ALX LESSON

Ubuntu Shell
Commands P2
Shell - Bash
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02
Overview Learning
topics Objectives

03 04
Quiz hands on lab
questions practice
 01
OVERVIEW topics
 OVERVIEW Topics
pwd
ls
cd
less
touch
Ubuntu Shell cp

Commands mv
rm
Topics
mkdir

clear

rmdir
 OVERVIEW Topics

grep

ping

Ubuntu Shell top

Commands ps
Topics sudo

su

chown
chmod
 Slides On Telegram

https://t.me/alx_2023

Ubuntu Shell
Commands
Topics
 02
Learning Objectives
pwd
This command stands for "print working directory."

When executed, it displays the current directory

(folder) you are in within the terminal.

pwd

current_dir=$(pwd)
echo "Current directory: $current_dir"

cp some_file.txt $(pwd)/../some_other_directory/
ls
This command stands for "list." When
executed, it displays a list of files and
directories in the current directory
(folder) you are in within the terminal.

ls –a
This will list all files and directories in the current
directory, including hidden files.
ls -l example.txt
display additional information about each file, such
as permissions, ownership, size, and modification
date
ls –lt
sort files by modification time
ls -ls
sort files by modification time (in reverse
order) or by size
cd
This command stands for "change directory."
When executed, it allows you to navigate to a
different directory (folder) within the
terminal.

cd ~
This command takes you to your home
directory. Your home directory is a default
directory created for each user on the system,
and it's usually located at
/home/yourusername/.

cd /
This command takes you to the root directory
of the file system. The root directory is the
top-level directory in the file system
hierarchy and contains all other directories
and files on the system.
less
This command is a program used to view text
files within the terminal. It displays the
contents of a file one screenful at a time and
allows you to scroll through the file.

less /path/to/file

/search_term
This will search for the text "search_term" in the
file.

less file.gz
it will show you the contents of the compressed file
without extracting it, another formats supported
“.bz2” “.xz”

you can use tar to extract files from a .tar.gz

archive, or unzip to extract files from a .zip
archive.
touch
This command creates a new file in the
current directory or updates the modification
time of an existing file.

touch myfile.txt

touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

This will create three new empty files called
"file1.txt", "file2.txt", and "file3.txt" in the
current directory.
cp
This command stands for "copy." When
executed, it copies one or more files from
one location to another.

cp file.txt /path/to/new/location/

cp file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /path/to/new/location/

cp -r /path/to/source/ /path/to/destination/
This will copy the "source" directory and all of its
contents to the "destination" directory recursively.

cp file.txt newfile.txt
This will create a copy of "file.txt" with the new name
"newfile.txt" in the same directory as the original file.
mv
This command stands for "move." When executed,
it moves one or more files from one location to
another. It can also be used to rename files.

//Moving files
mv ~/example.txt ~/documents/

mv file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /path/to/new/location/

//Renaming files
mv example.txt exam.txt

mv /path/to/source/ /path/to/destination/
This will move the "source" directory and all of its
contents to the "destination" directory.
rm
This command stands for "remove."
When executed, it deletes one or more
files or directories from the system. Be
careful when using this command, as it
permanently deletes files and
directories.

rm ~/example.txt
rm ~/*.txt
rm –rf ~/directory
This will forcefully remove the "directory"
directory and all of its contents without
prompting for confirmation.
mkdir
This command stands for "make directory."
When executed, it creates a new directory
(folder) in the current directory (folder) you
are in within the terminal.

mkdir ~/documents

mkdir -p my_parent_directory/my_directory
This will create the directory my_directory within the
directory my_parent_directory. If
my_parent_directory does not exist, it will be created
along with my_directory.
rmdir
This command stands for "remove
directory." When executed, it deletes
an empty directory (folder) from the
system. If the directory contains
files or subdirectories, you must first
remove those before using rmdir.

rmdir ~/documents
clear
This command empty the console
grep
This command searches for a specific pattern
within a file or files. It can be used to search
for specific text or to filter results.
grep "example" file.txt

grep "example" *.txt

grep -r "example" docs/*.txt

grep -i "example" file.txt

This would search for the word "example" in the
file.txt file, ignoring the case of the pattern.

