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    Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Malik Zaid
    Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding. Delta modulation (DM) approximates an analog signal as a staircase function and transmits the direction (up/down) of changes at each sample. Key differences are that PCM uses multiple bits per sample, has better quality but requires more bandwidth, while DM uses 1 bit per sample, has poorer quality but requires less bandwidth. PCM is more complex to implement while DM uses feedback in the transmitter.

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    Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Malik Zaid
    19 views14 pages
    Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding. Delta modulation (DM) approximates an analog signal as a staircase function and transmits the direction (up/down) of changes at each sample. Key differences are that PCM uses multiple bits per sample, has better quality but requires more bandwidth, while DM uses 1 bit per sample, has poorer quality but requires less bandwidth. PCM is more complex to implement while DM uses feedback in the transmitter.

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    Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding. Delta modulation (DM) approximates an analog signal as a staircase function and transmits the direction (up/down) of changes at each sample. Key differences are that PCM uses multiple bits per sample, has better quality but requires more bandwidth, while DM uses 1 bit per sample, has poorer quality but requires less bandwidth. PCM is more complex to implement while DM uses feedback in the transmitter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views14 pages

    Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Malik Zaid
    Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding. Delta modulation (DM) approximates an analog signal as a staircase function and transmits the direction (up/down) of changes at each sample. Key differences are that PCM uses multiple bits per sample, has better quality but requires more bandwidth, while DM uses 1 bit per sample, has poorer quality but requires less bandwidth. PCM is more complex to implement while DM uses feedback in the transmitter.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    ‫جامعة الزاوية‬

    ‫كلية الهندسة‬
    ‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية وااللكترونية‬
    ‫‪Department of electrical and electronics engineering‬‬

    ‫االسم ‪:‬عائشة عياد االحرش‬

    ‫رقم القيد‪1511222535:‬‬

    ‫الموضوع ‪DM&PCM:‬‬

    ‫تحت أشراف ‪ /‬أ‪.‬عصام الشفح‬


    Introduction

    Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a system for converting message signals to a


    continuous serial stream of binary numbers (encoding). Recovering the message
    from the serial stream of binary numbers is called decoding.
    At its simplest, decoding involves:

    - Identifying each new frame in the data stream.

    - Extracting the binary numbers from each frame.

    - Generating a voltage that is proportional to the binary number.

    - Holding the voltage on the output until the next frame has been decoded (forming
    a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) version of the original message signal).

    Reconstructing the message by passing the PAM signal through a low-pass filter.

    Figure 1 PCM waveform

    Figure 2 block diagram of PCM


    Delta modulation (DM)

    In pcm the signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth quite large since it
    transmits all the bits with are used to code a sample to overcome this problem, Delta
    Modulation.
    Delta modulation transimits only one bit per sample here the present sample value is
    compared with the previous sample value and this result whether the amplitude is
    increased or decreased is transmitted

    Figure 3 block diagram of DM

    Analog Data to Digital Signal


    Once analog data have been converted to digital signals, the digital data:
     Can be transmitted using NRZ-L
     Can be encoded as a digital signal using a code other than NRZ-L
     Can be converted to an analog signal, using previously discussed
    techniques

    Pulse Code Modulation


    What is Pulse code modulation?

    Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into a
    digital signal

    PCM is the most useful and widely used of all the pulse modulations mentioned

    An analog signal is characterized by an amplitude that can take any value over a
    continuous range.

    Digital signal amplitude can take on only a finite number of values.

    Quantization
    Quantization is the process of mapping continuous infinite values to a
    smaller set of discrete finite values.
    When an information signal is pulse amplitude modulation, it becomes
    discrete in time only it remains analogue in amplitude since all the values
    within the specified rang are allowed, PAM signal is said to be quantized
    when each pulse of PAM signal is adjustend in amplitude to coincide with
    the nearest level withen a finite set
    This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L Zones
    (Quantized Zone), each of height.

    𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑝 − (−𝑚𝑝)


    𝛥= = … … … . . (1)
    𝐿 𝐿
    𝟐𝒎𝒑
    = … … … … … … . . (𝟐)
    𝑳
    Quantized Levels
    The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to 0L_1(resulting in L values)

    Each sample falling a zone is then approximated to the value of the midpoint.

    Encoding
    Each zone is then assigned a binary code.

    The number of bits required to encode the zone,or the number of bits per sample as it
    is commonly referred to , is obtain as follows:

    𝐿 = 2^𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝐿

    The 8 zone (or level) codes are :000,001,010,011,100,and 111 this code, formed by
    binary representation of the 8 decimal digit from 0 to 7, is known as the natural binary
    code(NBC)

     Example:-
    A sinusoidal signal is transmitted using PCM scheme the target output SNR should be
    greater than 13dB.
    Find the min.NO if representation level and the min.NO of bits required to represent
    each sample to achieve the above preforms ?

