Analysis of Shopee Pay Digital Payment Service Adoption

Level in Jakarta City with Innovation Diffusion Theory

Ricky Aditya1, Rahmad Rivaldi2, Rama Al Mizan3, Ismi Amalia Romadhon4, Muhammad
Ilham Nofitra5, Miguna Astuti6
1,2,3,4,5,6
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
The increase in internet users has significantly impacted people's behaviour patterns in
making payment transactions from offline to online. One of the dominating online or
digital payment systems with a large number of e-wallet users and frequency is
Shopee Pay. The dominance of this application, which quickly outperforms its
competitors, is inseparable from its users' good acceptance of something new.
Technological diffusion theory explained how an innovation is adopted over time by
examining the decision to adopt the process. Therefore, this research aimed to
determine the factors affecting Shopee Pay services adoption in Jakarta. Data were
collected from 100 Shopee Pay users in Jakarta. The descriptive statistics and
statistical data analysis using Smart PLS software were carried out for outer and inner
model analysis and hypothesis testing. The results showed that Relative Advantage,
Observability and Perceived Risk significantly affect adoption. In contrast,
Compatibility, Complexity, and Trialability have an insignificant effect on adoption.
Keywords: Information Technology Adoption, Digital Payment, Innovation Diffusion Theory

INTRODUCTION
Every year, internet users continue to increase worldwide, with 196.71 million recorded at
the end of the second quarter of 2019 in Indonesia (APJII, 2021). The increasing number of internet
users also significantly impacts people's behaviour in making payment transactions from offline to
online. One form of digital payment in Indonesia is the e-wallet. According to Snapcart (2021),
data on the number of e-wallet users in March 2021 for Shopee Pay, GOPAY, OVO, Dana, and
LinkAja are 76%, 57%, 54%, 49%, and 21%, respectively. Apart from the data on the largest
number of e-wallet users, the frequency of use in the last three months for Shopee Pay, OVO,
Dana, GOPAY and LinkAja were 10.7x, 7.3x, 7.2x, and 7.1x, respectively. Shopee Pay managed to
excel in terms of total users and frequency of use even though it was officially launched in
November 2018. It is relatively new compared to other earlier e-wallets, such as GOPAY, OVO,
and Dana.
The dominance of Shopee Pay, which quickly outperforms its competitors, is inseparable
from its users' good acceptance of something new. Technological diffusion theory explained how
innovation is adopted over time by examining decisions that affect its adoption among members
of a social system (Rogers, 2003). Moreover, the technology adoption model and innovation
diffusion theory are suitable for predicting user demand to adopt new technology (Zarmpou et al.,
2012). Roger (2003) further stated that the decision to adopt an innovation can be affected by
relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. Besides these five
attributes, perceived risk in mobile banking research needs to be added due to the potential for
doubts that users feel when using new technology (Al-Jabri and Sohail, 2012). According to Ram
and Sheth (1989), perceived risk is an attribute that refers to the level of risk in using innovation.
Kusdibyo et al. (2017) stated that relative advantage, compatibility, and observability had a
positive and significant effect, while complexity had an insignificant effect on e-learning adoption.
Intani and Brady (2020) stated that relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability,
trialability and perceived risk affect mobile payment adoption. Meanwhile, Sukma and Endang
(2019) stated that relative advantage, compatibility, trialability and observability affect technology
adoption, as opposed to complexity. There is still little research related to mobile payments,
specifically those using the theory of innovation diffusion for various types of technology, one of
which is a financial technology (Intani and Brady, 2020). This research aims to analyze the factors
that significantly affect the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital payment services in Jakarta by
using the five innovation characteristics in the innovation diffusion theory model and adding the
perceived risk variable.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Digital Payment
According to Saputra (2019), digital payment is a financial system that uses electronic
media, such as SMS, internet, mobile, and e-wallet banking. Therefore, all these activities can be
carried out only with the help of electronic devices, namely smartphones. In making payment
transactions using digital payments, the following are some of the several advantages obtained:
a. Transactions are easier and more practical.
b. Safer transactions.
c. Convenience in transacting.
d. Transaction speed.
e. Can be used for various services
E-Wallet
An e-wallet or electronic wallet is a digital payment instrument that uses server-based
electronic media. Currently, it is a server-based application with the use process requiring a
connection with the publisher first (Mulyana and Wijaya, 2018). It can also be defined as a digital
currency, which provides convenience in shopping without the need to carry physical money
(Megadewandanu et al., 2016). Some examples of e-wallet are Go-Pay, OVO, DANA, LinkAja,
Shopee Pay, etc.
Innovation Diffusion
Diffusion is a process in which an innovation can be communicated, adopted and utilized
by a particular community (Basri, 2014). Solomon (2017) stated that innovation is an idea,
exercise, or product developed by producers to attract certain consumers or groups and add value
to their needs. The result of the innovation-decision process by Rogers (2003) was a process in
which individuals move from first knowledge of an innovation to forming attitudes toward the
innovation, to a decision to adopt or reject an innovation. Daryanto (2014:136) explained that the
innovation diffusion process consists of four stages, namely:
1. Knowledge: individual awareness of the innovation’s existence and function;
2. Persuasion: individual's attitude in accepting or rejecting the innovation;
3. Decision: the role of the individual in determining the choice to adopt or reject an innovation;
4. Confirmation: the role of the individual in seeking flexible opinions that strengthen decisions
when the innovation’s messages are contradictory to one another.

