Ex.

No : 01 DDL COMMANDS
Date :

AIM:

To create a database and write SQL queries to retrieve information from the database.

DESCRIPTION:

Data Definition Language

DDL (Data Definition Language) statements are used to create, change the objects of a database.
Typically a database administrator is responsible for using DDL statements or production databases in
a large database system. The commands used are:

 Create - It is used to create a table.

 Alter - This command is used to add a new column, modify the existing column definition
and to include or drop integrity constraint.

 Drop - It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty.

 Truncate - If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to be
retained, and then the records alone can be deleted.

 Desc - This is used to view the structure of the table.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Create table by using create table command with column name, data type and size.

Step 2: Display the table by using desc command.

Step 3: Add any new column with the existing table by alter table command.

Step 4: Modify the existing table with modify command.

Step 5: Delete the records in files by truncate command.

Step 6: Delete the Entire table by drop command
1
Create Table
Syntax:

Create table tablename

(
column_name1 datatype(size),
column_name2 datatype(size),
column_name3 datatype(size),………);

Example:

SQL> Create table Student(Stud_name char(20), Stud_id varchar2(10), Stud_dept varchar2(20),

Stud_age number(5));

Table created.

SQL> desc Student;

Name Null? Type

STUD_NAME CHAR(20)
STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_AGE NUMBER(5)

Alter Table
Syntax:

Alter table tablename add (column_name datatype(size));

Alter table tablename modify (column_name datatype(size));
Alter table tablename drop (column_name);

Example:

SQL> Alter table Student add (Stud_addr varchar2 (20));

Table altered.

SQL> desc Student;

2
Name Null? Type

STUD _ NAME CHAR(20)

STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_AGE VARCHAR(10)
STUD_ADDR VARCHAR(20)

SQL> Alter table Student modify (Stud_age number(10));

Table altered.

SQL> desc Student;

Name Null? Type

STUD _ NAME CHAR(20)

STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_AGE NUMBER(10)
STUD_ADDR VARCHAR(20)
SQL> Alter table Student drop (Stud_age number(10));
Table altered.

SQL> desc Student;

Name Null? Type

STUD_NAME CHAR(20)
STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_ADDR VARCHAR(20)

Truncate Table
Syntax:

Truncate table table_name;

Example:
SQL> Truncate table Student;
3
Table truncated.

SQL> desc Student

Name Null? Type

STUD_NAME CHAR(20)
STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_AGE NUMBER(10)
STUD_ADDR VARCHAR(20)

Rename
Syntax

Alter table table_name rename new_table_name

SQL> alter table student rename student1;

SQL> desc student1;

Name Null? Type

STUD_NAME CHAR(20)
STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
STUD_AGE NUMBER(10)
STUD_ADDR VARCHAR(20)

Drop Table
Syntax:

Drop table tablename;

Example:

SQL> Drop table Student1;

Table dropped.

SQL> desc Student1;

ERROR: ORA-04043: object Student1 does not exist
4
 DML COMMANDS

AIM:

To Study and Practice Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing records based on
conditions in RDBMS.

DESCRIPTION:

Data Manipulation Language

DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and manipulate the
existing database objects. Some of the commands are

 Insert
 Select
 Update
 Delete

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Create table by using create table command.

Step 2: Insert values into the table
Step 3: Delete any records from the table
Step 4: Update any values in the table.
Step 5: Display the values from the table by using select command.

SQL> Create table Student(Stud_name char(20), Stud_id varchar2(10), Stud_ dept varchar2(20),
Stud_age number(5));

Table created.

SQL> desc Student;

Name Null? Type

STUD_NAME CHAR(20)
STUD_ID VARCHAR(10)
STUD_DEPT VARCHAR(20)
5
STUD_AGE NUMBER(5)

Insert:
This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by commas and the data types
char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must be entered in the same order as they are
defined.

Syntax:
insert into tablename values(
‘&column_name1’,
‘&column_name2’, ‘
‘&column_name3’,…..);

Example:

SQL> Insert into Student1 values(‘&stud_name’, ‘&stud_id’, ‘&stud_dept’, ‘&stud_rollno’);

Insert into Student1 values (‘Ram’, ‘101’, ‘MECH’, ‘104’)

1 row created.
Insert into Student1 values (‘Vicky’, ‘102’, ‘EEE’, ‘105’)
1 row created.
Insert into Student1 values (‘Saddiq’, ‘102’, ‘CSE’, ‘101’)
1 row created.
Insert into Student1 values (‘David’, ‘104’, ‘EEE’, ‘103’)
1 row created.

Select Command:
It is used to retrieve information from the table. It is generally referred to as querying the table. We
can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table.

Syntax:

Select * from table_name;

Example:
6
SQL> select * from Student1;
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
Saddiq 103 CSE 101
David 104 EEE 103
4 rows selected

Update Command:
It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or more than one
column could be updated.

Syntax:

Update table_name set column_name=’value’ where condition;

Example:

SQL> Update Student1 set stud_id=’109’ where stud_name=’Saddiq’;

SQL> select * from Student1;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
Saddiq 103 CSE 101
David 104 EEE 103
1 row updated.

Delete Command:
After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete command consists
of a from clause followed by an optional where clause. Syntax:

Delete from table_name where condition;

Example:

SQL> Delete from Student1 where stud_dept=’CSE’;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from Student1;

7
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
David 104 EEE 103

8
RESULT:
Thus the DDL and DML command Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and
Viewing records based on conditions using SQL commands were executed and verified successfully.

9
Ex. No.: 02
Date : Foreign Key Constraints

Aim:
To study and practice to create table, add foreign key constraints and incorporate referential
integrity.

Description:
A referential integrity constraint is also known as foreign key constraint. A foreign key is a key whose
values are derived from the Primary key of another table.

The table from which the values are derived is known as Master or Referenced Table and the Table in
which values are inserted accordingly is known as Child or Referencing Table,

In other words, we can say that the table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the
table containing the Primary key/candidate key is called the referenced or parent table.

Procedure:
Step 1: Create the master or referenced table with required fields.
Step 2: Create the child table.
Step 3: Create the primary key in master table.
Step 4: Apply the insert and delete constrains.

