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Phed Report
Phed Report
Date:
Place:
Dr. Pranab Jyoti Lahkar
Principal
Dibrugarh Polytechnic, Dibrugarh
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
India is facing one of its most serious water crises. According to the
NITI Aayog’s Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) 2018, 21
Indian cities could face day Zero in the coming years. Day Zero refers
to the day when a place is likely to have no drinking water of its own.
Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi and Hyderabad are among the most
susceptible. The report also said that 75% of Indian households do
not have drinking water on premise and about 84% rural households
do not have piped water access.Water is not properly distributed
where it is supplied through pipes. Mega cities like Delhi and
Mumbai get more than the standard municipal water norm of 150
litres per capita per day (LPCD) while others get 40-50 LPCD.
The World Health Organization prescribes 25 litres of water for one
person per day to meet all basic hygiene and food needs. Extra
available water, according to WHO estimates, is used for non-
portable purposes like mopping and cleaning.
LAB TEST
Lab Tests are done in Public Health Engineering Department to check
the quality of water used by the people as drinking water. The
presence of high amount of substances like Iron (Fe), Fluoride (F),
Nitrate (N), Arsenic (As) can cause several severe health issues to
people consuming water where these molecules are present. There
are diseases that are caused with increase in the amount of these
substance present in the water consumed by the people. High
amount of the following in drinking water causes---
Test for Iron (Fe) - We take sample water 5ml. Fe1 reagent is added
by 2-3 drops. We shake it well. We let the mixture wait for 5minutes.
Spectrophotometer testing machine is used. A Qvate has a rough and
a smooth side. We should hold on the rough side. The range of iron
should be between 0.5 to 5. For dilution we should multiply the
result with 2. Iron above 1mg/l is not permissible.
Test for Fluoride (F) – We take 5ml sample of water. For this test we
use reagent F1 2ml. Another reagent named F2 one spoon. We let
the mixture rest for 5 minutes. Shake it well. Place it in the
spectrophotometer testing machine. The range of fluoride should be
between 0.10 to 2. Fluoride above 1-1.5 mg/l is not permissible.
Nitrate (N) above 45mg/l is not permissible.
Arsenic (As) above 0.001mg/l is cancerous.
For drinking water, the ph level should be between 6.5 to 8.5.
Turbility should not be more than 5.
Range of conductivity is 1000. Range of conductivity above 1000 is
not good.
To purify water sand is used. Tanks are filled with gravels layer by
layer. Water is sprinkled into the tank such that the iron present in
water come in contact with moisture and vanishes.Water is then
sent to the underground tank and stored. The stored water is sent to
the overhead. Overhead tanks may be built may be built of any
material but the idea is to achieve maximum efficiency by placing a
tank in some elevated distance.
Later the same water is sent to people’s houses near and far.
CONCLUSION