A Technical Report of Internship/industrial training on

Working function of Sewage Treatment Plant (172mld &

320mld) at Nagole, Hyderabad

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

Submitted By

V. Nagaraju (19NA1A0101)

I. Megha Syam (19NA1A0107)

U. Vinay Kumar (19NA1A0110)

N. Teja Ram (19NA1A0111)

K. Prem Kumar (19NA1A0123)

Submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LINGAYAS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Viveka nagar, Madalavarigudem via Nunna, Vijayawada.
2022 – 2023

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CERTIFICATE
 

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 Contents

Serial Description Page

number number

1 Introduction 3

2 Sewage Treatment 3

3 Sewage Treatment steps 4

4 Treatment processes followed at 172MLD sewage treatment 4-9

plant

5 320MLD sewage treatment plant 9-13

6 Photographs of 320MLD STP 14-16

7 Surveying 17-18

8 Methodology and tests conducted in laboratory 19-21

9 Summary 22

10 References 23

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1 INTRODUCTION

Sewage (domestic wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of

people. The word “sewage” came from Old French essouier which means “to drain”. It is
characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents,
and its bacteriology status. It consists mostly of grey water (from sinks, tubs, showers,
dishwashers, and clothes washers), black water (the water used in flush toilets, combined
with the human waste that it flushes away), soaps and detergents, and toilet papers.

Sewage usually travels from a building’s plumbing either into a sewer, which will carry it
elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility. Sewage may include storm water runoff or urban
runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling storm and sewage water are known as
combined sewer systems.

2 SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage treatment (wastewater treatment) is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater, primarily from household sewage. The process involves Physical, Chemical and
Biological treatments to remove the contaminants and produce treated wastewater that is
safer for the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or
slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being
suitable for disposal or application to land.

Sewage can be treated at the place where it is created, which is called a “decentralized”
system or “on-site’ system. Alternatively, sewage can be transported by a network of sewer
pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant, which is called a “centralized’
system.

STP or sewage treatment plants are mainly used by municipalities to eliminate harmful
elements from the sewage. ETP or effluent treatment plants are generally used in industries to
treat toxic and chemical waste. STP works with sewage that is a sludgy kind of water filled

with organic and inorganic waste. Effluent is liquid water that has a high concentration of
chemical and toxic waste. Industries use a large number of chemicals that mix with the water
and produce this effluent. Sewage and Effluent both can create health hazards if not treated
well.

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3 SEWAGE TREATMENT STEPS
Sewage treatment generally includes three stages, called primary, secondary, and tertiary
treatment.

 In primary treatment, the larger solids from sewage are removed during the treatment
process. The more compounds are broken up and converted into simpler compounds
by decomposition. The primary treatment includes screens, grit chambers, and
sedimentation tanks with or without the use of chemicals. Some treatment plants have
a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit.
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary
treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a
managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the
micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything than primary and secondary
treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive ecosystem (estuaries, low-
flow rivers, coral reefs…). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or
physically prior to discharge into streams, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be
used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park.

4 TREATMENT PROCESSES FOLLOWED AT 172MLD

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Total of 172 MLD(Million liters per day) sewage flow is treated in the STP proposed at
Nagole.

The treatment units at the Nagole STP consists of the following treatment units.

1. Screening
2. Pumping
3. Grit chamber
4. UASB reaction
5. Aeration tank
6. Chlorination

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  SCREENING
The water initially enters the plant through an opening and followed by screening through a
40mm screen which is does manually. The trash which is more than 40mm will be held back
and there after 20mm screening takes place, which is an automatic operation and here the
waste screened through 20mm screen settles on a conveyer belt and then dumps properly at
dumping yard, which is located at nagole. Fig(1) shows 40mm screening & fig 2(a)(b) shows
40mm screening.

Fig (1) Manual Screening process through 40mm screen

Fig 2(a), (b) Mechanical Screening process through 20mm

mechanical multi rake screen

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  PUMPING
After completion of 20mm screening the water passes into main pumping station and pumped
through 6 pipes having a pump capacity of 150HP each to grit chamber. Fig(3) shows the
pumping channels.

Fig (3) Shows the pumps which pumps sewage to grit chamber

 GRIT CHAMBER
The pumped water is again screened through a 6mm screen and then gritting takes place in
which particles settle down. The settled particles will be collected and disposed of through
screw conveyer. Later, the water is sent to main distribution box which is then distributes to 4
distribution boxes, and the water again is distributed to several divisions from each

distribution box before entering the UASB reactor. Fig 4(a), (b) shows Grit Chamber

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Fig 4(a),(b) Shows the grit chamber which separates the intended heavier inorganic materials

 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB reactor)

The UASB uses an anaerobic process while forming a blanket of granular sludge which
suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by the
anaerobic microorganisms. Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-
product, and this is captured into a gas holder and used as an energy source, to generate
electricity for its own running power.

