DEBERA MARKOS UNIVESITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING PROBLEM AND IT’S IMPACT ON URBAN

DWELLER’S IN DEBERA MARKOS TOWN IN CASE OF KEBELE 01

BY: TSEGAYE TEFERA

ADIVISOR: WONDALE

SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITED TO DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN

PARTIAL FULFILLIMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF BACHELOR
OF ART (BA) DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY.

JUNE, 2018

DEBERA MARKOS UNIVERSITY

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I would like to thank my almighty God because of I could not work such successful
research project without his support. My special thanks also go my family for their countless
moral and financial support. The other deepest thanks to left to my advisor instructor
Wondale his constructive comments and suggestion that made an immense contribution
towards the successful completion of this paper.

Furthermore, I would like to thank kebele 01 administration beru and all respondents who
participate in survey by devoting their time in responding the questionnaire and interviewing.

LIST OF TABLE S

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Table4.1: distribution of head household by sex and educational level................................14

Table4. 2: distribution of the respondent by age and place of birth......................................15

Table4. 3: Distribution of the household heads by marital status and income level.............16

Table4. 4: Distribution of occupational status by the tendency of housing unite..................17

Table4. 5:-the distribution of households pays for house......................................................18

Table4. 6:- distribution of house condition by housing unit..................................................18

Table4. 7: distribution of household by type of kitchen........................................................19

Table4. 8: Distribution of household by the type of toilet.....................................................20

Table4.9: Distribution of household by social impact...........................................................21

Table4. 10: Distribution of household based psychological impact......................................22

Table4. 11: Distribution of household on economic impact..................................................22

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Abstract

The main objective of this study was to assess the housing problems and its impact on urban
dwellers. The population of the study was head of household of the Debre Markos town
kebele 01 who were 3208 in total. From those 40 head of house hold were selected as sample
size by using systematic sampling technique. The data was collected by using questionnaires
and interview. The study was employed both qualitative and quantitative research approach.
The data was analyzed by using table, frequency and percentage. Finally, the finding of the
study shows that the majority of the respondents earn less monthly income that leads them to
live in deteriorate house and most of respondent lives in rented house which indicates
problem of housing and the researcher recommended the community, government and other
concerned body to response for problems of house and impact on urban dwellers.

Table of Contents
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLE S...............................................................................................................................iii
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM..................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study..............................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective of the study..............................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study............................................................................................3
1.4 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................3
1.5 Scope of the study........................................................................................................................3
1.6 Conceptual frame work...............................................................................................................4
1.7 organization of paper...................................................................................................................4
1.8 definitions of terms and concepts.................................................................................................4
1.9 Ethical consideration...................................................................................................................5
1.10 Limitation of the study.............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................5
2. Review of related literature...............................................................................................................5
2.1 Concepts of housing..................................................................................................................5
2.2 The legal frame work of the right to housing...............................................................................6
2.2.1 International law...................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 The Ethiopian constitution....................................................................................................6
2.3 Economic benefits of housing......................................................................................................7
2.4 Housing problem and urbanization..............................................................................................7
2.5 Housing demand and supply....................................................................................................8
2.5.1 Demand for housing..............................................................................................................8
2.5.2 Housing supply.....................................................................................................................8
2.6 Shortage of urban service............................................................................................................9
2.7 Major constraints in delivery low cost housing............................................................................9
2.7.1 Lack of effective implementation on strategies.....................................................................9
2.7.2 Poor promotion of security of tenure....................................................................................9
2.7.3 Inadequate supply of affordable land..................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................11

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 3 RESEARCH METHODS.........................................................................................................11
3.1 Description of the study area and population.............................................................................11
3.2 Research Approach....................................................................................................................11
3.3 Study Design.............................................................................................................................11
3.4 Methods of data collection.........................................................................................................12
3.4.1 Survey.................................................................................................................................12
3.4.1.1 Sampling techniques and size..........................................................................................12
3.5 In-depth interview......................................................................................................................12
3.6 Observation...............................................................................................................................12
3.7 Data source and types................................................................................................................13
3.8 Method of data analysis.............................................................................................................13
Chapter four.........................................................................................................................................14
4 Data analysis and interpretation........................................................................................................14
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................14
4.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondent............................................................................14
4.2 The housing condition...............................................................................................................16
4.3 housing condition and service....................................................................................................19
4.3.1 Housing condition based on kitchen facilities.....................................................................19
4.3.2 Housing condition based on toilet facilities........................................................................20
4.3.3 The social impact of housing problem..............................................................................21
4.3.4 The psychological impact of housing problem...................................................................21
4.3.5 The economic impact of housing problem..........................................................................22
CHAPTER –FIVE...............................................................................................................................24
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATON...............................................................................24
5.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................24
5.2 Recommendation.......................................................................................................................24
REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................26
APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................................27

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

Housing is the one of the basic needs through this is the fact it could not sufficiently provided
for the population. As population growth rapidly, the demand for house also increase in our
country. Rapid population growth and change instructed essential consequence on housing
requirements. However, supply of forest environment unable to meet the demand. Inability to
meet with demand has reflected in housing problems congestion and poor quality (C.S.A
2001).