Basic Theory of Innovation Diffusion

Innovation diffusion in the form of science, technology, and members of a particular
social system can adopt the community development field. The social system can be individuals,
informal groups, organizations or communities (Sukma and Endang, 2019). According to Wani
and Ali (2015), the Innovation Diffusion Theory explained how innovation can be adopted over
time by examining the results of the process and decisions that affect adoption among the social
system members. Roger (2013) stated that adopting innovation is affected by relative advantage,
compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.
Relative Advantage
This process discusses the extent to which users feel the benefits related to the use of
technology. The relative advantage is the degree to which an innovation is perceived to be better
than an idea replaced by a particular group of users. The greater the perceived benefits of
innovation, the faster its adoption level.
Compatibility
This is the process of evaluating the extent to which the new technology will be
consistent with the needs and lifestyle of the user. Compatibility can also be defined as how
consistent an innovation is with values, experiences, and potential needs. Ideas incompatible with
the values, norms or practices will not be adopted as quickly as compatible innovations.
Complexity
This is the process of how users perceive the difficulty of new technology. Simplicity and
ease of use are the degrees to which an innovation is considered difficult to understand and use.
New ideas that are easier to understand and use will be adopted more quickly than innovations
that require adopters to develop new skills and understandings.
Trialability
This is the process by which a user tests innovation on a limited basis to understand it
better. An innovation that can be piloted carries less risk to the individual.
Observability
This is the process of evaluating an innovation for people to visualize the results easily
(Rogers, 1983). Moreover, the visible results reduce uncertainty and stimulate peer discussion on
a new idea because people around the adopter often ask for the associated information.
Perceived Risk
Perceived risk (Ram and Sheth, 1989) is an attribute that refers to the level of risk when
using an innovation (Al Jabri and Sohail, 2012). Its importance has been demonstrated in several
research related to technology adoption to develop new technologies or services (Gewald
et al., 2006; Ndubisi and Sinti, 2006; in Al-Jabri and Sohail, 2012). The perception of risk makes
some users afraid of taking risks regarding the security of their data, therefore, when a new
technology is considered to have a high risk, it will negatively impact the process of adopting
technological innovations (Akmalia and Brady, 2020). Moreover, perceptions of risk make some
users afraid of the security of their data, thereby disrupting banking service credit. This indicates
that when a new technology is deemed to have a high risk, it tends to impact the process of
adopting technological innovations negatively.
Technology Adoption
Adoption is the process of applying ideas, actions, or items that are considered new by
individuals (Rogers and Schoemakers, 1971). According to Rogers (1983), it is a series of
activities carried out by individuals during innovation by recognizing the process, taking an
interest, and assessing the implementation. The Innovation Diffusion Theory has been used
successfully in various fields, including information technology. It is also suitable for predicting
user interest in adopting new technology (Intani and Brady, 2020). Presently, most instructional
technologists do not understand why the public is not adopting their products. Therefore, by
understanding the factors that affect innovation adoption, they can explain, predict, and consider
the factors that hinder and facilitate the diffusion of their products (Basri, 2014).
Relationship between Variables
The innovation diffusion theory (Rogers, 1983) can be considered one of the earliest
techniques to determine the factors influencing a person to adopt an innovation or new
technology. The characteristics of the theory are as follows:
1. Relative Advantage, where innovation can provide more benefits.
2. Compatibility, innovation can be accepted when it is appropriate to existing values,
experiences, and needs.
3. Complexity, the simpler an innovation, the easier it will be accepted by the community.
4. Trialability (can be tested), the process of allowing people to try an innovation before it is
generally implemented.
5. Observability (can be observed), the easier it is for someone to determine the results of an
innovation, the greater its possibility of being accepted by the community.
Al-Jabri and Sohail (2012) determined the factors influencing the adoption of mobile
banking innovation using an innovation diffusion theory approach. Based on the research, the
 characteristics of this innovation diffusion theory included relative advantage, complexity,
compatibility, trialability, observability, and perceived risk as independent variables. Meanwhile,
for the dependent variable, mobile banking adoption was utilized.