    Sol:-

    𝑆𝑛𝑟(𝑑𝐵) = 1.8 + 6𝑛 = 13

    6𝑛 = 11.2

    11.2
    𝑛=
    6

    𝑛 = 1.86 ≈ 2

    𝐿 = 2𝑛 = 22 = 4

    𝐿=4

     Example 2:-
    A TV signal with a max frequency of 42MHZ is transmitted using binary PCM the
    number of quantization level is 1024 calculate

    a- Code word length


    Sol:-
    𝐿 = 1024
    2𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1024
    = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑛
    𝑙𝑜𝑔1024
    𝑛=
    𝑙𝑜𝑔2
    𝑛 = 10𝑏𝑖𝑡
    b- Transmission bandwidth
    Sol:-
    𝑤 = 42𝑀ℎ𝑧
    𝐵 = 𝑛. 𝑤 = 10 ∗ 42 = 420𝑀ℎ𝑧
    c- Average output SNR
    Sol:-
    𝑆𝑁𝑅 (𝑑𝐵 ) = 1.8 + 6𝑛
    = 1.8 + 6 ∗ 10 = 61.8𝑑𝐵
    d- Bitrate
    Sol:-
    𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑤
    𝑓𝑠 = 2 ∗ 42
    𝑓𝑠 = 84𝑀ℎ𝑧
    Bitrate=
    840𝑀𝑏
    𝑛𝑓𝑠 = 10 ∗ 84 =
    𝑠𝑒𝑐

    Difference between Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta


    Modulation (DM)

     Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):


    It is the technique used for reworking analog signals into digital signals. PCM
    has agood or sensible signal-to-noise ratio. For transmission, Pulse Code
    Modulation wants high transmitter bandwidth. PCM technique is split into three
    elements, initial is the transmission at the provision end, thesecond regeneration
    at the transmission path, and conjointly the receiving end.
     Delta Modulation(DM):
    Delta modulation is a technique which provides a staircase approximation to an
    oversampled version of the message signal (analog input).
    With delta modulation an analog input is approximated by a staircase function
    that moves up or down by one quantization level (+Δ,- Δ) at each sampling
    interval(Ts) the important characteristic of this staircase function is that its
    behavior is binary:
    Thus, the output of the delta modulation process can be represented as a single
    binary digit for each sample. A bit stream is produced by approximating the
    derivative of an analog signal rather than its amplitude:
    A 1 is generated if the staircase function is to go up during the next interval: a 0 is
    generated otherwise

    Delta Modulation(DM) Operation


     The analog input is compared to the most recent value of the approximating
    staircase function
     If the value of analog input exceeds that of the staircase function, a 1 is generated
    otherwise, a 0 is generated
     Thus, the staircase is always changed in the direction of the input signal
    Delta Modulation and demodulation components

    There are two important parameters in a DM scheme:


    The size of the step assigned to each binary digit Δ, and the sampling rate.

    As the above figure illustrates. Δ must be chosen to produce a balance between two
    types of errors or noise.

     When the analog waveform is changing very slowly. There will be quantizing
    noise this noise increases as Δ is increased.
     On the other hand when the analog waveform is changing more rapidly than the
    staircase can follow there is slope overload noise shown in figure below this noise
    increases as Δ decreased.

    It should be clear that the accuracy of the scheme can be improved by increasing the
    sampling rate however, this increases the data rate of the output signal or using
    adaptive delta modulation (ADM).
    S.NO PCM DM

    1. PCM stands for Pulse Code Modulation. DM stands for Delta Modulation.

    In PCM, feedback does not exist in While in DM, feedback exists in


    2.
    transmitter or receiver. transmitter.

    Here, only one bit is used per


    3. Per sample 4, 8, or 16 bits are used.
    sample.

    PCM requires highest DM requires lowest transmitter


    4.
    transmitter bandwidth. bandwidth.

    PCM is complex in terms of complexity While DM is simple in terms of


    5.
    of implementation. complexity of implementation.

    While DM has poor signal to noise


    6. PCM has good signal to noise ratio.
    ratio.

    7. PCM is costly. DM is cheap.

    PCM may be a technique wont to


    Digital to analog and analog to
    8. digitally represent sampled analog
    digital converter.
    signals.
    S.NO PCM DM

    In PCM, signal
    In DM, signal
    9. requires encoder and decoder both
    can modulate and demodulate.
    sides.

    PM is mostly used in video telephony DM is mostly used in speeches as


    10.
    and audio telephony. well as images.

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