The most housing problem caused by a high rat urbanization gather with rapid natural
population growth are overcrowding detonation of living standard and shortage of housing
(Knowx Pinch, 2000).

Uncontrolled population growth, immigration of people from rural to urban area to search
job, natural and poor manmade disaster creating an extreme overcrowding and poor housing
in urban setting, (Dejene,2006).

According to 2000 Ethiopian demographic and health survey to urban area population are
relatively more crowded than rural households. The average number of person paralleling
from in rural area is 4-3 compared to 3-2 in rural area the average number of sleeping room is
4-3 (EDH, 2000).

According to FDRE (2000) Ethiopian sustainable development and end poverty reduction
program house can be to basic needs for small commercial and industrial enterprise in which
the whole family may become economically productive. The some parcel and house provides
financial cushion against loss of outside employment through unnecessary economic
downturns. Although, urban housing land is gained through different form of conditions,
Such as, customary allocations, inheritance, purchaser etc. In many developing countries

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urban land on which urbanization occurs in public land which can allocated through
government procedures (Dejene, 2000)

According to evidence of manipulation system in 2004E.C the behavior of housing was

somehow complicated due to crowded of population. The housing system is a ways
depending upon the place or location where the people live for either do they live rural or
urban. The uncrowned housing system may be take the measure to make better (Amhara
regional state city administration 2004E.C)

1.2 STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

Housing is one of the three most significant basic needs in sustainability of human existence
with considerable economic, social, cultural and personal improvement. The production of
housing has been influenced largely by policies, innovation and ability to sustain the
environment challenges of the housing situation in Ethiopia (1994).

Housing encompasses all social services and utility that makes life meaningful and the
environment habitation. It has been observed that majority of the people were living poor
housing or totally homeless even in urban centre to talk of the rural areas. Housing is primary
determinant of personal security authority, comfort, wellbeing, status and owner ship of
housing itself structures assessing to scarce resource such as: education, medication and
leisure facilities (Known and Pick 2ooo).

The reason why the researcher stands to work this paper be for a time there was no one
researcher work in Debre Markos town kebele 01. This area was highly affected by housing
problems. While the previous researchers like (TESFAYE MISGANAW and MESERET
KEBEDE, 2005) studied about housing problem on urban dwellers in Addis Ababa. Both
researchers did not see the impacts of housing on urban community. They see the
affordability of the housing with qualitative aspects and also they used the same methodology
with qualitative data collection and data analyzing method. The problems which were
described by quantitative method were missed.

This study was seen the housing problems and its impact by using both qualitative and
quantitative approach to obtain relevant information in Debre Markos town. The aims of this

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study to fulfill the previous researchers gap by using different types of research methodology
because of the study area was affected by housing problem.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective of the study

The general objective of this study was to assess housing problems and its impacts on urban
dwellers in Debre Markos town in case of kebele 01.

1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study

The specific objectives of this study were:-

To explain the extent of housing problems

To describe the socio-economic effect of housing problem.
To identify psychological impact of housing problem

1.4 Significance of the study

The importance of this study lives on bring the following contribution; since the research was
aimed to solve problem regarding to housing by providing relevant information for policy
makers who was attempt to develop guidelines to mitigate the problems. The study also
gerents awareness to concerned body in the major problems of Housing. In addition to that, it
was suggest some possible suggestions and recommendation with regard to housing problems
and its impacts and it was used as reference for those conduct their research in the area of
housing.

1.5 Scope of the study

This study was delimited both geographically and conceptually. Geographically, it was
delimited to Debre Markos town kebele 01, because of the researcher limited by time and
economy. However, the study was targets on the households of Debre Markos town kebele
01. The scope of this study delimited to assess the housing problems and its impacts on urban
dwellers.

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1.6 Conceptual frame work

Social impact

- lack of Education

- lack of Health care

- Electricity

Psychological
impact -Stress
Housing
problem -Mental health

-feel inferiority

Economic impact -Low quality of life

-High payment of rent

1.7 organization of paper

This study organized in to five chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction of the
study. The second chapter deals about review literature. The third chapter deals about
research methods. The fourth chapters were data analysis and interpretation and the last
chapter was deals about conclusion and recommendation of the study.

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1.8 definitions of terms and concepts

Housing: - residential which included in addition to physical structure that families uses for
the shelter all other facilities, equipment and service need or desired for physical well-being
of families and individuals.

Housing unit: -is the discrepancy between total household and total number of housing unit a
given geographic unit as a result of marks excess of the former over latter.

Squatter settlement: -any on spontaneous settlement in third world cities where usually the
poor build make shift swelling on land without any legal right little.

Slum: -is run down area of cities characterized by sub-standard housing and squatter and
locking tuner security.

1.9 Ethical consideration

According to Leady et al (2005), there were a number of key ethical issues such as respecting
the confidentiality and interests of the respondent and participants. The principle of informed
consent requires that respondents not be forced to participate in research. In this study, was
well informed about the nature of the study and participation of the respondents were on
voluntary basis.