Research Framework

Figure 1. Framework
Research Model, Adopted from Al-Jabri & Sohail (2012)
Research Hypothesis
Based on the background, the problem formulation, and the framework developed for
this research, the proposed hypotheses are as follows:
H1: Relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, trialability, and perceived risk
have a significant effect on the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payments.
H2: Relative advantage affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
H3: Complexity significantly affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
H4: Compatibility significantly affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
H5: Observability significantly affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
H6: Trialability significantly affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
H7: Perceived risk significantly affects the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research Design
Table 1
Research Design
Research Design Elements
1 Purpose Statement Casual research
2 Techniques Deductive
3 Methodology Quantitative research
4 Research Strategy Survey
5 Unit Analysis Individual
6 Research involvement Non intervene and manipulation
7 Research correlation Non contrived settings
8 Timeline Cross sectional
 Population and Sample
The research respondents were selected from a population of Shopee Pay digital
payment users in Jakarta City. The convenience method of non-probability sampling technique
was used to determine the number of samples using the Cochran equation, which totalled 100.
Data Collection
The data collection technique used was a questionnaire. Data were collected from primary
and secondary sources by distributing online and offline questionnaires from 30 th May to 5th June
2022. The questionnaire questions use a Likert scale of 1 to 5.
Data Analysis
The descriptive statistical and data analyses using Smart PLS software were used for data
analysis. This process was carried out in some stages, including outer and inner model analysis as
well as hypothesis testing.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Characteristics
In this research, the respondents were users of Shopee Pay digital payment services in
Jakarta. Their characteristics were divided based on domicile, gender, age, last education, occupation,
monthly income, and the year they started using Jenius. The sample comprises 100 respondents with
the majority 41%, 74%, 63%, 41%, 51%, 36% and 72% indicating domiciled in the East Jakarta
Region, female, aged 17-25 years, have an undergraduate education, private employees, monthly
income of IDR 1,000,000 – IDR 3,000,000, and used Shopee Pay since 2020, respectively.
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
Descriptive analysis in this research is used to determine the percentage of respondents'
answers regarding the effect of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability,
observability, and perceived risk on the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital payment services in
Jakarta.
Table 2
Descriptive Analysis
No Variable Total Score Ideal Score Percentage Category
1. Relative Advantage 1.682 2.000 84% Very Good
2. Compatibility 1.485 2.000 75% Average
3. Complexity 1.734 2.000 87% Very Good
4. Trialability 1.241 2.000 83% Good
5. Observability 1.663 2.000 83% Good
6. Perceived Risk 1.473 2.000 74% Average
7. Adoption 1.647 2.000 82% Good

Relative Advantage and Complexity result were very good which Complexity is highest percentage
87% compare to Relative Advantage. Compatibility and Perceived Risk result were good which
Perceived Risk is lowest percentage 74% compare to overall variables.

Data Statistic Analysis

Outer Model Analysis
Convergent Validity Test
Convergent validity is met when the AVE and communality values are more significant
than 0.5 and the outer loading value is above 0.7, which aligns with this research (Hartono dan
Abdillah, 2011). This indicates that convergent validity has been met. However, according to Hair
et al (1998), the variable is removed, assuming it has an outer loading value below 0.5.
 Table 3
AVE Output Results
Construct AVE Communality
Relative Advantage 0.666 0.666
Compatibility 0.604 0.604
Complexity 0.680 0.680
Trialability 0.709 0.709
Observability 0.666 0.666
Perceived Risk 0.612 0.612
Adoption 0.725 0.725
Discriminant Validity Test
Discriminant validity is met when the cross-loading value of each indicator is more than
0.7, which was indicated in this research (Hartono and Abdillah, 2011). Therefore, it can be
concluded that the discriminant validity has been met.
Reliability Test
Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and composite parameters. It is reliable
when the value of Cronbach's alpha and composite is more than 0.6, which is in accordance with
this research (Hartono and Abdillah, 2011). Therefore, the research instrument is reliable.
Table 4
Reliability Test Results
Construct cronbach’s composite
alpha reliability
Relative Advantage 0.827 0.887
Compatibility 0.783 0.859
Complexity 0.843 0.895
Trialability 0.794 0.879
Observability 0.833 0.888
Perceived Risk 0.790 0.863
Adoption 0.870 0.913

Inner Model
R-square with Smart PLS tools is used in the inner model analysis stage to determine the
coefficient of the endogenous construct. R-square has strong, moderate and weak effects when its
values are 0.67, 0.33, and 0.19, respectively.