CONSTRAINTS:
1) Primary key
2) Foreign key/references
3) Check
4) Unique
5) Not null
6) Null
7) Default

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints
2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
OPERATION ON CONSTRAINT:
i) ENABLE
10
 ii) DISABLE
iii) DROP

NOT NULL:
Syntax:
Create table tablename(
fieldname1 datatype(constraint)not null,
fieldname2 datatype,
…………….
fieldnamen datatype);
Example:

SQL> create table notnull (eno varchar(10) not null, ename varchar(10),esalary number(20));

Table created
SQL>insert into notnull values(‘1’,’abdul’,’20000’)
1 row created.

SQL>insert into notnull values(‘’,’raj’,’30000’)

*
ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into (“SCOTT”.”NOTNULL”.”ENO”)

CHECK:
Check constraint specify conditions that each tuple must satisfy.
Syntax:
Create table tablename(
Fieldname1 datatype(constraint),
Fieldname2 datatype,
………………….
Fieldname3 datatype);
Example:
SQL> create table con ( empid decimal(10) not null, empname varchar(20),empsalary decimal(10),
check(empsalary>10000));
11
SQL>insert into con values (‘1’,’kumar’,’20000’)
1 row created

SQL>insert into con values(‘2’,’raja’,’9000’)

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C0010283) violated

UNIQUE:
Used to set unique constraint to the specified column name which will not allow redundant
values
Syntax:
Create table tablename(
fieldname1 datatype(constraint)unique,
fieldname2 datatype,
…………….
Fieldname3 datatype);

Example:
SQL> create table conn(eno varchar(10) unique, ename varchar(20));

Table created.
SQL> insert into conn values(‘1’,’hello’)
1 row created.

SQL>insert into conn values(‘1’,’hi’)

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C0010285) violated

12
PRIMARY KEY:
Primary key is a constraint for both unique and not null.
Syntax:
Create table tablename(
Fieldname1 datatype(constraint)primary key,
fieldname2 datatype,
…………….
Fieldname3 datatype);

Example:
SQL> create table con(empid varchar(10),empname varchar(20) primary key);
Table created.

ADDING CONSTRIANT:
Used to set any constraint to the specified column at the last by specifying the constraint type and
field name.

Syntax:
Create table tablename(
Fieldname1 datatype(constraint),
fieldname2 datatype,
constraint constraintname constrainttype(fieldname));

Example:
SQL> create table con(empid varchar(10),empname varchar(10),constraint c1 primary key(empid));
Table created.
SQL> insert into con values (‘1’,’anand’)

SQL>insert into con values (‘1’,’vijay’)

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.C1) violated

13
ADD CONSTRAINT (ALTER)
Used to set the constraint for the table already created by using alter command.
Syntax:
Alter table tablename add constraint constraintname (fieldname)datatype,primary key.

Example:
SQL> create table con(empid varchar(10),empname varchar(10));
Table created.

SQL> alter table con add constraint c1 primary key (empid);

Table altered.

SQL> desc con;

Name Null? Type

NOT NULL
EMPID VARCHAR(10)
EMPNAME VARCHAR(10)

DROP CONSTRAINT:
Used to drop the constraint.

Syntax:
Alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name.

Example:
SQL> alter table con drop constraint c1;
Table altered.

SQL> desc con;

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Name Null? Type

EMPID VARCHAR(10)

EMPNAME VARCHAR(10)

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY:
Used to refer the primary key of the parent table from the child table.
Syntax:
a) Create table tablename(
Fieldname1 datatype primary key,
fieldname2 datatype,
…………….
Fieldname3 datatype);
b) Create table tablename(Fieldname1 datatype references,
Parent tablename(fieldname)
…………….
Fieldname n datatype);

Example:
SQL> create table parent(eno varchar(10),ename varchar(10) primary key);
Table created.
SQL>insert into parent values (‘1’,’ajay’)
1 row created.
SQL>insert into parent values (‘2’,’bala’)
1 row created.

SQL> create table child (eno varchar(10),ename varchar(10) references parent(ename));

Table created.

SQL>insert into child values (‘1’,’ajay’)

1 row created.

SQL>insert into child values (‘2’,’balaji’)

15
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C0010290) violated - parent key not

Found

ON DELETE CASCADE:
The changes done in parent table is reflected in the child table when references are made.

Syntax:

Create table tablename(

Fieldname1 datatype references,
Parent tablename(fieldname),
On delete cascade);

Example:
SQL> create table parent(eno varchar(10),ename varchar(10) primary key);
Table created.

SQL>insert into parent values (‘1’,’a’)

1 row created.

SQL> create table child(eno varchar(10),ename varchar(10) references parent(ename) on delete

cascade);
Table created.

SQL> insert into child values (‘2’,’a’)

1 row created.
SQL> select * from parent;
ENO ENAME
1 a

SQL> select * from child;

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ENO ENAME
2 a
SQL> delete from parent where eno=1;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from parent;
no rows selected
SQL> select * from child;
no rows selected

17
Result
Thus the various key constraints based on foreign key where written and executed successfully.

18
Ex.No. : 03
Date : Where and Aggregate Functions

Aim:
To study and execute various database queries using where clause and aggregate functions.

Description:
The WHERE clause is used to filter records. It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a
specified condition.

Where clause’s
Operator Description
= Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
<> Not equal.( Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=)
BETWEEN Between a certain range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN To specify multiple possible values for a column

The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statements, it is also used in UPDATE, DELETE, etc.!

Equal
SQL> select * from table_name where field=condition
Example
SQL> select * from student1 where stud_rollno=101;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

Saddiq 103 CSE 101

Greater Than
SQL> select * from student1 where stud_rollno >101;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
19
David 104 EEE 103

Less Than
SQL> select * from student1 where stud_rollno <105;
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104
Saddiq 103 CSE 101
David 104 EEE 103

Between
SQL> select * from student1 where stud_rollno between 103 AND 105;
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
David 104 EEE 103

Like
Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

LIKE Operator Description

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 2
characters in length
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3
characters in length
WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"

Example
SQL > Select * from student1 where stud_name like ‘d%’;
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
David 104 EEE 103

Other Where Clauses

20
Union:

The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or ore SELECT statements.