1.10 Limitation of the study

In the process of doing this paper the researcher faced different problems including absence
of the reference materials available in library, especially books, magazines and lack of access
computer and internet. Some of the respondents did not fill the questionnaires based on
housing problem and its impacts. To maintain the quality of the research, the researcher was
select more accessible and feasible area of study by time and financial constrains were easily
solved.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. Review of related literature

2.1 Concepts of housing

Housing is a very important aspect in life. It is a multi-dimensional concept. It has been

defined different people depending on the emphasis and focus on analysis (Quan and Robert,
2009).

Housing is one the three basic needs of human kind. The modern concept of housing is the
home in which all the basic needs of families are fulfilled. In Indians all most of the
population in urban areas lives in slum. At present, there is acute shortage of housing in urban
areas and much the available of accommodation is a qualitatively of sub-standard types. Due
to unplanned industrialization, the problem of touring has become grave in urban areas. This
is due to the excessive rural to urban migration and natural growth of urban population
(Cambridge centre for Housing and planning Research, 2009).

Although, the population was growing that but house are not built in the same proportion. As
result there is a grave housing problem in urban areas. According to 1991 census, the
shortage of house in urban areas about 40 million in India. The world health organization
(WHO) of united nation define housing as a residential environment which includes in
addition to physical structure that family use for shelter, all other facilities, equipment and
device needed or desired for the physical well-being of family and individuals. In addition to
physical structure houses should have enough rooms, sufficient meetings and ventilations,
adequate cooking of organ facilities for houses to become complete and comfortable to live
(Dajane, 2006, Ready, 2000).

2.2 The legal frame work of the right to housing

2.2.1 International law

One can find the right to housing reorganized in different international, national and regional
human rights instruments either directly or indirectly. At global level, the right to Housing
came in to existence in 1948 with the adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Right

6
 (UDHR) there by joining the body of international, universal applicable and universally
accepted human right law. After adoption the UDHR, many other international human rights
treaties have recognized the rights to housing as human right. At regional level the major
Africa human right document, the African charter on human and people rights (ACHPR),does
not expressly provide for the right to housing (Janka,2007).

2.2.2 The Ethiopian constitution

The Ethiopian constitution does not mention the right to housing as the human right at all. But
article 41(3) states that every Ethiopian nation has right to equal access to publicly founded
social services while article 41(4) imposes the obligation on the state to allocate it’s ever
increasing resource to provide to the public social services. Similarly, article 41(5) of the
constitution imposes duty on the state, with in the available means to allocate resources to
provide assistance to the physically and mentally disabled, the aged and children who are left
without parents or guardians (Ethiopian constitution, 1991).

2.3 Economic benefits of housing

Economic benefits that are generated from housing have been on the constitution of house
speed up capital formation and increase demand to local building materials. It creates job
opportunity, increase government collect tax for income of employed to subside and finance
various economic sectors (Whels, 1969).

The effect of housing and saving and income is there for obvious job created during the
construction of dwelling unit generate income that speeds throughout the economy. They
generate income and saving not only during construction, but also during occupancy. This
especially true when house accommodates new family formation. Research is consistently
shows that housing on economic and long term social and financial benefits to individuals
home owners. In addition tangible financial benefits home ownership brings sustainable
social benefits for family, community and country as whole (htt p:/www.Gary and
Lisa.Com).

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2.4 Housing problem and urbanization

Urbanization was the demographic stand using the number of people living in settlement to
define urban-rural category. It involves socio-cultural, economic, legal or administrative and
other special factors. However, the degree of emphasizes given to each factors varied with
background of professional it process into ways: - one multi-placation the point of
concentration and second increasing in size of individuals concentrations (Knowx and Pinchi,
2000). Uncontrolled population growth, immigration of people rural to urban area in search
job, natural and manmade is reading an extreme over crowing and poor housing in urban
setting (Dajane, 2006).

Today one billion people across the world are living in shanty town and 60% of the cities
deceiver is found in development country. This lack shelter or housing problem create road
(Encyclopaedia, 2007).

Housing is one of the basic needs through this the fact it could not sufficiently provided for
Ethiopia. As population growth rapidly the demand for housing and change in stricture entails
country rapid population growth consequences on housing requirement however supply of
forest environment unable to meet the demand. In ability to meet with the demand has
reflected in housing problem, congestion and poor housing quality (C.S.A, 2001).

2.5 Housing demand and supply

2.5.1 Demand for housing

The main determinate of demand for housing was demography, however, over other factors
line income, price of housing cost and availability of credit, consumer preference, price of
substitute and price of complements all plan a role. The care demographic available were
population size and population growth. The more in the economy the greater in the demand
of housing. But, this is an over simplification, it is necessary to consider family size
(Gebeyehu, 2001). General housing demand increases with increasing in number of
households, which increase with population, increase the formation to unclear households
(Gebeyehu, 2001).