Figure 2. Inner Model Test Results

The hypothesis testing results can be seen from the p-value and Path Coefficient. When the
p-value <0.05, this indicates that the results are significant, therefore, the previously formulated
hypothesis is accepted. The following results are hypothesis testing that has been carried out with
Smart PLS to determine the inner model, which has the meaning of the research variable
relationship pattern.
Evaluation of the structural model can be carried out by observing the coefficients between
variables with the determination (R 2). When the value of R2 is close to 1, then the criteria for
limiting the value are classified into three parts, namely substantial (0.67), moderate (0.33) weak
(0.19). The following is the R2 table from this research.
Table 5
R-Square Result

Variable R-Square

Adoption 0.721
The table shows the R-square of the latent variable adoption, which has a value of 0.721,
interpreted as 72.1%. This means relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, and
trialability affect adoption by 72.1%. Furthermore, the remaining percentage is affected by other
factors outside the variables mentioned.
Table 6
The results of the Coefficient and T-Statistic Path Obtained
Standard
Original Sample Deviation T Statistics (| P-
Variable Sample (O) Mean (M) (STDEV) O/STDEV|) Value

C -> A -0.034 -0.031 0.070 0.484 0.629

Co -> A 0.073 0.074 0.069 1,056 0.291

O -> A 0.515 0.518 0.101 5,096 0.000

PR -> A 0.233 0.240 0.069 3,356 0.001

RA -> A 0.169 0.168 0.072 2,362 0.019

T -> A 0.060 0.050 0.099 0.606 0.545

Based on the calculation of the hypothesis testing, the path coefficient results showed a p-
value <0.05. This indicates that the variable is significant and accepted. In contrast, when the p-
value is >0.05, the variable is insignificant and rejected.
Effect of Relative Advantage, Compatibility, Complexity, Trialability, Observability and
Perceived Risk on Adoption Level
The relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability and perceived
risk simultaneously affect the adoption level of digital payment services. Shopee Pay in Jakarta
with F Square is 38.266 > F table 2.43, indicating it has been good at offering services that suit the
various needs of current users and the trust to meet customer expectations well. Therefore, Shopee
Pay good digital payment support and the provision of more useful services for users have
increased their adoption level.
Effect of Relative Advantage on Adoption Level
The results of the Relative Advantage variable's partial test (t-statistics) on the level of
digital payment service adoption of Shopee Pay showed p-value of 0.019 < 0.05 and t-statistic of
0.484 < 1.66. Therefore, it can be concluded that Relative Advantage significantly affects the
adoption level of Shopee Pay. These results are consistent with Khalifah and Shen (2008), Nor and
Pearson (2007), Wang et al. (2011), Al-Jabri and Sohail (2012). The results showed that people
feel that using this digital payment has many advantages over other digital payment options and
physical cash. The more people can obtain relative benefits from using Shopee Pay, the faster it
will be adopted.
Effect of Compatibility on Adoption Level
The partial test (t-statistic) results of the Compatibility variable on the adoption level of
Shopee Pay digital payment services is a p-value of 0.629 > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded
that compatibility insignificantly affects the adoption level of Shopee Pay. These results are
consistent with Harun and Ardianto (2012).
The results further showed that the perceived level of innovation is consistent with existing
values, past experience, and suitability with the potential needs of people as adopters. Shopee Pay
is a digital payment that only emerged in November 2018 compared to its predecessors. Therefore,
OVO and GOPAY are not appropriate to the habits of those who have used the two predecessor
applications for a long time.
Effect of Complexity on Adoption Level
The partial test of the Complexity variable on the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital
payment services reported p-value of 0.291 > 0.05, indicating it is insignificant. The results are
consistent with Shantika et al. (2022), Sukma and Endang (2018), and Sholahuddin (2017).
These results also showed that people have no difficulty using Shopee Pay due to the ease
of understanding the features. Moreover, the educational background of most respondents is a
