TECHNOLOGY

AND LIVELIHOOD 9
EDUCATION
COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING
Technology and Livelihood Education– Grade 9
Quarter 4 – Module 17: Operating System
First Edition, 2020

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 T. L. E. 9
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 17
Operating System
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Technology and Livelihood Education 9 Self-Learning Module

on Introduction to Technical Drawing!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Technology and Livelihood Education Self-Learning Module

on Introduction to Technical Drawing!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

A. define Operating System;
B. list types of Operating System and its examples;
C. compare features of common desktop operating systems;
D. value importance of operating system in computer components.

PRETEST

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided before the number.

Column A Column B
_______ 1. It is an OS for home digital assistants, a. OS
automated teller machines (ATMs), airplane
systems, retail point of sale (POS) terminals
and internet of things (IoT) devices. b. Network
_______ 2. It is a Unix-like operating system that was
designed to provide PC users a free or low- c. Mac OS
cost alternative.
_______ 3. Acts as an intermediary between the user of d. Windows
a computer and computer hardware.
_______ 4. Another specialized OS intended to facilitate e. Embedded
communication between devices operating on
a LAN.
_______ 5. Microsoft's lead operating system, the de f. Linux
facto standard for home and business
computers.

RECAP
Directions: Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the underlined word is correct,
and if it is FALSE, change the word to make the statement correct.

________________ 1. Most motherboards permit you to scale up by including slots

that allow for expansion.
________________ 2. When you open an application in the computer, it will put that
application and all its data in the ROM.
________________ 3. The fan plays a very important role which cools it down to
prevent the computer’s internals from overheating.
 ________________ 4. The data stored in the Hard Drive does not disappear when
you switch your computer off.
________________ 5. Examples of input devices include monitors, speakers, and
printer.

LESSON

Introduction

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer

and computer hardware. Its purpose is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner and manages the
computer hardware. The hardware must provide appropriate components to ensure
the proper operation of the computer system and to prevent user programs from
interfering with the proper operation of the system.

An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and

services, such as memory, processors, devices, and information. It includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler,
memory management module, I/O (input/output) programs, and a file system.

The Operating system must support the following tasks. The tasks are:
• Provide the facilities to create modification of programs and data files using
an editor.
• Access to the compiler for translating the user program from high level
language to machine language.
• Provide a loader program to move the compiled program code to the
computer’s memory for execution.
• Provide routines that handle the subtle elements of I/O programming.

Author: Vijay Verma

Why use an operating system?

An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer program and

software advancement. Without an operating system, each application would ought
to include its own user interface, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle
all low-level functionality of the fundamental computer, such as disk storage,
network interfaces and so on. Considering the tremendous array of underlying
hardware available, this would immensely bloat the size of every application and
make computer program development impractical. Instead, many common tasks,
such as sending a network packet or showing content on a standard output device,
such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an intermediary
between the applications and the hardware. It gives a steady and repeatable way for
applications to interact with the hardware without the applications requiring to know
any subtle elements about the hardware.

Once installed, the operating system depends on a vast library of device

drivers to tailor OS services to the specific hardware environment. In this way, each
application may make a common call to a storage device, but the OS receives that
call and uses the corresponding driver to translate the call into commands required
for the basic hardware on that specific computer. Nowadays, the operating system
gives a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures and manages a range of
hardware, including processors; memory devices and memory management;
chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, and subsystem interfacing, such
as Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).

Operating system types and examples

Although the fundamental roles of an operating system are universal, there

are countless operating systems that serve a wide range of hardware and user needs.

1. General-purpose operating system

A general-purpose OS represents an array of operating systems intended to

run a huge number of applications on a broad selection of hardware, enabling a user
to run one or more applications or tasks simultaneously. It can be installed on many
different desktop and laptop models and run applications from accounting systems
to databases to web browsers to games. It is typically focus on process and hardware
management to ensure that applications can reliably share the wide range of
computing hardware present.

Common desktop operating systems include the following:

• Windows is Microsoft's lead operating system, the de facto standard for home
and business computers. Presented in 1985, the GUI-based OS has been
released in numerous versions since then.
• Mac OS is the working system for Apple's Macintosh line of PCs and
workstations.
 • Unix is a multiuser operating system designed for flexibility and adaptability.
Originally developed in the 1970s and one of the first operating systems to be
written in the C language.
• Linux is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide PC users
a free or low-cost alternative. It encompasses a reputation as an efficient and
fast-performing system.