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2.5.2 Housing supply

Housing supply is provided using land, labor and various inputs such as caloricity and
building materials. The quality of new supply in determined by the case of these input the
price of existing struck house and the technology the production. The major changes in long
term pattern of housing supply. The emergency of public housing is a product of wider
economic and political factors rather than the result of secular change, the organizational
frame work, the quality and extent of public. Housing supply is ultimately depend up on the
resources and entrap and local government and public introduction (Knox, 2007).

2.6 Shortage of urban service

Many urban services live health care, ripped sewage running water, reliable electricity
services, education, housing problem also occur worldwide. Typically, it is to poorest people
who suffer most since the land prices in the cities are sometimes pushed to such astronomical
high that a majority of the population cannot afford decent housing. This true even priorities
housing for the poor to some extent. The most of the physical growth of cities take plan in
illegal unplanned squatter settlements one billion policies across the world are living in
shanty town at present time and 60% of delivers in countries will be squatters by the end the
century. The over crowed of cities and lack of shelter has created million homeless people
around the world (Encyclopedia of climatology, 2005).

2.7 Major constraints in delivery low cost housing

According to international conference on spatial information for sustainable development in

Nairobi Kenya 2-5 October, there are many constraints still effectively hinder progressive in
housing development in developing countries particularly low income and other venerable
groups. Among them, the following are some of them in developing countries (htt p //:www.
fignet).

2.7.1 Lack of effective implementation on strategies

Most of government in developing world have adopted enabling shelter strategies and
initiated action to support the sectors in the housing delivery process, there is how every,

9
 extensive room for improving and articulation in this area and close gap between what is on a
paper policy document and what is really happing on ground ( Tesfaye, 2005).

2.7.2 Poor promotion of security of tenure

Promoting security of tenure is pre-requisite for sustainable improvement of housing and

environmental condition promoting security can support better functioning of rental housing
market (Kebede, 2005).

2.7.3 Inadequate supply of affordable land

Lack of adequate land for urban development particularly for low income housing perhaps
the single most problems achieving the good of shelter.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3 RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Description of the study area and population

The study was conducted in Debre markos town particularly in kebele 01. Which were found
in north western Ethiopia, in Amhara regional state, east Gojjam zone, at distance of 300km
from Addis Ababa and 265km from Bairdar the regional capital cities. Its astronomical
location is 10’21’’ north latitude and 37’43’’ east longitude.

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by central statistical agency of Ethiopia (CSA),
Debre markos town has total population of 62,497 of whom 29,921 were men and 32,576
were women. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthox Christianity, with
97.03% reports that as their religion, while 1.7% of the population said Muslim and 1.1%
were protestant. The majority of the population are involved on agricultural activate. From
the total number of population 3208 were resident in the study area particularly kebele 01.

3.2 Research Approach

To increase the validity and reliability of study the researcher was used both quantitative and
qualitative method, that means mixed approach because integrate approach was more
preferable and practical knowledge that enable the researcher to collect diverse type of data,
which gives best understanding of research problem (Green, J. 2007). Survey questionnaire
for quantitative method was employed, to get relevant information on housing problem and to
know the background of the respondent. Observation and interview method was employed in

11
 qualitative approach to address the issue of the impacts of the housing problem in the study
area.

3.3 Study Design

This study was conducted in the year of 2018, from February to May to the housing problem
and its impact in Debre markos town kebele 01. The study design was cross sectional because
of the data was collected more of quantitative and supportive of qualitative method at one
point of time from sample selected to save time and money.

3.4 Methods of data collection

3.4.1 Survey

In this study, the researcher was used descriptive survey research design. Questioners were
important for obtaining large amount of information from a number of respondents, ease of
administration and data analysis (Sarantakos, 1993). According to (Leady et al, 2005)
descriptive survey involves acquiring information about one or more groups of people by
asking them question and tabulating their answer. The ultimate goal of survey was save time
and money. So the researcher was used survey to describe the housing problem.

3.4.1.1 Sampling techniques and size

To conduct this study the researcher was used systematic sampling techniques. Systematic
sampling was spread over entire population. The first individual was picked from the list of
total population the interval were 40 households using a random number and then subsequent
subjects were selected using sampling interval of households. Accordingly, from the total
3208 population 40 households were selected by using systematic sampling technique to
collect quantitative. In addition to observation of researcher, for interviewing five research
participants were selected. All of them were lived in study area. In interview process
researcher was used purposive sampling technique in order to avoid bias and to obtained
reliable information of about the housing problem and its impact on urban dwellers.

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 3.5 In-depth interview

Interview was a form of verbal questioning as one principal means of data gathering method.
It is one of the most popular techniques in gathering valuable data for researcher (Robson,
1993). In depth interview was particularly useful for getting the story behind the participant’s
experience. So researcher was used interview in order to gather related idea regarding to the
housing problem and its impacts.

3.6 Observation

Observation helps the researcher to obtained information that missed in other methods. It gives
some information to understand housing problem and its impact on the study area.

3.7 Data source and types

To set sufficient information the researcher was used both primary and secondary sources of
data. In primary data source researcher was used questionnaire for respondent and interview
with research participants. In secondary data source the essential published and unpublished
documents such as internet and recorded documents related to the study were used.