 Every SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns
 The columns must also have similar data types
 The columns in every SELECT statement must also be in the same order

Syntax:
select column_name(s) from table1
union
select column_name(s) from table2;

SQL> select subject from student union select subject from staff order by subject;

Union with where

Syntax

Select <fieldlist> from <tablename1> where (condition)

union
select<fieldlist> from<tablename2> where (condition);

Example
SQL> SELECT dept, subject FROM student
WHERE subject='DBMS'
UNION
SELECT dept, subject FROM staff
WHERE subject='DBMS'
ORDER BY City;

Union All
select column_name(s) from table1
union all
select column_name(s) from table2;

Example

21
select subject from student
union all
select subject from staff
order by subject;

Intersect:
Syntax:
Select <fieldlist> from <tablename1> where (condition) intersect select<fieldlist> from<tablename2>

where (condition);

Example

SQL> select stud_id from student intersect select staff_id from staff;

In:
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

Syntax:
Select <fieldlist> from <tablename1> where (condition) in select<fieldlist> from<tablename2> where

(condition);

Example
SQL>select * from student1 where stud_dept in ('cse', 'mech');

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

Ram 101 MECH 104
Saddiq 103 CSE 101

SQL>select * from customers where stud_dept not in ('cse', 'mech', 'it');

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Vicky 102 EEE 105
David 104 EEE 103

Not like:
Syntax:

22
Select <fieldlist> from <tablename> where <fieldname> not like <expression>;

All:

The ALL operator:

 returns a boolean value as a result

 returns TRUE if ALL of the subquery values meet the condition
 is used with SELECT, WHERE and HAVING statements

ALL means that the condition will be true only if the operation is true for all values in the range.

Syntax:
Select <fieldlist> from <tablename1>where <fieldname> all Select <fieldlist> from <tablename2>

where (condition);
Example
SQL> select stud_name from student where stud_id = all (select subject_id from subject where sem
= 4);

Any:
The ANY operator:
 returns a Boolean value as a result
 returns TRUE if ANY of the sub query values meet the condition
ANY means that the condition will be true if the operation is true for any of the values in the range.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator ANY
(SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE condition);
The operator must be a standard comparison operator (=, <>, !=, >, >=, <, or <=).

Example

23
SQL> select stud_name from student where stud_id = any (select subject_id from subject where sem
= 4);

The above SQL statement lists the student name if it finds ANY records in the subject table has sem
equal to 4 (this will return TRUE if the sem column having value 4)

Aggregate Functions
MySQL's aggregate function is used to perform calculations on multiple values and return the result in a
single value like the average of all values, the sum of all values, and maximum & minimum value
among certain groups of values. We mostly use the aggregate functions with SELECT statements in the
data query languages.

Aggregate Function Descriptions

count() It returns the number of rows, including rows with NULL values in a group.
sum() It returns the total summed values (Non-NULL) in a set.
average() It returns the average value of an expression.
min() It returns the minimum (lowest) value in a set.
max() It returns the maximum (highest) value in a set.
groutp_concat() It returns a concatenated string.
first() It returns the first value of an expression.
last() It returns the last value of an expression.

Sql > create table student(rollno decimal, sname varchar(15), mark1 decimal, mark2 decimal);
Table created
Sql> insert into student values(101, ‘kareem’,95,90);
Sql> insert into student values(102, ‘kaasim’,92,97);
Sql> insert into student values(103, ‘ram’,85,95);
Sql> insert into student values(104, ‘sai’,93,91);

Sql> select * from student;

Rollno sname mark1 mark2
101 kareem 95 90
102 kaasim 92 97
103 ram 85 95
104 sai 93 91

Count
The COUNT () function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criterion.
24
Syntax
SELECT COUNT (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example
SELECT COUNT (rollno) FROM student;
4
Sum
The SUM () function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

Syntax
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example
SELECT SUM(mark1) FROM student;
365

SELECT SUM(mark1) FROM student WHERE mark2>=95;

192
Average
The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.

Syntax
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example
SELECT AVG(mark1) FROM student;
91

SELECT AVG(mark2) FROM student WHERE mark2>=95;

96
Min
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example
SELECT MIN(mark1) FROM student;
85
Max
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;

25
Example
SELECT MAX(mark1) FROM student;
95

Result
Thus the where clause function quires and aggregate function quires are executed successfully.

26
Ex.no. : 04
Date :
Sub Quires and Join Operations
Aim :
To implement and execute simple, nested, sub & join operation queries in mysql database.

Simple Queries

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values. Inside a table, a
column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the different
(distinct) values.
Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name;
Example

SELECT DISTINCT STU_DEPT FROM student1;

STU_DEPT
CSE
EEE
MECH

The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:
 The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
 The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.
The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE

AND Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ..

Example
SELECT * FROM student1 WHERE stud_id=101 AND stud_dept=’mech’;

27
STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO
Ram 101 MECH 104

OR Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
Example
SELECT * FROM student1 WHERE stud_id=101 OR stud_dept=’EEE’;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

Ram 101 MECH 104

NOT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

Example
SELECT * FROM student WHERE NOT stud_id=101;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

Vicky 102 EEE 105
David 104 EEE 103

The SQL ORDER BY Keyword

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in
descending order, use the DESC keyword.

ORDER BY Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

Example
SELECT * FROM student1 ORDER BY STUD_ID ;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

28
Ram 101 MECH 104
Vicky 102 EEE 105
Saddiq 103 CSE 101
David 104 EEE 103

SELECT * FROM student1 ORDER BY STUD_ID DESC;

STUD_NAME STUD_ID STUD_DEPT STUD_ROLLNO

David 104 EEE 103
Saddiq 103 CSE 101
Vicky 102 EEE 105
Ram 101 MECH 104

Subqueries
A MySQL sub query is a query nested within another query such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or
DELETE. In addition, a MySQL sub query can be nested inside another sub query.

A MySQL sub query is called an inner query while the query that contains the sub query is called an
outer query. A sub query can be used anywhere that expression is used and must be closed in
parentheses.

Example SubQueries

1. SELECT lastName, firstName FROM employees WHERE officeCode IN (SELECT officeCode

FROM offices WHERE country = 'USA');

In this example:
 The sub query returns all office codes of the offices located in the USA.
 The outer query selects the last name and first name of employees who work in the offices whose
office codes are in the result set returned by the sub query.

2. Select max(sid) from classa where sid <( select max(sid) from classa)

SQL Joins
Here are the different types of the Joins in SQL:
(INNER) JOIN : Returns records that have matching values in both tables
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN : Return all records from the left table, and the matched records from the
right table
29
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN : Return all records from the right table, and the matched records from the
left table
FULL (OUTER) JOIN : Return all records when there is a match in either left or right table

Note : To perform join operation we need two different tables.