Fig (5) Shows the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor, at where
UASB digestion takes place

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  AERATION TANK
In this aeration process the air is added into wastewater through agitating agitators to allow
aerobic biodegradation of the organic materials. And then it flows into polishing pond. In this
polishing pond the process involves removal of remaining suspended solids and Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) that may be left after secondary treatment. This process relies

entirely on biological process and no settling occurs here.

Fig (6) Shows Aeration tank, at where air is added into the water to encourage microbial
growth thorugh agitators

 CHLORINATION
Chlorination is a disinfection method used in the wastewater treatment plant. It helps in the
destruction of microorganism from the running wastewater. The chlorination method uses
different forms of chlorine to disinfect the treated wastewater. Chlorine has been used
popularly as a primary water disinfectant. It is largely responsible for reducing the incidences
of waterborne diseases.

The water is now free of disinfections. Finally, before disposing the water into river it is sent
into chlorine contact tank (CCT), it is usually an open chamber split by a series of baffles. In
chlorine contact tank actual disinfection of treated wastewater will take place by keeping
water in contact with chlorine. The main purpose of chlorine contact tank is to keep the
chlorine in contact with the water so that the disinfectant may complete its work. Fig (7)
shows the different steps in Chlorination.

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Fig (7) Shows Chlorination tank and chlorine compounds being added to water to disinfect it
and kill germs

5 320 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

This is a newly constructing STP apart from 172mld based on Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR). This Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an activated sludge process designed to
operate under non-steady state conditions (Flow occurs while the pressures and/or rate
changes with time). This SBR based 320 mld plant is designed as 3 modules.

An SBR operates in a true batch mode with aeration and sludge settlement both occurring in
the same tank. The major differences between SBR and conventional continuous flow,
activated sludge system is that the SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization aeration
and sedimentation in a time sequence rather than in the conventional space sequence of
continuous-flow systems. In addition, the SBR system can be designed with the ability to
treat a wide range of influent volumes whereas the continuous system is based upon a fixed
influent flow rate. Fig (8) shows the Schematic diagram of Sequencing Batch Reactor.

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 Fig (8) Schematic diagram of Sequencing Batch Reactor

The various stages in the SBR are as follows:

1. Filling
During this stage the SBR tank is filled with the influent wastewater. In order to
maintain suitable food to microorganisms’ ratios, the wastewater should be admitted
into the tank in a rapid, controlled manner. This method functions similarly to a
selector, which encourages the growth of certain microorganisms with better settling
characteristics.

2. Reaction
This stage involves the utilization of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
ammonia nitrogen, where applicable by microorganisms.

3. Settling

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 During this stage, aeration is stopped and the sludge settles leaving clear, treated
effluent above the sludge blanket. Duration for settling varies from 45 to 60 minutes
depending on the number of cycles per day.

4. Decanting
At this stage of the process effluent is removed from the tank through the decanter,
without disturbing the settled sludge.

5. Idling
The SBR tank waits idle until it is time to commence a new cycle with the filling
stage.

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LAYOUT OF 320MLD STP

Fig (9) Shows the Nagole STP 6 Basin Module, 320 MLD design

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LAYLOUT OF CHLORINE CONTACT TANK

Fig (10) Shows the Chlorine Contact Tank, 320 MLD STP

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6 PHOTOGRAPHS OF 320 MLD STP

Fig 11(a), (b) Shows the Modules of 320MLD STP

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Fig 12(a), (b) Shows the newly constructing
Chlorine Contact Tank (CCT)

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Fig 13(a), (b) Shows the construction of Main pumping station

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 7 SURVEYING
Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves assessing and recording details
about an area of land. These observations can then be used to help plan construction projects.
The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to determine the three-dimensional
relationships between different locations. Total stations are the primary survey instrument
used in land surveying, meteorological surveying, mining surveying, topographical
surveying, etc. An automatic level, self-levelling level, or builder's auto level includes an
internal compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level,
automatically removes any remaining variation. This reduces the need to set the instrument
base truly level, as with a dumpy level. We have learnt some basic operations of Total Station
and surveying through Auto level.

7.1 Surveying through Total Station:

A total station is an electronic theodolite that measures angles and distances between points.
It is the most advanced surveying instrument today, capable of measuring the horizontal and
vertical angles. A total station has two associated devices used during surveying: a digital
distance meter which measures distance, and an angle sensor or right-angle optical prism,
which measures the horizontal or vertical angle. It uses the data generated by radar and digital
receivers to provide both distance and height measurements over a land survey. They are
used with GPS precision in a vertical position, horizontal distance and angular geometry.