Bachelor's degree and private employees who tend to understand technology have no difficulty
using it as a digital payment method.
Effect of Trialability on Adoption Level
The results of the partial test of the Trialability variable on the adoption level of Shopee
Pay digital payment services indicated p-value of 0.545 > 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that
Trialability has an insignificant effect on the adoption level. The results are consistent with Al Jabri
and Sohail (2012) and Wu and Ge (2012), which indicated people using Shopee Pay do not need a
trial due to the already existing ones such as GOPAY, OVO, and links.
Effect of Observability on Adoption Level
The partial test of the Observability variable on the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital
payment services showed p-value of 0.000 <0.05. Therefore, it is concluded that observability
significantly affects the adoption level of Shopee Pay. The results are in line with Al-Jabari and
Sohail (2012) and Nazari et al. (2013).
The results also indicated that people are interested in trying Shopee Pay due to increasing
awareness of usage for daily transactions. This digital payment can show excellence in features and
usability because the greater the advantages of innovation, the faster the adoption process.
Effect of Perceived Risk on Adoption Level
The partial test of the Perceived Risk variable on the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital
payment services had p-value of 0.001 < 0.05. Therefore, it is concluded that Perceived Risk
significantly affects the adoption level of Shopee Pay. The results are in line with Al-Jabari and
Sohail (2012) and Chen (2008), stating that people still have concerns about security code that
allows it to be lost and transferred to an irresponsible party, therefore, they can know the history of
the transactions used.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, on the analysis results, this research has six variables evaluated to determine
the factors that affect the adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment services in Jakarta. The Diffusion
of Innovation Theory is used with factors comprising relative advantage, complexity, compatibility,
trialability, and observability. This is in addition to perceived risk to help the theory explain the
situation in more depth. The following conclusions can be drawn:
 1. The simultaneous testing (F Square) concluded that the relative advantage, complexity,
compatibility, trialability, observability and perceived risk proved to significantly
affect the adoption level of Shopee Pay digital payment services in Jakarta City.
2. The partial test showed that perceived risk, relative advantage, and observability
significantly affect adoption intentions. Meanwhile, complexity, trialability and
compatibility were found to have an insignificant effect on the adoption level of
Shopee Pay digital payment services in Jakarta City.
LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH
The following suggestions were given based on the analysis, discussion, and conclusions:
Theoretical Aspect
● Future research is expected to be able to use other models besides the Diffusion of
Innovation Theory to better identify other additional factors capable of affecting the
adoption of Shopee Pay digital payment services.
● Subsequent research is expected to be able to add other variables to improve understanding
ability and estimate the intention to adopt Shopee Pay digital payment service.
● Other questionnaire items for each variable, specifically those that do not have a significant
effect, including complexity, compatibility and trialability, need to be conducted in further
research. This is carried out to minimize misinterpretations and respondents' understanding
of the intent of the questionnaire items.
Practical Aspect
● Shopee Pay digital payment is recommended to offer services that are more compatible
with various lifestyle needs and beliefs to meet the expectations of current users.
● Shopee Pay digital payment is needed to determine perceived risk factors by offering
special guarantees to protect users and respond to their complaints.
● Shopee Pay digital payments are advised to focus on communicating information that
emphasizes the relative advantages of Shopee Pay compared to other digital payments.
Therefore, users must find it useful in managing financial transactions efficiently and
effectively.

