Quarter 4

MODULE

2 Biomolecules
At the end of our lessons, you are
expected to be able to:
Recognize the major categories
of biomolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
(S10MT-IVc-d-22)
Specifically, you should be able
to:
1. identify the major categories of
biomolecules;
2. differentiate the major categories
of biomolecules in terms of
structures, elemental composition,
and classification; and
3. appreciate the vital role of
biomolecules in our life
Biomolecule - any molecule
produced by a living organism
that plays a major role in
biochemical processes.
 DNA Sugar

Instant
Starch energy source

CA
_ R BO
_HY
_ D RA
_ T E_ S
Stored energy Oils

Fats Grains

L _I P I D
_S
Sea foods Amino acids

Fruits Lean meat

PR
_ O _T E _I N S
 RNA Dairy products

Hereditary traits DNA

_CLE
NU _IC _ID
AC _S
CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS
A. Carbohydrates
➢ probably the most abundant
and widespread organic
substances in nature, they are
the major source of energy for
the body.
 grains

fruits bread and

pasta
➢ Carbohydrates include
simple sugar ______
____________, starch and
cellulose
_________.
➢ They contain _______,
carbon
hydrogen and oxygen
_________ _______.
Classifications of Carbohydrates
a. Monosaccharides - the simplest
sugar and the basic subunit of
carbohydrates.
Examples: glucose (or dextrose)
fructose
galactose
These monosaccharides have the same
C6H12O6 They are
molecular formula, ________.
__________
isomers Though they have the same
________.
molecular formula, their _________
structural
formulas differ.
Monosaccharides are
hydrophilic or very
___________
soluble in water.
 pancreas
insulin

liver, muscles and fat

excess glucose
transforming it to glycogen

excessive glucose normal glucose level

 pancreas
glucagon

liver, muscles and fat

convert glycogen back to

glucose and release them
into the blood
deficient glucose normal glucose level
b. Disaccharides - form when
two monosaccharide units
bond to each other.
Examples: sucrose
lactose
maltose
Sucrose - made up of one
molecule each of glucose and
fructose which are linked to each
other through a single bond.

glucose fructose

sucrose (C12H22O11)
Lactose - a disaccharide
which is made up of glucose
and galactose.
glucose
galactose
Maltose - a disaccharide
which is made up of two
glucose units.

glucose glucose
Condensation reaction
- a reaction in which two
molecules or parts of the
same molecule combine.
During this process, one
molecule of water is lost.
Hydrolysis reaction - occurs
when the bond between
monosaccharides is broken
with the addition of a water
molecule.
c. Polysaccharides - made up of
several monosaccharide units
joined together by covalent
bonds called glycosidic bonds.
Examples: starch
glycogen
cellulose
Starch - chief storage form of
carbohydrates in plants and the
most important source of
carbohydrate in human nutrition.

➢ A starch molecule is a
polysaccharide assembled from
the simple sugar glucose.
 glucose
molecules

starch
Why do athletes eat food rich in
complex carbohydrates a couple of
hours before their event?
Glucose from starch reaches
muscle cells over a period of
time providing energy as it is
needed. For this reason,
athletes often eat meals rich in
complex carbohydrates
before an athletic event.
Glycogen - polysaccharide found
in muscles and liver.
glucose
units

Glycogen
 Glycogen Starch
composed of alpha glucose units
shows higher contains both
degree of straight and
branching branched chains
made by
made by plants
animals
Cellulose - polysaccharide that
makes up plant walls. It is
insoluble in water and cannot be
digested by humans.
Both starch and cellulose are
unbranched, straight chain
polysaccharides that come from
plants.
However, they differ in the way the
glucose units are bonded to each
other.
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O O O

HO O O O
starch
OH
OH OH OH OH

CH2OH OH CH2OH OH
O O
cellulose
O O

HO O O O OH
OH CH2OH OH CH2OH
People cannot digest
cellulose, but when we eat
fiber which is
foods rich in _____,
cellulose, it speeds the
movement of food through
the digestive tracts.
B. Lipids
➢ These are biomolecules that
store energy for later use.
______
hydrophobic
➢ Lipids are ______________
(insoluble in water) but soluble in
nonpolar solvents (e.g. ether,
chloroform or benzene).
Some of the foods rich in lipids
are
Lipids have different structural
carboxylic
types such as __________
_____
acids (fatty acids),
triglycerides (or neutral fats),
_____________
steroids ______
________, waxes and
______________.
prostaglandins
The most abundant of the
lipids are triglycerides:
fats and ____.
____ oils
 Fats Oils
solids at room liquids at room
temperature temperature
contain saturated fatty contain unsaturated
acids fatty acids
contain single contain double
hydrocarbon bonds hydrocarbon bonds
produced only by
produced by plants
animals
fat

oil

oil
Structures of Some Common Fatty Acids
Name Structural Formula Melting Point (OC)

Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH 44
Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH 53
Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH 63
Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH 70
Oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 16
Linoleic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -5
Linolenic CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH -11
Arachidonic CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH -50
“Everything is
good, but in
moderation.”
If you eat in moderation, fats
are
1. good sources of body fuel
2. good emergency food
3. efficient energy storage
system
Steroids are another class
________
of lipids whose molecules
are composed of fused
rings of atoms. The most
important steroid is
cholesterol
___________.
Which among the following are
found both in carbohydrates and
lipids?
a. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
c. carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus
d. carbon, hydrogen, sodium
Which of the following is a major
source of carbohydrates?

a. c.

b. d.
Which of the following best
describes carbohydrates?
a. They are hydrophobic.
b. They include fats and oils.
c. They are sources of “instant” energy.
d. They serve as “storage” of energy.
Which of the following contains
lipids?

a. c.

b. d.
Which of the following is NOT
an important function of fats?
a. facilitate food movement in digestion
b. efficient energy storage system
c. good sources of body fuel
d. good emergency food
C. Proteins
➢ These are the most abundant
organic molecules in cells.
second most
➢ They are the _________
common molecules found in the
human body (after water).
➢ These are made up of the elements
________, hydrogen _________,
carbon __________, oxygen
nitrogen and _______.
__________ sulfur
Some of the foods rich in
proteins are
Whenever we eat protein-rich
foods, our digestive system
breaks the long protein chains
into simpler substances called
amino acids which are
______________
building
considered as the _________
blocks of proteins.
________
Of the 20 amino acids found in
11 can be
human protein, only ___
synthesized by the body and __9
have to be supplied by the
foods we eat. These 9 amino
acids are also called essential
_________
amino acids.
Of the essential amino acids,
adults only need to obtain eight
valine ____________,
of them: _______, isoleucine
lysine ____________,
leucine _______,
________, methionine
threonine
phenylalanine __________
_______________,
tryptophan The ninth
and ____________.
histidine - is
amino acid - __________
only essential for infants.
Of the 11 nonessential amino acids,
eight are called conditional
____________
amino acids. These include
_________, glutamine tyrosine
arginine __________, ________,
cysteine ________,
_________, proline
glycine ________,
serine and __________.
_______, ornithine The
alanine
remaining three are ________,
aspartate
asparagine and __________.
____________,
Amino Acid Structure
D. Nucleic Acids
➢ These are molecules that code for
hereditary traits by controlling the
production of protein.
➢ There are two kinds of nucleic
acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic
acid; and RNA, or ribonucleic
acid.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid; and
RNA, or ribonucleic acid.
Like proteins, nucleic acids are long
chain of polymers consisting of simpler
monomers The monomers of
units or _____________.
nucleotides
nucleic acids are _______________.
They are made up of three parts: a
five carbon sugar (pentose) a
_______________________________,
phosphate group and a ring-shaped
___________________,
nitrogenous base
____________________.

nitrogenous base
phosphate
(cytosine)
group
sugar (pentose)
Exercise: DNA vs RNA
Match the nucleic acid in column 1 with its
correct description given on column 2.
Nucleic Acid Function

converts information stored in

DNA
DNA to proteins

RNA stores genetic information

Exercise: DNA vs RNA
Nucleic Acid Compostion
● five-carbon ribose sugar
● phosphate group
DNA ● Nitrogenous bases:
Purine – Guanine, Adenine
Pyrimidine – Cytosine, Uracil
● five-carbon deoxyribose sugar
● phosphate group
RNA ● Nitrogenous bases:
Purine – Guanine, Adenine
Pyrimidine – Cytosine, Thymine
Exercise: DNA vs RNA
Nucleic Acid Number of Strands

DNA 2 (double strands)

RNA 1 (single strand)

Exercise: DNA vs RNA
Nucleic Acid Location in the cell

forms in nucleolus; moves to

DNA cytoplasm depending on
type

found in nucleus; small

RNA amount is present in
mitochondria
Exercise: DNA vs RNA
Nucleic Acid Base pairing

adenine – thymine
DNA
cytosine – guanine
adenine – uracil
RNA
cytosine – guanine