Sql> select * from student;

Rollno sname mark1 mark2
101 kareem 95 90
102 kaasim 92 97
103 ram 85 95
104 sai 93 91

Sql > select * from sports

Rollno sname sdept game
101 kareem CSE cricket
104 sai ECE football
105 ravi IT cricket
107 fizal CSE chess

Inner Join
The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values in both tables.

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example
SELECT student.name, student.mark1, sports.game FROM student INNER JOIN sports ON
student.rollno=sports.rollno;

sname mark1 game

kareem 95 cricket
sai 93 football

Left Join
30
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched records from the
right table (table2). The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match.

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example
SELECT student.name, student.mark1, sports.game FROM student LEFT JOIN sports ON
student.rollno=sports.rollno;

sname mark1 game

kareem 95 cricket
kaasim 92 Null
ram 85 Null
sai 93 football

RIGHT JOIN Keyword

The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2), and the matched records from the
left table (table1). The result is NULL from the left side, when there is no match.

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example
SELECT student.name, student.mark1, sports.game FROM student RIGHT JOIN sports ON
student.rollno=sports.rollno;

sname mark1 game

kareem 95 cricket
sai 93 football
Null Null cricket
Null Null chess
31
 FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword return all records when there is a match in either left (table1) or right
(table2) table records.
Note: FULL OUTER JOIN or FULL JOIN is not directly performed in sql so we can achive it by union
operation of left join and right join.

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
If the above syntax is not working then we can go with union operation.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Union
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example
SELECT student.name, student.mark1, sports.game FROM student LEFT JOIN sports ON
student.rollno=sports.rollno
Union
SELECT student.name, student.mark1, sports.game FROM student RIGHT JOIN sports ON
student.rollno=sports.rollno

32
Result
Thus the SQL sub queries, nested queries and various join operation queries are written and
executed successfully.
33
Ex. No. : 05
Date :
Natural, equi and outer joins
Aim:
To study and execute SQL natural join, equi join and outer joins.

Procedure:
Natural join is an SQL join operation that creates join on the base of the common columns in the
tables. To perform natural join there must be one common attribute(Column) between two tables.
Natural join will retrieve from multiple relations.
It works in three steps.
 Natural join is an SQL join operation that creates join on the base of the common columns in the
tables.
 To perform natural join there must be one common attribute(Column) between two tables.
 Natural join will retrieve from multiple relations. It works in three steps.

Tables
Student
Roll sname dept
101 aaa cse
105 eee it
102 bbb ece
103 ccc eee
104 ddd cse
105 eee it
Game
Gid gname roll
1 cricket 101
2 volley ball 102
3 cricket 104
4 carom 106
5 chess 107

Natural Join Syntax

SELECT *
FROM table1
NATURAL JOIN table2;

Example
34
Select * from student NATURAL JOIN game;

Roll sname dept gid game

101 aaa cse 1 cricket
102 bbb ece 2 volly ball
104 ddd cse 3 cricket

Equi join:
 EQUI JOIN creates a JOIN for equality or matching column(s) values of the relative tables.
 EQUI JOIN also create JOIN by using JOIN with ON and then providing the names of the columns
with their relative tables to check equality using equal sign (=).

Syntax
SELECT column_list
FROM table1, table2....
WHERE table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;

Example
SELECT student.roll,student.sname,game.gname FROM student,game WHERE student.roll=game.roll;
Or
SELECT student.roll,student.sname,game.gname FROM student JOIN game ON student.roll=game.roll;
Roll sname game
101 aaa cricket
102 bbb volly ball
104 ddd cricket

Non Equi Join :

NON EQUI JOIN performs a JOIN using comparison operator other than equal(=) sign like >, <, >=, <=
with conditions.

Syntax
SELECT column_list
FROM table1, table2....
WHERE table1.column_name >
table2.column_name;

Example
35
SELECT student.roll,student.sname,game.gname FROM student,game WHERE student.roll>game.roll;

Roll dept game

105 eee cricket
105 eee volley ball
105 eee cricket
102 bbb cricket
103 ccc cricket
103 ccc volley ball
104 ddd cricket
104 ddd volley ball
105 eee cricket
105 eee volley ball
105 eee cricket
Full outer join

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all records when there is a match in left (table1) or right
(table2) table records. Full outer join and full join are same

Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
WHERE condition;

Example
select student.roll,student.sname,game.gname from student left join game on student.roll=game.roll
union
select student.roll,student.sname,game.gname from student right join game on student.roll=game.roll;

Roll sname game

101 aaa cricket
105 eee Null
102 bbb volley ball
103 ccc Null
104 ddd cricket
Null Null carom
Null Null chess

36
Result:
Thus the natural join, equi join and outer join queries are written and executed successfully.

37
Ex.No. :06
Date :
Functions and Stored Procedures
Aim:
To Write a program using procedures and functions

MySQL Stored Function

A stored function is a special kind stored program that returns a single value. You use stored functions
to encapsulate common formulas or business rules that are reusable among SQL statements or stored
programs.

Different from a stored procedure, you can use a stored function in SQL statements wherever an
expression is used. This helps improve the readability and maintainability of the procedural code.

syntax
The following illustrates the simplest syntax for creating a new stored function:
CREATE FUNCTION function_name(parameter 1,parameter 2,…)
RETURNS datatype
[NOT] DETERMINISTIC
Statements

Example

Function to concatenate two strings

USE `sample1`;
DROP function IF EXISTS `funcon`;
DELIMITER $$
USE `sample1`$$
CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` FUNCTION `funcon`(s CHAR(20)) RETURNS char(50)
CHARSET utf8mb4
DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN
RETURN CONCAT('Hello, ',s,'!!');
RETURN 1;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

Executing function

38
select funcon('world');

# funcon('world')
'Hello, world!!'

Stored procedure
MySQL stored procedure using CREATE PROCEDURE statement. In addition, we will show you
how to call stored procedures from SQL statements.

syntax
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE GetAllProducts()
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM products;
END //
DELIMITER ;

Example

create table cus(cid integer,cname char(20),address varchar(75),salary int,post varchar(20));

insert into cus values(1,'aa','77,anna salai,arcot',10000,'clerk');

insert into cus values(3,'bb','01,anna salai,chennai',15000,'staff');
insert into cus values(2,'cc','25,rajaji nagar,banglore',15000,'staff');
insert into cus values(4,'dd','02,mettu street,kochin',10000,'secretary');
insert into cus values(5,'ee','21,north street,mumbai',15000,'manager');

select* from cus;