3.8 Method of data analysis

In this study the data was analysis interpreted by using different methods. The quantitatively
collected data was analyzed simply descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency. The
data which were collected in qualitative method was analyzed using thematic.

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 Chapter four

4 Data analysis and interpretation

4.1 Introduction

This part of the study deals with analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from Debre
markos town kebele 01. The analysis starts from describing and analyzing quantitative data.
These include age, sex, marital status, educational status and distribution of the respondents.
The outcomes were also used to understand the experience of the respondent that used to
confirm the validity and depth of the information obtained at the field work supported by
qualitative data.

4.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondent

It was believed that demographic analysis must be considered in any study unless the
population pressure of the study is constantly born in mind. In this section, age, sex,
educational background, income level and their residence analyzed. All respondents were
residence of the study area.

Table4.1: distribution of head household by sex and educational level.

Educational level Sex

Male Female Total

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 No % No % No %
Cannot read and write 3 7.5 1 2.5 4 10
Can read and write 6 15 4 10 10 25
Primary education (1-8) 9 22.5 3 7.5 12 30
Secondary education (9-10) 2 5 5 12.5 7 17.5
Preparatory level (11-12) 1 2.5 3 7.5 4 10
Higher education 2 5 1 2.5 3 7.5
Total 23 57.5 17 42.5 40 100
Source: filed survey, April, 2018

The above table: indicates that 30 % of sample household were attend primary school from
those 22.5% were male headed household and 7.5% were female household, 25% of
respondents were can read and write from those 15% were male and 10% were female, 17.5%
of sample of household were attend secondary education from those 5% were male and 12.5%
were female lead households. 10% of respondents cannot read and write from those 7.5 %
were male and 2.5% were female. 10% sample were attended preparatory school from those
2.5% were male and 7.5% were female and finally. 7.5% were attended higher education level
from those 5% were male and 2.5% were female. This indicates that more than half of the
respondents were male headed households. The above data shows that the majority (57.5%) of
households in the kebele was headed by males but other (42.5%) of households was headed by
female.

Table4. 2: distribution of the respondent by age and place of birth

The origin place of the respondent

Within town out of the town Total
No % No % No %

Age
<25 3 7.5 1 2.5 4 10
26-35 4 10 6 15 10 25
36-46 5 12.5 7 17.5 12 30
47-56 2 5 5 12.5 7 17.5
57-68 1 2.5 4 10 5 12.5
>68 1 2.5 1 2.5 2 5

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 Total 16 40 24 60 40 100
Source: filed survey, April, 2018

Above table indicates; that 30% of the respondents were at the age of 36-46, 25% of the
respondents were found at the age of 26-35, 17.5% of the respondents were found at the age of
47-56 and 12.5% of the respondents were found at the age of the 57-68, 10% of respondents
was found at the age of less than 25 and the small proportion of respondent were above 68.
From the total respondents 16(40%) were born with in the study area or town and the highest
number of respondents 24(60%) were born out of the town. This implies that the town is host
of migrants this leads to shortage of house.

As the most of key informant said that more of productive people come from other area to find
job or to survive their life. So that only population growth is not factor for shortage of housing
but the main factor to this was migration of people from rural to urban.

Table4. 3: Distribution of the household heads by marital status and income level

Marital status

Married Unmarried Divorced Widowed Total

Income level
No % No % No % No % No %

Cannot estimate 2 5 1 2.5 - - 1 2.5 4 10

<600birr 6 15 - - 3 7.5 - - 9 22.5%

601-1500birr 9 22.5 3 7.5 2 5 1 2.5 15 37.5

1501-2000birr 3 7.5 1 2.5 - - 1 2.5 5 12.5

>2001 3 7.5 1 2.5 3 7.5 - - 7 17.5

Total 23 57.5 6 15 8 20 3 7.5 40 100

Source: field survey, April, 2018

From the table surveyed household 37.5% of household earn monthly income categorized
under 601-1500 birr, from those 22.5% of them were married, 7.5% of them were unmarried,
5% of them were divorced and 2.5% of them were widowed. From the total of 22.5% of
households were earn monthly income of less than 600 birr, from those 15% were married and
7.5% were divorced. From the total respondent 17.5% were earn monthly income greater than
2001 birr, from those 15% of them were married and divorced, the rest 2.5% were unmarried.

16
From the total of respondents 10% of them were not estimate their income. The above table
implies that the majority of households were earned monthly income less. So it is difficult for
them to buy as well as built their own house. Most of respondents cannot survive their basic
need because of their income were very less.

4.2 The housing condition

This section of the paper devoted to the analysis and interpretation of housing problem in
Debre markos town. It was necessary to know the number of housing units existing of certain
area, their structurally characteristic occupancy and condition of the house.

