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Some other results provided by historical studies:
(1) Newly identified stockpiles of bridging equipment had been present for years so they
did not represent a sudden change in Soviet practices, subduing rumors of impending
hostilities.
(2) A motorized rifle regiment in the Leningrad Military District was trained in air
mobile tactics, allowing for more mobility than was previously expected. Previous coverages
showed this capability to be common throughout the district.
(3) Collateral information showed that previously unidentified storage bunkers could be
used to protect reserve grain from nuclear fallout as a civil defense measure. Reexamination
of previous KH-9 coverages identified some 30 more bunkers, provided approximate dates of
construction, and so allowed analysts to speculate what national events prompted the con
struction of the storage bunkers.
4.3 MC&G Collection Summary
The criteria for evaluating KH-9 imagery collection against MC&G requirements are
contained in Table 4-9. One of the more significant parameters is the gross cloud-free square
nautical miles returned by missions against validated MC&G requirements. Cloud-free
assessment reports are generated on World Area Grid (WAG) cell (12 x 18 square nautical
miles) and WAG subcell (3 x 3 square nautical miles) basis. Even though the information on
individual cloud-free subcells is available, the size of the area reported is smaller than the
minimum area required. Satellite image resolution requirements for MC&G purposes vary
with the scale and type of the product. The most stringent requirements for ground resolu
tionto meet image content needs of military MC&G products is 2 feet for 1:50,000 line maps
and for DLMS Level II digital culture and terrain data. This is more important for the pan
oramic imagery than for the stellar terrain imagery. The KH-9 panoramic imagery taken at
altitudes of 82-132 nautical miles (the range of altitudes for missions 1201 through 1212)
meets and in many cases exceeds the MC&G requirements for ground resolution distance
(GRD) or NIIRS. _Similarly, KH-9 MCS frame imagery taken at 84-156 nautical miles (the
range of altitudes for MCS operations on missions 1205 through 1212) will, for certain
products, provide the required GRD. The remainder of this section presents' coverage
satisfaction statistics for the panoramic and stellar terrain camera systems in terms of
cloud-free imagery.
4.3.1 Panoramic Collection Summaries for MC&G '
The current USIB-approved KH-9 panoramic imagery requirements are for 22.4 million
square nautical miles, shown in Table 3-1. Current satisfaction levels against these require
ments are shown in Table 4-10. This table is based primarily on the actual KH-9 collection
and excludes the Sino-Soviet area and most of the important search or point target areas in
the Middle East, for which MC&G requirements are generally met.
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'First Time
(FY,'72-71).
13.5
, .. (FY' 72-78)
Subtotal 20.3
'1.4
1 __ ot2.1. nautical ';iles
Fy'1912. This figure includes 0.5 ., millioo square milesdf,.first- .
time. cpv.erage ..1.6 million square nautical miles :'of '
4.3.3 Exploitation
An overview of the DMA production process is portrayed in Figure 4-18. These processes
are built on the assumption of the continued availability of both panoramic (wide area
coverage) and frame imagery (high metric accuracy) as basic input. The output is a com
plete spectrum of DMA products, many of which are currently in a digital form. Advances in
autocartography, for example, have made possible the extraction of mapping data from film
imagery in digital form, and the subsequent generation of maps and charts from this digital
data base. Proven reductions in project pipeline time and consequent cost savings have led
to an increasing use of autocartography in DMA mapping activities; this trend is confidently
predicted to continue. Similarly, requirements for MC&G products to support cruise missile
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~
V:l
FIGURE 4-16
a
FIRST TIME MClG PAN COVERAGE
'l
'l AND FILM USED FOR
KH-9 MISSIONS 1201-1212
1.6 1.6
1.4 .... 1.4
.... ct
..., . ....
.....
a::E
.....
ct Z 1.2
1.2 o
..., .
.... c
Cc
a:", '"
""z
'+..... 1.0
1.0 ~ ~
-I o
:E::::) o 0",
.... 0
'0
8 -::
~ ~ .8 . ..... I
C/) en
.... ~ .....
(b CD
C"J ....
o
C')
.., a..; .6
(b o z
.6
..., '"
r+ en
I
.4 .4
.2 .2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
KH-9 MISSION .NUMBER
9 10 11 12
Legend
-.-- Film Used
Total Pan Coverage
- -.,- First Pan Coverage
-I
o
'0
C/)
(b
C')
..,
(b
r+
J:J
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STATUS .DF MILITARV"ANDCIVILMCSlG
MCSCOVERAGE
I ____
.
Requirements
Total Requirements
DMAWAG Cell Area
Collected by End of
of Dec 1976
.(Msns 120.5-1212)4
Balance-Current
Requirement
10..4 ,. '5:4 8:8 5.7
1
1.0.
USIB-approved r.equirementexcludes1.2 million' snm of .theH.S:,"'.;;<
2 Australia only. I
5.5 4.0.
J' The USIB-approvedJequirement of 37.0
i
million' snmconverts to 3B.4 'million snm in theDMA ACRES file,
which uses WAG tceli requirements million snnlwhich include' the
USGS Antarctica request.... Q.4 million 8nm.' .
4 Allstatistics of, coverage are.given in terms
'
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IMAGERY
EXPLOITATION
SUPPORT
FilES
Figure 4-18. DMA MC&G Production Overview
'-3

c:o


"'I
"'I
-i
o
't)
en --..J
(I) W
n

(I)
...
SCREENING
AND
ARCHIVING
o
o
FILM
ARCHIVES'
;/
o
PRODUCT
GENERATION

I 'TARGEt .,
COORDINATES
DLMS/TERCOM
-i
o
"0
en
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n