Cid cname address salary post

1 aa 77,anna salai,arcot 10000 clerk
3 bb 01,anna salai,chennai 15000 staff
2 cc 25,rajaji nagar,banglore 15000 staff
4 dd 02,mettu street,kochin 10000 secretary
5 ee 21,north street,mumbai 15000 manager

39
Creating stored procedure
USE `sample1`;
DROP procedure IF EXISTS `new_pro`;
DELIMITER $$
USE `sample1`$$
CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` PROCEDURE `new_pro`()
BEGIN
UPDATE cus
SET salary = salary + 500;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

Executing stored procedure

call new_pro;
5 rows effected

SQL>select* from cus;

Cid cname address salary post

1 aa 77,anna salai,arcot 10500 clerk
3 bb 01,anna salai,chennai 15500 staff
2 cc 25,rajaji nagar,banglore 15500 staff
4 dd 02,mettu street,kochin 10500 secretary
5 ee 21,north street,mumbai 15500 manager

40
Result :
Thus the SQL functions and procedures are written and executed successfully.

41
Ex.No. :07
Date :
DCL and TCL Commands
Aim:
To study and execute various Data Control Language and Transaction Control Language
commands in SQL.

Procedure:
1: Start
2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
3: Insert the record into table
4: Execute the DCL commands GRANT and REVOKE
5: Execute the TCL commands COMMIT, SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK.
6: Stop

DCL Commands.
DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE which mainly deal with the rights,
permissions, and other controls of the database system.

GRANT:
This command gives users access privileges to the database. For this first we have to create user.

CREATE USER Statement

MySQL allows us to specify which user account can connect to a database server. The user account
details in MySQL contains two information – username and host from which the user is trying to
connect in the format username@host-name.
If the admin user is connecting through localhost then the user account will be admin@localhost.

MySQL stores the user account in the user grant table of the mysql database.

The CREATE USER statement in MySQL allows us to create new MySQL accounts or in other words,
the CREATE USER statement is used to create a database account that allows the user to log into the
MySQL database.

Syntax;
CREATE USER user_account IDENTIFIED BY password;

NOTE: in our system user is root@localhost

42
We have already learned about how to create users in MySQL using MySQL | create user statement. But
using the Create User Statement only creates a new user but does not grant any privileges to the user
account. Therefore to grant privileges to a user account, the GRANT statement is used.

Syntax:

GRANT privileges_names ON object TO user;

Parameters Used in Grant Command

privileges_name: These are the access rights or privileges granted to the user.
object:It is the name of the database object to which permissions are being granted. In the case of
granting privileges on a table, this would be the table name.
user:It is the name of the user to whom the privileges would be granted.
Various privileges used are, SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, INDEX, UPDATE, CREATE, ALTER,
DROP, GRANT.
1. Granting SELECT Privilege to a User in a Table:
To grant Select Privilege to a table named “users” where User Name is root, the following GRANT
statement should be executed.
GRANT SELECT ON Users TO 'root'@'localhost;

2. Granting more than one Privilege to a User in a Table:

To grant multiple Privileges to a user named “root” in a table “users”, the following GRANT statement
should be executed.
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE ON Users TO 'root'@'localhost;

3. Granting All the Privilege to a User in a Table:

To Grant all the privileges to a user named “root” in a table “users”, the following Grant statement
should be executed.
GRANT ALL ON Users TO 'root'@'localhost;

43
4. SQL Grant command is specifically used to provide privileges to database objects for a user. This
command also allows users to grant permissions to other users too.
Syntax:
grant privilege_name on object_name
to {user_name | public | role_name}
Example
grant insert,
select on accounts to Ram

REVOKE:
This command withdraws the user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.
Revoke command withdraw user privileges on database objects if any granted. It does operations
opposite to the Grant command. When a privilege is revoked from a particular user U, then the
privileges granted to all other users by user U will be revoked.

Syntax:
REVOKE privilege_name on object_name
from {user_name | public | role_name}

Example
REVOKE insert,
select on accounts from Ram

TCL (Transaction Control Language)

Transaction Control Language(TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in database.
These are used to manage the changes made by DML statements.
It also allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
44
TCL Commands are
 Commit
Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into database.Following is Commit
command's syntax,
commit;
 Rollback
This command restores the database to last commited state. It is also use with savepoint command to
jump to a savepoint in a transaction. Following is Rollback command's syntax,
rollback to savepoint-name;
 Savepoint
savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that point
whenever necessary.
Following is savepoint command's syntax,
savepoint savepoint-name;
Example
Create the table class with the ID & NAME attributes Apply TCL commands and show the result.
SQL> CREATE TABLE CLASS(id int,sname varchar(20));

SQL> insert into class values(1,'john');

SQL> insert into class values(2,'raj');
SQL> insert into class values(3,'rahman');

SQL>Select * from class

Id sname
1 john
2 raj
3 rahman

Let’s use some SQL queries on the above table and see the results.

SQL> INSERT into class values(5,'Rahul');

commit;
SQL> UPDATE class set name='abhijit' where id='5';
45
savepoint A;
SQL> INSERT into class values(6,'Chris');
savepoint B;
SQL> INSERT into class values(7,'Bravo');
savepoint C;
SQL> SELECT * from class;

The resultant table will look like,

Id sname
1 john
2 raj
3 rahman
5 abhijit
6 Chris
7 Bravo

Now rollback to savepoint B

rollback to B;
SELECT * from class;
The resultant table will look like

Id sname
1 john
2 raj
3 rahman
5 abhijit
6 Chris

Now rollback to savepoint A

rollback to A;
SELECT * from class;

The result table will look like

Id sname
1 john
2 raj
3 rahman
5 abhijit
46
Result:
Thus the Data Manipulation Language commands (insert, update, delete, retrieve) and TCL
commands are studied and executed successfully and output was verified.

47
Ex. No.:08
Date :
Triggers
Aim:
To execute programs for insert, delete, and update operations in a database table using triggers.

MySQL trigger
A MySQL trigger is a stored program (with queries) which is executed automatically to respond to a specific
event such as insertion, updation or deletion occurring in a table.

In order to create a new trigger, you use the CREATE TRIGGER statement. The following illustrates the
syntax of the CREATE TRIGGER statement:

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event

ON table_name
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
...
END;

Let’s examine the syntax above in more detail.