Table4. 4: Distribution of occupational status by the tendency of housing unite

Occupational status

Employed Unemployed Private Other Total

worker
Tendency of housing unit No % No % No % No % No %

Rented from Keble 8 20 3 7.5 2 5 - - 13 32.5

Rented from private 14 35 4 10 1 2.5 - - 19 47.5

Private home 2 5 1 2.5 5 12. - - 8 20

5
Total 24 60 8 20 8 20 - - 40 100

Source: field survey, April, 2018

The above table; indicates that 47.5% of households living in the private rented house, from
those 35% were employed occupational status, 10% were unemployed and 2.5% were private
worker occupational status. From the total of respondents 32.5% of them were living in kebele
rented household, from those the majority of 20% of them were employed, 7.5% were
unemployed and 5% were private owners. From the total of 20% of households were living
their own house, from those the majority of 12.5% were private workers, 5% were employed
and 2.5% were unemployed. According to respondents responded, the minimum number of
respondents were lived in their own house and the majority of the respondent were lived in
rented from private home and kebele rented home

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Table4. 5:-the distribution of households pays for house

Payment for house Respondent Percentage %

No payment 8 20
<200 7 17.5
201-400 6 15
401-600 10 25
601-800 6 15
>801 3 7.5
Total 40 100
Source: field survey, April, 2018

The above table; indicates that 25% of household rented to pay for house between 401-600
birr, 20% of the households were no pay because they lived their own home. From the total
number of 17.5% respondents was pay for house between less than 200 birr, 15% were pay
between601-800 birr, from the total of respondents 15% were pay for house 201-400, the rest
of 7.5% were pay for house more than 801 birr per month. This implies that, majority of
respondents were pay for rented house with less suitable housing condition and with difficult
social life between the owner and renter. Most of the key informant suggested that, renter
cannot satisfied because of they were restricted from societies like; kinship or relatives, friends
and etc.

Table4. 6:- distribution of house condition by housing unit

Physical condition of house Structural types of housing unit

Row house Detached Total
No % No % No %
Need maintenance 20 50 3 7.5 23 57.5
Fair status need maintenance 4 10 2 5 6 15
Good condition 6 15 5 12.5 11 27.5
Total 30 75 10 25 40 100
Source: field survey, April, 2018

According to the above table; from the total of 40 households 23(57.5 %) of them were need
complex maintenance, from those 50% were row structural housing unit and 7.5% house were

18
detached. From the total of respondents 15% of the house need partial maintenance, from those
10% were row house, 5% were detached house and the rest of 27.5 % of house appearing good
condition, from those 12.5% were detached house and 15% were row house.

As the researcher observed, that comparatively row houses were need to repair. However,
detached house appear to better shape they were individual occupied and likely to receive
better care. However, they were a few in number. This implies that the structure of housing
unit in the area was dominated by row house and most of houses need maintenance. To repair
this house they expand their economy and time. The majority of the house in the same their
built of poor quality and unless they dually required, they was remain in problem. In the whole,
quality and durability of house was determined by the kind of materials their foundations, roof,
relying walls and floor built. This indicates that, the roof of the house in the study area
protected by corrugated iron sheets. However, most of houses in surveyed were built of wood
and mud as walls.

4.3 housing condition and service

Housing condition was also evaluated in terms of its units and facilities, it assume that should
comprise the necessary service and communities facility to human well-being.

4.3.1 Housing condition based on kitchen facilities

Table4. 7: distribution of household by type of kitchen

Types of kitchen Rented Rented Private Total

home
from kebele from individual
No % No % No % No %
Private 2 5 4 10 4 10 10 25
Common or shared 3 7.5 8 20 1 2.5 12 30
Cooking in side house 5 12.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 7 17.5
Cooking outside the 3 7.5 6 15 2 5 11 27.5

house
Total 13 32.5 19 47.5 8 20 40 100
Source: field survey, April, 2018

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 As above table indicts that, 30% of the household do not have access to kitchen, from those
majority of 20% were rented from privates, 7.5% were kebele rented household and 2.5%
were used their private kitchen. They used with other people for cooking. From the total
respondents 27.5% of households used outside or open place cooking; from those 7.5% were
rented from kebele house and 15% were rented from private and 5% were private home who
were outside for cooking. 25% of the respondents were used private type kitchen, from those
5% were renter of kebele house, 10% of them were rented from individual and 10% of them
were used by their own kitchen. This implies that, those households who live in rented house
were high problem of kitchen, which leads to health and social problems. Some of the
households facing house pressure that means they used single home too many purposes; as a
kitchen, bed room and sitting room. Due to these they face the health problem, hygienic
problem, sanitation etc. As the most of interview respondent’s information not only housing
pressure but also homelessness or shortage of house was the main problem. As they
responded that, healthy problems leads to economic problems because of people expand
some amount of their income on hospital and clinic due to reason of housing problem.

