require that the moments at 𝑥𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 be zero; that is, 𝑀𝑀(0) = 0 and 𝑀𝑀(𝐿𝐿) = 0. Therefore, since
𝑀𝑀(0) = 0 𝐶𝐶2 = 0
and, similarly, since 𝑀𝑀(𝐿𝐿) = 0,
𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿3 𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿2
+ 𝐶𝐶1 𝐿𝐿 = 0 or 𝐶𝐶1 = −
6 6
CE 211
With this constants,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿2 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 2 𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉 = = − = 2 −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 6 𝐿𝐿 3
and
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿2 𝑥𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 3 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 = − = 2
−
6 6 3𝐿𝐿 3

CE 211
Example 14:
Figure 24
CE 211
Effect of Concentrated Moment on Moment Diagrams
Figure 25: An external concentrated
moment acting on an element of a beam.
In the derivation for moment diagrams by summation of shear-diagram areas,
no external concentrated moment acting on the infinitesimal element was
included, yet such a moment may actually be applied. Hence, the summation
process derived applies only up to the point of application of an external
moment. At a section just beyond an externally applied moment, a different
bending moment is required to maintain the segment of a beam in
equilibrium. For example, in Fig. 25 an external clockwise moment 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 is acting
on the element of the beam at A. Then, if the internal clockwise moment on
the left is 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂 , for equilibrium of the element, the resisting counterclockwise
moment on the right must be 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝑂 + 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 . At the point of the externally applied
moment, a discontinuity, or a “jump,” equal to the concentrated moment
appears in the moment diagram. Hence, in applying the summation process,
due regard must be given the concentrated moments as their effect is not
apparent in the shear diagram.
CE 211
Example 15:
Construct the bending-moment diagram for the horizontal beam
loaded as shown in Fig. 26(a).
Figure 26
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Example 16:
Construct the bending-moment diagram for the horizontal beam
loaded as shown in Fig. 27(a).
Figure 27
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TO DO LIST FROM POPOV
In addition to other books mentioned, solve

following problems from Popov:
Problems from Chapter 7 (2nd ed):
3-10, 13-19, 24-28, 40-66, 71-73, 77-83 & 88-93

CE 211
Example 17:
Figure 28
CE 211
Example 18:
Figure 29
CE 211
Example 19:
Figure 30
CE 211
Example 20:
Figure 31
CE 211
Example 21:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown.
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-
body, calculate reactions at B
and D.
• Find equivalent internal
force-couple systems for
free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side
of load application points.
Figure 32
• Plot results.
CE 211
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems
for free-bodies formed by cutting beam on
either side of load application points.
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0 : −20kN − 𝑉𝑉1 = 0
𝑉𝑉1 = −20kN
∑ 𝑀𝑀2 = 0 : 20kN 0m + 𝑀𝑀1 = 0
𝑀𝑀1 = 0
Similarly,
𝑉𝑉2 = −20kN 𝑀𝑀2 = −50kN. m
𝑉𝑉3 = +26kN 𝑀𝑀3 = −50kN. m
𝑉𝑉4 = +26kN 𝑀𝑀4 = +28kN. m
𝑉𝑉5 = −14kN 𝑀𝑀5 = +28kN. m
𝑉𝑉6 = −14kN 𝑀𝑀6 = 0kN. m
CE 211
• Plot Results
Note that shear is of constant
value between concentrated
loads and bending moment
varies linearly.

CE 211
Example 22:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB.
The distributed load of 40 lb/in. extends over 12 in. of the beam,
from A to C, and the 400 lb load is applied at E.
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-
body, calculate reactions at A
and B.
• Determine equivalent internal
force-couple systems at
sections cut within segments
Figure 33 AC, CD, and DB.
• Plot results.
CE 211
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 :
𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 32in. − 480lb 6in. − 400lb 22in. = 0
𝐵𝐵𝑌𝑌 = 365 lb
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0 :
480lb 26in. + 400lb 10in. − 𝐴𝐴(32in. ) = 0
𝐴𝐴 = 515 lb
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 : 𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋 = 0
• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D.

CE 211
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple
systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.
From A to C:
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0: 515 − 40𝑥𝑥 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
𝑉𝑉 = 515 − 40𝑥𝑥
1
∑ 𝑀𝑀1 = 0: −515𝑥𝑥 + 40𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑀𝑀 = 0
2
𝑀𝑀 = 515𝑥𝑥 − 20𝑥𝑥 2
From C to D:
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0: 515 − 480 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
𝑉𝑉 = 35 lb
∑ 𝑀𝑀2 = 0: −515𝑥𝑥 + 480 𝑥𝑥 − 6 + 𝑀𝑀 = 0
𝑀𝑀 = 2880 + 35𝑥𝑥 lb. in
CE 211
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.
From D to B:
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0: 515 − 480 − 400 − 𝑉𝑉 = 0
𝑉𝑉 = −365 lb
∑ 𝑀𝑀2 = 0:
−515𝑥𝑥 + 480 𝑥𝑥 − 6 − 1600 + 400(𝑥𝑥 −
18) + 𝑀𝑀 = 0
𝑀𝑀 = 11680 − 365𝑥𝑥 lb. in