(I)
...
::0
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"T1
"T1
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The DMA family of maps and charts has developed over a number of years in a variety of
scales and specialized formats designed to support different requirements, specifications
and weapon systems. In general, cartographic products depend on the operation supported
land, sea, air, or combination. The intended use of a product also dictates such factors as
scale, datum, grid and the nature and extent offeatures portrayed (planimetry, topography,
radar return, intelligence, etc.). Table 4-14 summlilrIzes representative cartographic
products produced by DMA.
TABLE 4-14
SUMMARY OF SElECTE'DDMA CARTOGRAPHIC PRO,DUCTS, '
Approximate Optimum Accuracy Reference System Particulars
Map/Chart (90% Probability) Hori. Vert Projection Military Representative Projects(s)
Scale Horizontal .Ver.tical . Datum Datum Grid
(m) (m)
1 :3,000,000 1500 Unsp MSl M
;1 :2,OJlP.JlllP 1QQjJ 150 lCCLPS&
1:1,000,000 500 75 Unsp MSl lCC/PS GEOREFI Operational Navigation: Bottom Contour
AClANT Charts
-
1:6OO,00P ,}PO 45 Upsp, .. local.. M Coastal. Nautical Chaits
..
1:500.000 250 38 Unsp MSl lCC/ PS GEOREF Tactical Pilotage Charts
p50,00b'

127 J'5 Pref MSL ' TM [JtM/UPS Joint
1 :200.000
.
101 25 Pre! MSl lCC / PS UTM/UPS Air Target Charts
1:100,9jJjJ 50_ 15 Pre! MSl'
1M
Maes'
1:75.000 38 13 local local M UTM/ UPS Harbor and Approach Charts
1: 50.000' 25 10 locai MSl 1M (JTM/UPS large Scale Topo Line Maps:and
"
.."';L" .",
Charti, _. __
1 :25.000 13 local MSl TM UTM/UPS
Unsp , Unspecified LCC ' Lambert Conformal Conic
I Pre! - Preferred PS - Polar Stereographic AClANT - Allied Command Atlantic
MSl - Mean Sea level TM - Transverse Mercator UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
M - Mercator UPS - Universal Polar Stereographic
The scale of a map or chart depends on its intended purpose. A measure on the graphic
represents an increasingly greater distance on the ground as the scale decreases. As shown in
Table 4-14, large scale maps are applicable for ground and sea operations. The scale deter
mines the amount and generalization of detail portrayed and limits the potential accuracy of
horizontal and vertical information.
The accuracy of a cartographic product depends on the basic source material and the
compilation/reproduction processes. The optimum horizontal accura(:y for a cartographic
product (Class A) is expressed in the meter equivalence of 0.5 millimeters at map scale (90%
probability), and the vertical accuracy at one-half the contour interval (90% probability) .
The combination of scale and accuracy can subsequently affect the of the
horizontal and vertical datum of the graphic.
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The work force composition of the three production centers is shown in Table 4-17.
MC&G technology is extremely
complex and requires the use of very
precise and highly sophisticated equip
ment. Many processes require the ap
plication of automated digital imd
analytical plotting equipment unique to
mapping. Equipment used in support of
DMA's primary mission includes:
Stereocomparators for photo
gram metric derivation of
positional data;
Analytical stereoplotters for
compilation of graphic and
digital data;
Automated cartographic sys
tems;
Scientific computers for geo
detic, photogrammetric, and
cartographic computations;
Lithographic reproduction
equipment; and Photographic
reproduction equipment.
TABLE .4-17
PRODUCTION CENTERS WORKFORCE
COMPOSITION
.SKILLS I COUNT

Professional/Scientific:
Carlographers . . ... . ..... :. .. . . . .
Geodesists ., . . : .... . ., . .. . ... . . . ..
Mathematicians ... ... ... ... .... ..
Aeronautical Information
Specialists' .. . .. .. .. .. ..... .. . .
Physical Scientists . , ... . .. . .. .. .
. Other ' . .. . .. .. .. . , . ... . . ... , . .. , . ..
.Wage Board . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. ... ... .. .. .. .
Other .... . ... .. , ...... .. ... .. ......... . .
The total investment for equipment to exploit the panoramic and frame imagery is over
71 million dollars (Table 4-18). This investment has been made to insure that DMA could
TABLE 4-18
MAPPING. CHARTING AND GEODETIC
EQUIPMENT INVENTORY DATA
APRIL 1977
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)
. CATEGORY
DMAAC DMAHC DMATC TOTAL


.Photographic

,
C,artographic



Lithographic
I
- . ' '
Aut0"!latic Data Processing

TOTAL
l
"'"
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