 You put the trigger name after the CREATE TRIGGER statement. The trigger name should follow the
naming convention [trigger time]_[table name]_[trigger event], for example before_employees_update.
 Trigger activation time can be BEFORE or AFTER. You must specify the activation time when you
define a trigger. You use the BEFORE keyword if you want to process action prior to the change is
made on the table and AFTER if you need to process action after the change is made.
 The trigger event can be INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE. This event causes the trigger to be invoked. A
trigger only can be invoked by one event. To define a trigger that is invoked by multiple events, you
have to define multiple triggers, one for each event.
 A trigger must be associated with a specific table. Without a table trigger would not exist therefore you
have to specify the table name after the ON keyword.
 You place the SQL statements between BEGIN and END block. This is where you define the logic for
the trigger

Example
SQL> Create table account1(acct_num int,amount int)
SQL> insert into account1 values(1,150)
SQL> select * from account1

48
Acc_num amount
1 150

Trigger for update

DELIMITER $$
USE `sample1`$$
CREATE DEFINER = CURRENT_USER TRIGGER `sample1`.`new_table_BEFORE_UPDATE`
BEFORE UPDATE ON `account1` FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.amount < 0 THEN
SET NEW.amount = 0;
ELSEIF NEW.amount > 100 THEN
SET NEW.amount = 100;
END IF;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

SQL> update account1 set amount=2000 where acct_num=1

SQL> select * from account1

Acc_num amount
1 100

Trigger for insert

DELIMITER $$
USE `sample1`$$
CREATE DEFINER = CURRENT_USER TRIGGER `sample1`.`bank_BEFORE_INSERT` BEFORE
INSERT ON `account1` FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.amount < 0 THEN
SET NEW.amount = 0;

49
ELSEIF NEW.amount > 100 THEN
SET NEW.amount = 100;
END IF;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;

SQL> insert into account1 values(2,-100)

SQL> select * from account1

Acc_num amount
1 100
2 0

Trigger for Delete

DELIMITER $$
USE `sample1`$$
CREATE DEFINER = CURRENT_USER TRIGGER `sample1`.`bank_BEFORE_DELETE` BEFORE
DELETE ON `account1` FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
delete from account2 where acct_num=2;
END
$$
DELIMITER ;

SQL> select * from account1

Acc_num amount
1 100
2 0

SQL> select * from account2

50
Result:
Thus the programs using trigger was executed and verified successfully
51
 View and Index
EX NO: 9
Date:

AIM

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Views and Index.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the view from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute different Commands and extract information from the View.
STEP 6: Stop

VIEWS:

SQL includes the ability to create stored queries that they can then be used as a basis for other queries.
These stored queries are also called views. A view is simply a derived table that is built upon the base
tables of the database. Base tables are the original database tables that actually contain data. Views do
not actually store data they are temporary tables. To define a view, we must give the view a name and
state the query that computes the view.

Syntax:

Create view v as <query expression>

Where query expression is any legal query expression and view name is represented by v.
SQL> select * from classa;
SID SNAME SDEPT TOTAL

---------- --------------- ---------- ------------ -----------------

1 aarthi IT 450

2 ezhil ECE 590

52
 3 sakthi IT 900

4 vino ECE 600

7 viji IT 900

6 sumathi ECE 890

6 rows selected.

SQL> select * from classb;

ID NAME GRADE
---------- ---------- ----------
1 aarthi b
2 ezhil b
6 sumathi a
7 viji a

CREATING A VIEW:

The first step in creating a view is to define the defining query, which is the query on
which the view is based. While it is not required that the defining query be written before
creating a view, it is generally a good idea. Any errors in the query can be caught and
corrected before the view is created.

Query for defining query:

SQL> select classa.sid, classa.sname, classa.sdept, classb.name1 from classa, classb where
classa.sid=classb.id order by classa.sid;
SID SNAME SDEPT Name1

SQL> create view classa_b as select classa.sid, classa.sname, classa.sdept, classb.grade

from classa, classb where classa.sid=classb.id order by classa.sid;
View created.

SQL> select * from classa_b;

SID SNAME SDEPT GRADE
53
 ---------- --------------- ---------- ----------
1 aarthi IT B
2 ezhil ECE B
6 sumathi ECE A
7 viji IT A

SID SNAME SDEPT

---------- -------------- ----------
1 aarthi IT
7 viji IT

RENAMING COLUMNS IN A VIEW:

Another useful feature available when creating a view is that columns can be renamed
in the CREATE VIEW statement. The new column names only apply to the views, the column
names in the base tables do not change.

Query:

SQL> create view classxy12(id,dept) as select sid,sdept from classa;

View created.

SQL> select * from classxy12;

ID DEPT

---------- ----------

1 IT

2 ECE

3 IT

4 ECE

5 IT

54
 6 ECE

6 rows selected.

USING AGGREGATION FUNCTIONS WITH VIEWS:

Aggregate function that take a collection of value as input and return a single value
.SQL offers five built in aggregate function such as count, sum ,average, minimum and
maximum. Count function will count all the rows including duplicates or null. Sum function
calculates the sum of all values in specified column. The average function produces arithmetic
mean of all the selected values or fields. The maximum function produces max values of all
the selected values of a given fields. The minimum function produces min values of all the
selected values of a given fields.

Query:
SQL> select * from classa
# sid, sname, sdept, total
'1', 'john', 'it', '100'
'2', 'raj', 'it', '200'
'3', 'rahman', 'it', '300'
'4', 'joseph', 'it', '400'
'5', 'ram', 'it', '600'
SQL> create view student_count_min(sno,count) as select min(total),count(total)from
classa;
View created.
SQL> select *from student_count_min;
# sno, count
'100', '5'
SQL> create view student_sum_avg(tot,avgtotal)as select sum(total),avg(total) from classa;
View created.
SQL> select * from student_sum_avg;
# tot, avgtotal
'1600', '320.0000'

SQL> create view stud_max(tot) as select max(total) from classa;

View created.
55
SQL> select * from stud_max;
# tot
'600'

CREATE INDEX

The CREATE INDEX command is used to create indexes in tables (allows duplicate
values).

Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast. The users cannot see
the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries.