4.3.2 Housing condition based on toilet facilities

Table4. 8: Distribution of household by the type of toilet

Type of toilet rented house rented house Private house Total

from individual
from kebele
No % No % No % No %

Common latrine 9 22.5 14 35 1 2.5 24 60

Private latrine 3 7.5 3 7.5 7 17.5 13 32.5

Open field 1 2.5 2 5 - - 3 7.5

Other - - - - - - - -
Total 13 32.5 19 47.5 8 20 40 100

Source: field survey, April, 2018

The above table shows that, 60% of the respondents used common pit latrines, from those
22.5% were kebele rented house users, 35% were rented from private owner and only 2.5%
have their own home. From the total of 32.5% of them used private pit latrine from those 15%

20
were rented from kebele and private individual rented house and 17.5% have their own home
with toilet. 7.5% of households used open field. That means it were risk to society for example
they faced psychological effect such as inferiority of their family and other when they used it.
From those 5% were private rented house user and 2.5% were rented from kebele. This
implies that, the majority of 60% of them used public toilet that walking distance from their
houses.

Most of respondents said that, they were affected by sanitation and hygienic problems
because they used of unsafe toilet and facilities which in turn imply the existence of housing
shortage or problem with its facilities.

4.3.3 The social impact of housing problem

Table4.9: Distribution of household by social impact

Types social impact Respondent Percentage (%)

Family disorganization 23 57.5%

Different crimes 7 17.5%

Lack of social service 10 25

Total 40 100

Source: field survey, April, 2018

As above table indicates that, the majority of 57.5% of respondents were disorder of family,
that means family separation or divorce, 25% of them were not get full social service to lead
the life and the rest of 17.5% of them were commit the different crime because of social impact
of housing problem. This indicates that, majority of the people were affected by family
disorganization reason to this were housing problem. Most of the respondent said that social
impact of housing problem was the major cause of family separation, shortage of social service
and different crimes. So this and other negative social impacts were obstacle to social
interaction.

4.3.4 The psychological impact of housing problem

Table4. 10: Distribution of household based psychological impact

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 Type of psychological impacts Respondent Percentage (%)
Stress 12 30
Family or Children Fell Inferiority 18 45

and pessimistically thinking

Fear to receive hospitality 7 17.5
Mental illness 3 7.5
Total 40 100
Source: field survey, April, 2018

As table above shown that, 45% of the households were family or children fell inferiority and
pessimistically thinking because of homelessness or does not get full social services. From the
total of households 30% of them were on the stress on day to day life because housing impact.
25% of them were depressed or fear of receive hospitality and 7.5% of them were faced by
mental illness because of the low relationship between the houses owners and low quality of
housing condition.

Generally, as the most respondents responded that, housing problem have its own
psychological effect on people. Many people think that pessimistically about their future house
for themselves as well as their children. If the people who live in rented house they fear house
of owner. They were also faced emotional problems like; sadness, depression, over thinking
and angry on day to day activities.

4.3.5 The economic impact of housing problem

Table4. 11: Distribution of household on economic impact

Economic impacts Respondent Percentage (%)

Inability to fulfill the basic need 11 27.5

High payment of rent 20 50
Low quality of life 9 22.5

Total 40 100

Source: field survey, April, 2018

According to the above table, it implies that 11(27.5%) of the respondent were lived with
inability to fulfill basic needs to lead the suitable social life. From the total of 20(50%) of the

22
respondents were affected by the high payment of the rent to houses. This indicates that
majority of people live in rented houses so, this lead to decrease their economic income and
the rest of the 9(22%) of the respondents live in low quality of life. Finally this indicates that,
most of the households were pay more many for house and it lead directly into low quality of
life.

According to the respondent’s response, housing problem has its own economic impacts on
the poorer class of the society. Because of lower level of income group face too many
economic hardships due to housing problem the portion of their income expending to pay rent
for house. Increasing level of rent price leads to decrease their disposal due to increase
expenditure on rent decrease their consumption. This leads to inability to fulfill basic needs
because of their income is very lower due to high payment of rented house expenditure
increase and also they cannot afford their needs.

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 CHAPTER –FIVE

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATON

5.1 Conclusion

Based the findings from the analyzing and interpreted data researcher developed conclusion.
Among various basic needs housing in primary. As such it considerable influence, main
mental, physical and social well-being and which in turn require special focus for the
development of healthy and productive labor forces. The concentration of people specially,
in cites of less developed increasingly aggravated the problem. The basic population growth
and expanded urbanization consequently, the greater majority of dwellers live in substandard
housing units with no access to basic facilities like toilets and kitchen etc. One characteristics
of studied kebele were that, about half sample house hold were no income groups. According
to the surveyed responded most households said that 57.5% of houses need complex
maintenance. The constructions of houses were undoubtedly responsible for the deterioration
and the result was homelessness.

Except few, most of dwellings were built of wood and mud. Besides, they have no
appropriate and strong foundation at all. Moreover, the residents dwellers in overcrowded
room and congested conditions. On the other hand, because of the majority of the inhabitants
of kebele were low income, it has so difficult for them to improve their housing condition
from all accounts, they cannot afford to partition their dwelling as kitchen, toilet, guest room,
living or sitting room, bed room are similar.

Another serious problem in relation in housing is the question of sanitation, thus the problem
of sanitation appears to be serious in the Debre Markos town 01 Kebele what researcher
observes. Regarding kitchen facilities, most of household used their home to cook their food.