2. Mobile operating system

Mobile operating systems are designed to accommodate the unique needs of

mobile computing and communication-centric devices, such as smartphones and
tablets. It is typically offer limited computing resources compared to traditional PCs,
and the OS must be scaled back in size and complexity in order to minimize its own
resource use, while ensuring adequate resources for one or more applications
running on the device. It tends to emphasize efficient performance, user
responsiveness and close attention to data handling tasks, such as supporting media
streaming. Apple iOS and Google Android are examples of mobile operating systems.

3. Embedded operating system

Not all computing devices are general purpose. A huge collection of dedicated
devices including home digital assistants, automated teller machines (ATMs),
airplane systems, retail point of sale (POS) terminals and internet of things (IoT)
devices - includes computers that require an operating system. The principal
difference is that the associated computing device only does one major thing, so the
OS is profoundly stripped down and committed to both performance and resilience.
The OS ought to run quickly, not crash, and handle all errors smoothly to continue
operating in all circumstances. In most cases, the OS is provided on a chip that is
incorporated into the actual device. For example, a medical device used in a patient's
life support equipment will employ an embedded OS that must run reliably to keep
the patient alive. Embedded Linux is one example of an embedded OS.

4. Network operating system

A network operating system (NOS) is another specialized OS intended to

facilitate communication between devices operating on a local area network (LAN). It
gives the communication stack needed to understand network protocols to create,
exchange and break down network packets. Nowadays, the concept of a specialized
NOS is generally obsolete since other OS types largely handle network
communication. Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019, for example, include
comprehensive networking capabilities. The concept of a NOS is still used for a few
networking devices, such as routers, switches and firewalls, and manufacturers may
employ proprietary NOSes, including Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS),
RouterOS and ZyNOS.
 5. Real-time operating system

When a computing device must associate with the real world within constant
and repeatable time constraints, the device manufacturer may opt to use a real-time
operating system (RTOS). For example, an industrial control system may direct the
operations of a sprawling factory or power plant. Such a facility will produce signals
from myriad sensors and send signals to operate valves, actuators, motors and
countless other devices. In these situations, the industrial control system must
respond quickly and predictably to changing real-world conditions -- otherwise,
disaster may result. An RTOS must work without buffering, processing latencies and
other delays, which are perfectly acceptable in other types of operating systems. Two
examples of RTOSes include FreeRTOS and VxWorks.

The differences between operating system types are not absolute, and some
can share characteristics of others. Similarly, an embedded operating system
commonly includes attributes of an RTOS, whereas a mobile operating system can
still typically run various apps at the same time as other general-purpose operating
systems.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 17.1

Directions: Compare the following operating systems by completing the table.

Operating System Description of the Examples

system
General-purpose operating
system
Mobile operating system
Embedded operating
system
Network operating system
Real-time operating system
Activity 17.2
Find the following words in the puzzle.

Words are hidden

GENERAL-PURPOSE REAL-TIME MOBILE

EMBEDDED NETWORK

WRAP-UP

What questions remained unanswered in your mind today?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
 VALUING

The capacities that the operating system provides are critical to computing
environment. Before, for as long as there are systems with memory to manage, the
operating system remains vital. Now, an operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer which manages the computer's memory and
processes, as well as all its program and hardware. It also allows you to communicate
with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language.

If you will be given a chance to program/create your own operating system,

what will be its name and its feature? How will this help students especially this
time of pandemic?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

POST-TEST

Directions: From the pool of words below, choose the appropriate answer to the
following descriptions. Write the answer on the space provided before the number.

General-purpose OS Mobile OS
Unix Linux
Real-time OS Mac OS

____________________________1. This must work without buffering, processing

latencies and other delays.
____________________________2. It is typically focus on process and hardware
management to ensure that applications can
reliably share the wide range of computing
hardware present.
____________________________3. It is the working system for Apple's Macintosh
line of PCs and workstations.
____________________________4. Originally developed in the 1970s and one of the
first operating systems to be written in the C
language.
 Pre-Test Recap Post Test
1. e. 1. True 1. Real-time OS
2. f. 2. RAM 2. General-purpose OS
3. a. 3. True 3. Mac OS
4. b. 4. True 4. Unix
5. d. 5. Input 5. Mobile OS
Activity 17.2
KEY TO CORRECTION
this OS.
____________________________5. Apple iOS and Google Android are examples of
 References
Online Sources

• GeeksforGeeks. “Introduction to Operating System”. Accessed October 22,

2020.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-operating-system-set-1/

• TechTarget. “Operating System”. Accessed October 28, 2020

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/operating-system-OS

Digital Images

• Free graphic resources for designers https://creazilla.com/nodes/23248-

computer-station-clipart
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.