CREATE INDEX dup_name ON classa(sname);

If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list the column
names within the parentheses, separated by commas:

CREATE INDEX dup_name ON classa(sname,sdept);

DROP INDEX
DROP INDEX index_name;
DROP INDEX dup_name;

56
RESULT:
Thus the SQL commands for View and Index has been executed successfully and output was
verified.

57
EX. NO: 10 XML database and validate it using XML schema
Date:

Aim
Creating XML database and validate it using XML schema

Procedure

XML
o Xml (eXtensible Markup Language) is a mark up language.
o XML is designed to store and transport data.
o Xml was released in late 90’s. it was created to provide an easy to use and store self
describing data.
o XML became a W3C Recommendation on February 10, 1998.
o XML is not a replacement for HTML.
o XML is designed to be self-descriptive.
o XML is designed to carry data, not to display data.
o XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags.
o XML is platform independent and language independent.

XML Schema

XML Schema is commonly known as XML Schema Definition (XSD). It is used to describe
and validate the structure and the content of XML data. XML schema defines the elements,
attributes and data types. Schema element supports Namespaces. It is similar to a database
schema that describes the data in a database.

How to validate XML against XSD in java:

Java XML Validation API can be used to validate XML against an XSD. javax.xml.validation.Validator
58
class is used in this program to validate xml file against xsd file.Here are the sample XSD and XML files
used.

Employee.xsd

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee"
xmlns:empns="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee" elementFormDefault="qualified">
<element name="empRequest" type="empns:empRequest"></element>
<element name="empResponse" type="empns:empResponse"></element>
<complexType name="empRequest">
<sequence>
<element name="id" type="int"></element>
</sequence>
</complexType>
<complexType name="empResponse">
<sequence>
<element name="id" type="int"></element>
<element name="role" type="string"></elemen>
<element name="fullName" type="string"></element>
</sequence>
</complexType>
</schema>
Notice that above XSD contains two root element and namespace also, I have created two sample XML
file from XSD.

EmployeeRequest.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<empns:empRequest xmlns:empns="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee Employee.xsd ">

59
EmployeeResponse.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<empns:empResponse xmlns:empns="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.journaldev.com/Employee Employee.xsd ">
<empns:id>1</empns:id>
<empns:role>Developer</empns:role>
<empns:fullName>Pankaj Kumar</empns:fullName>
</empns:empResponse>

Here is another XML file that doesn’t confirms to the Employee.xsd.

employee.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<name>Pankaj</name>
<age>29</age>
<role>Java Developer</role>
<gender>Male</gender>
</Employee>

Here is the program that is used to validate all three XML files against the XSD. The
validateXMLSchema method takes XSD and XML file as argument and return true if validation is
successful or else returns false.

XMLValidation.java

package com.journaldev.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.xml.XMLConstants;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource;
import javax.xml.validation.Schema;
import javax.xml.validation.SchemaFactory;
import javax.xml.validation.Validator;

60
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
public class XMLValidation {
public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("EmployeeRequest.xml validates against Employee.xsd?

"+validateXMLSchema("Employee.xsd", "EmployeeRequest.xml"));

System.out.println("EmployeeResponse.xml validates against Employee.xsd?

"+validateXMLSchema("Employee.xsd", "EmployeeResponse.xml"));

System.out.println("employee.xml validates against Employee.xsd?

"+validateXMLSchema("Employee.xsd", "employee.xml"));

public static boolean validateXMLSchema(String xsdPath, String xmlPath){

try {

SchemaFactory factory =

SchemaFactory.newInstance(XMLConstants.W3C_XML_SCHEMA_NS_URI);

Schema schema = factory.newSchema(new File(xsdPath));

Validator validator = schema.newValidator();

validator.validate(new StreamSource(new File(xmlPath)));

} catch (IOException | SAXException e) {

System.out.println("Exception: "+e.getMessage());

return false;

return true;

61
 }

Output of the above program is:

EmployeeRequest.xml validates against Employee.xsd? true

EmployeeResponse.xml validates against Employee.xsd? true

Exception: cvc-elt.1: Cannot find the declaration of element 'Employee'.

employee.xml validates against Employee.xsd? false

62
RESULT:

Thus the XML database created and validates it using XML schema

63
Ex.No 11 Displaying student mark list
Date:

Aim:

Write a program in Java to create Displaying student mark listusing JSP and Databases (three tire
architecture).

Definition, usage and procedure

Three tier architecture is a very common architecture. A three tier architecture is typically split into a
presentation or GUI tier, an application logic tier, and a data tier.

Presentation tier encapsulates the presentation logic required to serve clients. A JSP in the presentation
tier intercepts client requests, manages logons, sessions, accesses the business services, and finally
constructs a response, which gets delivered to client.

Business tier provides the business services. This tier contains the business logic and the business data.
All the business logic is centralized into this tier as opposed to 2-tier systems where the business logic is
scattered between the front end and the backend. The benefit of having a centralized business tier is that
same business logic can support different types of clients like browser, WAP (Wireless Application
Protocol) client. In our exercise we will use servlet as business tier.

Data Tier
Data tier is used by the databases
JSP
Java Server Pages (JSP) is a server-side programming technology that enables the creation of dynamic,
platform-independent method for building Web-based applications. JSP have access to the entire family
of Java APIs, including the JDBC API to access enterprise databases
Servlet
A servlet is a small Java program that runs within a Web server. Servlets receive and respond to
requests from Web clients, usually across HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol
Client:
Step1: In index.html on the client side declare the contents that you like to transfer to the server using
html form and input type tags.
Step2: create a submit button and close all the included tags.
Servlet:
Step 1: Import all necessary packages
64
Step 2: Define a class that extends servlet
Step 3: In the doPost() method, do the following: i) Set the content type of the response to "text/html"
ii) connect with the database which has the student marklist iii) query the data to the database
Step 4: Display the student marklist
First Create database as db8 in that create table as mark with the following field
create table mark(rno varchar(20),name1 varchar(20),m1 varchar(20),m2 varchar(20),m3
varchar(20),m4 varchar(20),m5 varchar(20),m6 varchar(20))
insert into mark values('100','mohammed','90','90','90','90','90','90')
select * from mark

index.html
<head>
<title>Three Tier Application</title>
<style type="text/css">
body{color:blue;font-family:courier;text-align:center}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>EXAMINATION RESULT</h2><hr/>
<form name="f1" method="GET" action="marklist.jsp">
Enter Your Reg.No:
<input type="text" name="rno"/><br/><br/>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<input type="submit" value="SUBMIT"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<html>
Marklist.jsp
<%@page import="java.util.Properties"%>
<%@page contentType="text/html" language="java" import="java.sql.*"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Tier Application</title>
<style type="text/css">
body{color:blue;font-family:courier;text-align:center}
</style>
</head>