24
However, most of them used public toilet of which some are over flowing and diffusing
offensive smell and most of were

5.2 Recommendation

Generally, housing problem cannot be alleviated in isolation, but it cells for the participation
of community itself, the Kebele officials and other concerned body of governmental and non-
governmental organization on the whole, the problem of housing tend to increase morbidity,
juvenile delinquency and street (homelessness). Finally, in light of this researcher was
recommended the following suggestions.

-In the long run, the public sector should be focus on establishment of low cost house for low
income group.

-All concerned body work hand in hand to solve the problem.

-The administration of town should implement the plan effectively and efficiently.

-The government or non-governmental organization should formulate appropriate policy in

providing building materials and encourage production industries and large scale production
these materials that can be affordable by majority.

-Government has to maintain the house by either increasing rent or provide at list half of
income collected from rent or maintenance and building of new house in kebele and the
kebele has permit those money if necessary by supporting some facilities.

-The Debre Markos town has to give and arrange place for housing associations to build their
house and low cost housing system has to be encourage and implemented very so on.

-Finally, the municipality has to provide enough number of garbage at appropriate cities and
distance from the dwellers of the kebele under consideration.

25
REFERENCE

Adopt. (2009). housing Delivery building technology from htt: // WWW. Com

B, Sudhaker reed. (2000) urban geography a text book

Central static authority (C.S.A) 2001 unpublished.

Dejene, hailu. (2007). housing and instrumental health (4th edition) Hawassa University
unpublished.

Encyclopaedia of climatology (2005)

Eyclopedia. (2007). Chicago London/ new delihparis leule Sydney/trip/tokiyo.

Gebeyu, Abelt. (2001). Housing condition and demand for Housing in urban Ethiopia. Jimma
University.

Knowkx.p. and penals. (2000).urban social geography (4th edition) London Donaldo
publisher

Kebede, Abebe. (2003). national director habitat for humanity

Robson, C. (1993). Real world Research. A Research for social science and practitioner
Researchers U.K, Black well.

Sarnatoks, S. (1993). Social Research. Australia: Macmillan Education Australia PVT.LTD.

Tesfaye (2005) urban housing in Ethiopia A.A mage printing

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APPENDIX
Debre Markos University

College of social science and Humanity

Department of Sociology

Questionnaire

General information

Dear respondent, my name is Tsegaye Tefera; I am a student of Debre Markos University in

department of Sociology. Currently I am conducting research for my senior essay entitled on
housing problem and its impact the urban dwellers. The objective of the questionnaire is to
collect information regarding to the housing problem and its impact.

All the information provided by you will be kept confidential given that you are not also
expected to write your name on the questionnaire. There are two types of questionnaires open
and closed ended questionnaires. So for the closed ended questionnaires; circle your answer.

Personal information

1, sex: - A, male B, female

2, age: - A, <25 B, 26-35 C, 36-46 D, 47-56

E, 57-68 F, >68

3, marital status: - A, married B, single C, divorced

D, widowed if other specify

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 5, Educational status: - A, cannot read and write B, primary education

C, secondary education D, college E, degree

If other specify

6, where is your place of birth? A, debre markos town

B, out of debre markos town

7, occupational status? A, employed B, unemployed

C, private owner if other specify

8, monthly income: A, cannot estimate B, <600 birr

C, 601-1500 birr E, 1501-2000 birr F, >2001 birr

Question related to housing problem

1, what look like physical condition for your houses?

A, need maintenance B, fair status C, little maintenance

D, good condition. If other specify

2, what is the structure of your house use unit?

A, row house B, detached house. If other specify

3, what it look like the tendency of your housing unit?

A, rented from kebele B, rented from private

C, rented from relatives. If other specify

4, if you rented, how much you pay?

A, <200 birr B, 201-400 birr C, 401-600 birr

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 D, 601-800 birr E, >800 birr

5, how many numbers of rooms in your home?

A, 1-2 B, 2-3 C, 3-4 D, 4-5.

If other specify

6, do you think that rooms are enough?

A, yes B, no

7, if your answer for question number 7 is ‘’yes’’ or ‘’no’’ how specify the reason?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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8, from what material did your house made from?

A, mud B, wood E, stone

D, bricks. If other specify

9, what type of kitchen do you use?

A, private commonly shared B, cook outside

C, cook in living room if other specify

10, what type of toilet do you use?

A, public pit latrine B, private pit latrine

C, open field if other specify

11, in which social impact you faced?

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 A, family disorganization B, different crime

C, lack of social service if other…………………………………

12, by the reason of housing problem which psychological impact were mostly occurred in
your life?

A, stress

B, family or children fell inferiority

C, fear to receive hostility D, mental illness

13, what type of economic impact you faced reason to housing problem?

A, inability to fulfill the basic needs B, high payment of rent

C, low quality of life if other …………………………..

Interview question based on housing problem and its impact

1, is there any housing problem in your town?

2, is there is any impact of housing on your way of life?

3, what type of impact you faced?

4, what are the economic impacts of housing problem?

5, do you think the government can solve the problem?

6, what is your contribution to solve housing problem in your town?

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