CE 211
• Plot Results
From A to C:
𝑉𝑉 = 515 − 40𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 = 515𝑥𝑥 − 20𝑥𝑥 2
From C to D:
𝑉𝑉 = 35 lb
𝑀𝑀 = 2880 + 35𝑥𝑥 lb. in
From D to B:
𝑉𝑉 = −365 lb
𝑀𝑀 = 11680 − 365𝑥𝑥 lb. in

CE 211
Example 23: SOLUTION:
Draw the shear and bending- • Taking entire beam as a free-body,
moment diagrams for the beam determine reactions at supports.
and loading shown. • Between concentrated load
application point 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑤𝑤 =
0, and shear is constant.
• With uniform loading between D
and E, the shear variation is linear.
• Between concentrated load
application points 𝑑𝑑𝑀𝑀⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, The change in moment
between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve
Figure 34 between points.
• With a linear shear variation
between D and E, the bending
moment diagram is a parabola.
CE 211
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
∑ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0:
𝐷𝐷 24ft − 20kips 6ft − 12kips 14ft
− 12kips 28ft = 0
𝐷𝐷 = 26 kips
∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0:
𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 − 20kips − 12kips + 26kips − 12kips = 0
𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 = 18 kips
• Between concentrated load application point
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑤𝑤 = 0, and shear is constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
CE 211
• Between concentrated load application

points 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , The
change in moment between load
application points is equal to area under
shear curve between points.
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 − 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = +108 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = +108 kip. ft

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 − 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = −16 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = +92 kip. ft
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 − 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = −140 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = −48 kip. ft
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 − 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = +48 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 0 kip. ft
• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

CE 211
Example 24: SOLUTION:
Sketch the shear and bending- • The change in shear between A and B
moment diagrams for the is equal to the negative of area under
cantilever beam and loading load curve between points. The linear
shown. load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
• With zero load, change in shear
between B and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and
B is equal to area under shear curve
between points. The parabolic shear
curve results in a cubic moment curve.
• The change in moment between B and
Figure 35
C is equal to area under shear curve
between points. The constant shear
curve results in a linear moment
curve.
CE 211
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is
equal to the negative of area under load
curve between points. The linear load curve
results in a parabolic shear curve.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
at A, 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 0, = −𝑤𝑤 = −𝑤𝑤0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎
2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
at B, = −𝑤𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• With zero load, change in shear between B

and C is zero.

CE 211
• The change in moment between A and B is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The parabolic shear curve results
in a cubic moment curve.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
at A, 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0, = 𝑉𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 − 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎2
3
1
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎2
3
1
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 − 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑎𝑎
2
1
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = − 𝑤𝑤0 𝑎𝑎 3𝐿𝐿 − 𝑎𝑎
6
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in
a linear moment curve.
CE 211
Example 25:
Figure 36

Shear Force, Axial Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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CE 211

Shear Force, Axial

Classification of Beam Supports

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Calculations of Beam Reactions

Hinges or Pinned Joints

Each hinge provides an extra axis around which moments

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

DIRECT APPROACH FOR P, V & M (Method of Sections)

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Definition of Positive Shear

Positive Shear and Bending Moment

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏 = −6 × 1 = −6 kN.m Figure 11

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed

Department of Civil Engineering

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥1 = +𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥1 = 0 and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥1 = +2𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥2 = 0, 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥2 = −𝑃𝑃1 , and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥2 = +2𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥2

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥3 = − 𝑃𝑃1 ⁄ 2 , 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥3 = − 𝑃𝑃1 ⁄ 2 ,

and 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥3 = +𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥3 ⁄ 2

Shear and bending-moment diagrams for this structural system can be

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Figure 19: Beam And Beam Elements Between Adjoining Sections

Consider a beam element ∆𝑥𝑥 long. isolated by two adjoining sections

From the condition for equilibrium of vertical forces, one obtains

By substituting Eq. 4 into Eq. 3,another useful reaction is

𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑀𝑀 ... ... ... ... ... ... (5)

This differential equation can be used for determining reactions

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Shear Diagrams by Integration of the Load

Alternatively, the linearly varying load intensity acting

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Intensity, and (b) A Uniformly Increasing Load Intensity

where 𝐶𝐶2 is a constant of integration corresponding to boundary

By proceeding continuously along the beam from the left-hand end

This process of obtaining the moment diagram from the shear

Since 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉, according to the fundamental theorem of

In a bending-moment diagram obtained by summation, at the

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

With this constants,

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

TO DO LIST FROM POPOV

In addition to other books mentioned, solve

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

𝑀𝑀 = 11680 − 365𝑥𝑥 lb. in

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

• Between concentrated load application

𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 − 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = +108 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = +108 kip. ft

• With a linear shear variation between D

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering

• With zero load, change in shear between B

Prof. Dr. Bashir Ahmed Department of Civil Engineering