65
<body>
<h2>EXAMINATION RESULT</h2><hr/>
<%

String str=request.getParameter("rno");
Class.forName("org.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver");
Properties p=new Properties();
p.put("user","root");
p.put("password","root");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/db8",p);
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery( " Select * FROM mark WHERE rno ='"+str+"'");
while(rs.next())
{
%>
Register No:<%=rs.getString(1)%><br/>
Name:<%=rs.getString(2)%><br/>
<table border="1">
<th>SUBJECT</th><th>Mark</th>
<tr><td>NPM</td><td><%=rs.getString(3)%></td></tr>
<tr><td>OOAD</td><td><%=rs.getString(4)%></td></tr>
<tr><td>CNS</td><td><%=rs.getString(5)%></td></tr>
<tr><td>Es</td><td><%=rs.getString(6)%></td></tr>
<tr><td>Web Technology</td><td><%=rs.getString(7)%></td></tr>
<tr><td>UID</td><td><%=rs.getString(8)%></td></tr>

</table>
<%
}
%>
<br/>
<a href="index.jsp">Back</a>
</body>
</html>

66
Output:

67
68
Result

Thus the program is created for displaying examination result and successfully verified

69
Ex.No 12 Case Study of Cop Friendly App – Eseva
Date:

Aim

To case Study of Cop Friendly APP –Eseva

About Case study

The Case Study is all about Smart Cop, a mobile application or tool developed by Sapio Analytics along
with Dinosys Infotech that places a strong emphasis on combining existing interdisciplinary
information, improving analysis techniques, and developing more efficient police strategies. For
example, the Data-Driven Approach to Crime Scene Management is a technology that specializes in
handling evidence collected at a crime scene, and its notification feature aids in pulling data from
various media. Escape routes and the location of the incident could also be tracked. Also, describes how
the police can effectively manage their limited resources with this new data-driven and AI-based
policing

Purpose of this Case Study

The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how using the SMART COP tool developed by Sapio
Analytics along with Dinosys Infotech when used on a daily basis in policing can help police agencies to
figure out what works in crime reduction and crime prevention initiatives, as well as lead to much more
effective decisions, faster actions, which can lead to better policing, higher impact on citizens, and
improved citizen satisfaction. It's to demonstrate the value of such efficacious, efficient, and cost-
effective law enforcement strategies and tactics based on data and analytics, especially when it's aided
by Sapio Analytics' exclusive systems.

Background of the Product

Sapio Analytics along with Dinosys Infotech is providing training consultations and analytical solutions
backed by Artificial Intelligence to the enforcement bodies in matters related to cyber-crime, suspect
profiling, predictive policing, and so on. The Smart Cop tool developed by Sapio Analytics along with
Dinosys is an essential guarantee to modernize the police to manage local security. It will also
emphasize the new exigencies of the police management system. It can likewise be utilized for mapping
crime which can monitor high-crime locations. With this, police can monitor very closely and have a
real-time pulse on criminal activities. The mounted Smart Cop App will enhance the balance, security,
sustenance, and scalability of the existing department. The application facilitates an integrated policing
management system along with an information processing platform that will empower front-line Police
Officers who are on a beat towards achieving Global Policing Standards
70
Problem Statement

India is known as the world's largest democratic country, little is known about how it polices such a
vast, complex, and unpredictable country. As a result, police officers encounter challenges and barriers
in carrying out their duties on a daily basis. Some of the problems faced are
 The police leadership has not placed a high priority on using technology to deliver services to citizens.
 Investigations are being delayed due to a lack of collaboration between internal divisions.
 The training standards are quite inadequate and do not account for the use of new technology.
 There is a significant disparity between the rate at which crimes are committed and the rate at which
FIRs are filed.
 The workload is one of the key causes of police inefficiency once again

Solution to the Problem

The fundamental function of police forces is to uphold and investigate crimes, safeguard the safety of
citizens, and enforce laws. In a large and populous country like India, police forces must be well-
equipped to fulfill their duties effectively. As a result, the police force must adjust to changing
conditions. Police modernization has been needed for data protection, counterterrorism/insurgency, and
reliance on technology for policing. This necessitates more investment in technological advancement
and modernization. So, to solve the problem in a modern way Sapio Analytics Came up with Smart Cop
which aims to train the law enforcement agencies on emerging technology, mitigating cybercrimes,
enhancing their skill set as well as capacity building so that they are combatready in a real-time basis.
The Smart Cop is an essential guarantee to modernize the police to manage local security. It will also
emphasize the new exigencies of the police management system.

Benefits of the App

The main aim of Smart Cop is to digitize the whole functioning of beats. In the due process, we
facilitated the beat police with one application and have integrated the IT applications and databases
which are in line with the beat system, and converged them on to Smart Cop
 Effectively utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) traversing from E-Governance to
M-Governance
 Empowering and delegating the frontline Beat Police Officers for demonstrating quick & smart decision
making
 Delivering Services 'Anytime & Anywhere' for faster response to the Citizens
 Seamless integration of different application functionalities through Single-Sign-On services
71
  Efficient identification and tracking of suspects, quicker resolution of cases, and increased rate of
convictions for the offenders
 Proactively preventing crimes through real-time intelligence inputs and analysis relating to crimes and
criminals
 Encouraging transparency and accountability in every police personnel

Conclusive Summary

The case study shows how as the rate of crime rises; the utilization of existing Artificial Intelligence
algorithms is proving to be extremely beneficial. The tool developed by Sapio Analytics along with
Dinosys Infotech- SMART COP sets a promising example. To a considerable extent, Smart Cop aids
in the prediction of crime as well as the criminal. Artificial intelligence has the potential to become a
permanent element of the criminal justice system. Technological reforms are required to accomplish
the vision of SMART policing, it's important to train the police for new challenges, and strengthen
their investigative and emergency response capabilities. This will eventually increase public
confidence in the police force's effectiveness and its ability to serve efficiently. The police force
must be eager to bring a change and adopt new-age technologies and systems into the realm of law
enforcement for it to be more proactive than reactive.

72