7.2 Surveying through Auto level:

An auto level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal
plane in a process known as levelling and is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to
establish the relative heights of objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and
construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known
objects or marks. Fig 14(a), (b), (c) shows the Surveying through Auto level and Total
Station.

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Fig 14(a), (b), (c) Surveying through Auto level and Total Station

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8 METHODOLOGY AND TESTS CONDUCTED IN
LABORATORY
 SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis is the first choice in particle size analysis for numerous reasons.
Among them, simplicity, efficiency, and low cost have all made sieving analysis the
most widely used quality-control procedure in any powder process control industry.
Most often, you will be weighing the material retained on each sieve of the stack. This
should add up to the weight of your representative sample. The second and most
common method for analysis, is to see what percentage of material passed through.
An example of this is to determine the amount of material that passed through the top
sieve, record it, then do the same with the material that passed the second. Continue

this process until you make your way down the sieve stack. Fig 15(a), (b) shows the
practical of Sieve Analysis.

Fig 15(a), (b) Sieve Analysis at Laboratory

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 COMPRESSION TESTING

Like the cylinder break test, the concrete cube test is performed for the purpose of
determining the compressive strength of a concrete element. The cubes used for this
test have a dimension of 150*150*150 mm as long as the largest aggregate does not
exceed 20mm. Generally, the cubes are cured for and tested at 7 and 28 days for the
compressive test to gain more strength, although certain projects might require curing
and testing times of 3,5,7,14 or more days. The results from the compressive strength
test are used to determine the strength of the concrete. Fig 16(a),(b),(c) shows the
observation of Curing of concrete cubes & Fig 17(a), (b) shows the practical of
Compression Testing.

Fig 16(a),(b),(c) Curing of concrete cubes

Fig 17(a), (b) Compression Testing at Laboratory

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  CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
The consistency of cement is the minimum water requirement to start the chemical reaction
between water and cement. This test helps to identify the minimum water required to make
the cement paste. Normal consistency is the consistency of cement paste which allows
penetration of the 10 mm diameter needle of Vicat plunger to 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of
the standard Vicat apparatus. Normal consistency is also known as standard consistency of
cement.

Fig (18) Consistency of cement experiment at Laboratory

 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX OF COARSE

AGGREGATE
Flaky Particles:

A particle of aggregate is said to be flaky if its least dimension is less than 0.6 times of its
mean dimension. Flakiness index is the weight of flaky particles measured as percentage of
the total weight of the sample. Flakiness index more than 35 to 40% is undesirable.

Elongated Particle:

A particle is said to be elongated if its length is greater than 1.8 times its mean dimension.
Elongated index is the weight of elongated particles measured as percentage of the total
weight of the sample. For this no limit has been laid.

The flaky or elongated particles are not desirable as their large number creates more voids,
requiring more fine materials and also more water for the same workability. These particles
tend to be oriented in one plane, causing laminations, and affect the durability of concrete
adversely. Their combined value should not be more than 40 to 45% of the weight of
aggregate.
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9 SUMMARY
In over-all, this internship program is a good learning opportunity for me. Firstly I would like
to thank Mr. Ravi prasad, Executive Director for giving us this opportunity and Mr. Sivaiah,
Project Manager for spending his valuable time for us in gaining field knowledge. We were
allotted with many engineers for explaining surveying through total station and auto level and
we were sent to field surveying with surveying team. Our project manager used to interact
with us by the end of the day and clears the doubts. In the first week of our internship we got
a complete understanding of the entire 172 MLD plant. Actually by the time we go to the
internship, the 320MLD plant construction is already done to some extent. From our second
week we started to know about 320 MLD plant completely. At first we thought it would be
difficult to get a complete understanding of that huge 320 MLD plant, but however the
engineers there helped us a lot to make us fully aware of the 320 MLD plant.

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10 RFRERENCES
 Sewage treatment – Wikipedia http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment
 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Digestion – Wikipedia
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion
 An article by Deccan Chronicle on Hyderabad: pollutants in musi river becomes
sewage http://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/lifestyle/pets-and-environmental/
25071/hyderabad-pollutants-in-musi-rise-river-becomes-sewage.html
 ASANO, T. BURTON, F. LEVERENZ, H. TSUCHIHASHI, R.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G. METCALF & EDDY Inc. (2007): Water Reuse: Issues,
Technologies, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill
 SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. Pdf presentation. BORDA and
USAID URL (Accessed:29.05.2019)
 TOPRAK, H. (2005): Sequencing Batch Reactors – 3. Izmir: Dokuz Eylul University
URL (Accessed: 12.05.2013)

 Fig (8) Image credits:http://www.3rtechnology.in/images/product/sbr_operating.jpg

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