REFERENCES
Akmalia dan Brady. 2020. Analisis. Tingkat Adopsi Layanan Perbankan Digital Menggunakan
Teori Difusi Inovasi. Skripsi Universitas Telkom Bandung.
Al-Jabri, Ibrahim M. and Sohail, M. Sadiq. 2012. Mobile Banking Adoption: Application of
Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 13, No.
4, pp. 379-391.
Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII). 2021.Profil Pengguna Internet Indonesia.
Jakarta: Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (ID).
Basri, Hasan. 2014. Peningkatan Kualitas Pembelajaran Melalui Adopsi dan Implementasi
Teknologi Instruksional. Jurnal Mudarrisuna, Vol. 4, No. 2, hal 228-248.
Chen, L. 2008. A model of consumer acceptance of mobile payment. International Journal of
Mobile Communications, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 32-52.
Daryanto. 2014. Inovasi Pembelajaran Efektif, Bandung: Yrama Widya.
Gewald et al., 2006. The Diffusion of Internet Banking among Singapore consumers. Journal of
Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 7, No.2, pp 78-96.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. 2006. Multivariate data analysis. New
York: Prentice Hall.
Harun dan Ardianto. 2012. Komunikasi Pembangunan & Perubahan Sosial: Perspektif Dominan,
Kaji Ulang, dan Teori Kritis. Jakarta : Rajawali Pers.
Hartono and Abdillah. 2011. Konsep dan Aplikasi PLS untuk penelitian empiris. Yogyakarta:
BPFE
Intani and Brady. 2020. Penerapan Teori Difusi Inovasi dalam Adopsi Mobile Payment di Provinsi
Jawa Barat (Studi Kasus: Gopay, OVO, Dana, Link Aja dan Jenius), Skripsi Universitas
Telkom Bandung.
Kusdibyo, et al. 2019. Technology Adoption in Education Based Business Services. International
Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.124-139.
Khalifa and Shen. 2008. Explaining the Adoption of Transactional B2C Mobile Commerce. Journal
of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 110-124.
Megadewandanu et al. 2016. Exploring Mobile Wallet Adoption in Indonesia Using UTAUT2 An
Approach from Consumer Perspective. International Conference on Science and
TechnologyComputer (ICST), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 978-1-5090-4357-6/16/$31.00
Mulyana and Wijaya. 2018. Perancangan E-Payment System pada E-Wallet menggunakan Kode
berbasis Android. Jurnal Sistem Komputer, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 63-69.
Nazari et al. 2013. Applying Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory to the Acceptance of Online
Database at University Zone of Iran. Malaysian Journal of Library & Informational
Science, Vol. 18(No. 3), pp. 25-38.
Ndubisi, N. O. and Q. Sinti, “Consumer attitudes, system’s characteristics and internet
banking adoption in
Malaysia,” Management Research News, Vol. 29, No. 1/2: 16-27, 2006.
Ndubisi, N. O. and Q. Sinti, “Consumer attitudes, system’s characteristics and internet
banking adoption in
Malaysia,” Management Research News, Vol. 29, No. 1/2: 16-27, 2006.
Ndubisi, N. O. and Q. Sinti. 2006. Consumer attitudes, system’s characteristics and internet
banking adoption in Malaysia, Management Research News, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp/ 16-27.
Noor and Pearson. 2007. The Influence od Trust on Internet Banking Acceptance. Journal of
Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 12, No.12.
Ram and Sheth.1989. Consumer Resistance to Innovations: The Marketing Problem and its
solutions, Komputika : Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 5-14.
Rogers. 1983. Diffusion of Innovations. London: The Free Press.
Rogers, Everett, M. 2003. Diffusions of Innovations; Fifth Edition. Simon & Schuster Publisher.
Rogers E M & Shoemaker F F.1971. Conintunication of innovations: a cross-cultural approach.
New York Free Press, pp.476.
Saputra, Irfan Pramayoga. 2019. Analisis Efektivitas Penggunaan Digital Payment pada Mahasiswa
Institut Informatika dan Bisnis Darmajaya. Skripsi Institut Informatika dan Bisnis
Darmajaya Lampung.
Shantika et al. 2022. Analisis Adopsi Inovasi Teknologi Informasi Dompet Digital Dana
Menggunakan Innovation-Diffusion-Theory (IDT). Journal Information System and
Artificial Intelligence. Vol, 2, No.2.
Sholahuddin. 2017. Pengaruh Karakteristik Inovasi Terhadap Niat Mengadopsi Solopos e-paper.
Thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta.
Solomon. 2017. Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having and Being (Edition 12 th ). England: Pearson
Education Limited.
Sukma and Endang. 2018. Analisis Adopsi Uang Elektronik Dengan Pendekatan Teori Difusi
Inovasi (Studi Pada Pengguna Uang Elektronik OVO di Kota Malang). Skripsi. Jurusan
Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya.
Wani and Ali. 2015. Innovation Diffusion Theory. Journal of General Management Research,3(2),
101–118.
Wang et al. 2010. Understanding the determinants of RFID adoption in the manufacturing industry.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77, 803-815.
Williandry, Astrid. 2021. Survei Snapcart 2021. Jakarta. Salah satu bentuk dari digital payment di
Indonesia adalah e- wallet. https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/survei-snapcart-shopeepay-
tetap-tumbuh-pesat-selama-kuartal-i-2021
Wu, B., Xu, W., & Ge, J. 2012. Innovation Research In E-learning. Physics Procedia, 24,
2059-2066.
Zarmpou, et al. 2012. Modeling users’ acceptance of mobile services. Electronic Commerce
Research, 12, 225-228.