grep "[0-9]" file.txt

You can use regular expressions with the grep
command to search for more complex patterns. For
example, if you want to search for all lines in a file
that contain a number
 ping
This command is used to test the connectivity
between your computer and another computer or server
on the network.
ping google.com
ping -c 5 google.com
This would send 5 packets to the google.com host

ping -s 1000 google.com

This would send packets with a size of 1000 bytes to the google.com

ping -i 2 google.com
This would send packets to the google.com host with an interval of 2
seconds between them

ping -6 2001:4860:4860::8888
This would send packets to the IPv6 address
 top
This command is a program that displays a real-
time view of the processes running on the system,
including CPU usage, memory usage, and more.

if you want to sort processes by memory usage, you can press the
M key. Similarly, if you want to sort processes by process ID, you
can press the P key.
top -p 1234
This will display information about the process with ID
1234.

top -n 5
This will display the top 5 processes by CPU usage.

top -d 5
This will update the display every 5 seconds.
 ps
This command stands for "process status." It displays
information about the currently running processes on the
system.

ps command without any options, it will display a list of

running processes for the current terminal session

ps –e display processes for all users

ps –f display full information about each process.

ps -H Displaying processes in a tree format

ps -e --sort=-pcpu --format='pid,comm,%cpu,%mem'
This will display all processes, sorted in descending order by
CPU usage, and the process ID, command name, and percentage
of CPU and memory used.
 sudo
It allow users to execute commands with elevated privileges
or permissions. It stands for "superuser do" and allows a
regular user to temporarily elevate their privileges to those of
the system administrator or root user. This is necessary for
carrying out certain system-level tasks that require special
permissions.

If you want to install software on your Unix-based system, you

will often need root-level access to do so. For example, you
can install a package in Ubuntu using
sudo apt-get install <package name>

Updating your operating system requires elevated privileges.

You can use the command on Ubuntu to update the system.
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo

sudo service <service name> start

Start a service or stop it

sudo vi /etc/fstab
open and edit the system file.

When you run sudo -i and enter your password, you will be
switched to the root user's environment and will have full
root-level access to the system until you exit the shell by
typing exit or pressing Ctrl-D.
 su
The su command is used to switch to another user account or
become a superuser.

su <username>

Then it will ask you to enter the password to login.

Switch to root user:

su
chown
This command stands for "change owner." It
allows you to change the ownership of files
and directories to a different user or group.

chown jane example.txt

This will change the ownership of example.txt to the
user jane.

chown -R jane:users example

You can use the -R option to change the ownership
recursively, and the : character to change the group
ownership. For example, to change the ownership of a
directory named example and all its contents to the
user jane and the group users

chown --reference=reference.txt example.txt

This will change the ownership of example.txt to
match the ownership of reference.txt.
 chown
chown 1000 example.txt
instead of using the username to change the
ownership, you can use the numeric user ID
(UID) or group ID (GID) to change the
ownership. For example, to change the
ownership of a file named example.txt to the
how to get id of group(GID):
user with UID 1000
cat /etc/group
The first field is the group name, followed by a
colon (:). The second field is the group password how to get id of user(UID):
(which is usually empty), followed by another id -u jane
colon. The third field is the group ID (GID), grep jane /etc/passwd
followed by a colon. The fourth field is a
comma-separated list of the usernames that
belong to the group
chmod
chmod
 chmod
chmod 644 example.txt
This sets the file example.txt to have read and
write permissions for the owner of the file,
and read-only permissions for group and other
users.
chmod -R u=rwX,g=rX,o=rX example_dir 6 4 4
the capital X option means that directories and (owner ”u”, group ”g”, others ”o”)
files that already have execute permission will
retain it, while those that don't have execute chmod g+w,o-rx example_dir
permission will not be granted it. This is a This adds write permission for the group
useful way to ensure that only directories (and owner of the directory example_dir, and
certain files) that are meant to be executed can removes the read and execute permissions for
be executed, without changing the execute other users.
permissions of all files in the directory.
 03
Quiz questions
 04
Hands on lab Practice
 Have a Question
Leave a Comment!
 Subscribe
To stay updated with latest
videos

Share
To let the others know more
Thanks