Java Cryptography

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 Java Cryptography

About the Tutorial

The Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a set of APIs to implement concepts of modern
cryptography such as digital signatures, message digests, and certificates. This
specification helps developers integrate security in their applications.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for beginners to make them understand the basics of JCA.
All the examples are given using the Java programming language therefore, a basic idea
on Java programming language is required.

Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the readers have a prior knowledge of Java
programming language.

Copyright & Disclaimer

 Copyright 2018 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com

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 Java Cryptography

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i

Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i

Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i

Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii

1. Java Cryptography – Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

What is Cryptanalysis?..................................................................................................................................... 1

Cryptography Primitives .................................................................................................................................. 1

Cryptography in Java ....................................................................................................................................... 1

MESSAGE DIGEST AND MAC ....................................................................................................... 2

2. Java Cryptography — Message Digest ....................................................................................................... 3

3. Java Cryptography — Creating a MAC ....................................................................................................... 6

KEYS AND KEY STORE ................................................................................................................ 10

4. Java Cryptography — Keys ...................................................................................................................... 11

Symmetric Key Encryption............................................................................................................................. 11

Asymmetric Key Encryption........................................................................................................................... 11

5. Java Cryptography — Storing Keys .......................................................................................................... 12

Storing a Key in keystore ............................................................................................................................... 12

6. Java Cryptography — Retrieving Keys ..................................................................................................... 15

GENERATING KEYS .................................................................................................................... 19

7. Java Cryptography — KeyGenerator ....................................................................................................... 20

8. Java Cryptography — KeyPairGenerator ................................................................................................. 22

DIGITAL SIGNATURE .................................................................................................................. 24

9. Java Cryptography — Creating Signature ................................................................................................ 25

Advantages of digital signature ..................................................................................................................... 25

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 Java Cryptography

Creating the digital signature ........................................................................................................................ 25

10. Java Cryptography — Verifying Signature ............................................................................................... 30

CIPHER TEXT ............................................................................................................................. 35

11. Java Cryptography — Encrypting data ..................................................................................................... 36

12. Java Cryptography — Decrypting Data .................................................................................................... 40

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 1. Java Cryptography – Introduction Java Cryptography

Cryptography is the art and science of making a cryptosystem that is capable of providing
information security.

Cryptography deals with the securing of digital data. It refers to the design of mechanisms
based on mathematical algorithms that provide fundamental information security services.
You can think of cryptography as the establishment of a large toolkit containing different
techniques in security applications.

What is Cryptanalysis?
The art and science of breaking the cipher text is known as cryptanalysis.

Cryptanalysis is the sister branch of cryptography and they both co-exist. The
cryptographic process results in the cipher text for transmission or storage. It involves the
study of cryptographic mechanism with the intention to break them. Cryptanalysis is also
used during the design of the new cryptographic techniques to test their security strengths.

Cryptography Primitives
Cryptography primitives are nothing but the tools and techniques in Cryptography that
can be selectively used to provide a set of desired security services:

 Encryption

 Hash functions

 Message Authentication codes (MAC)

 Digital Signatures

Cryptography in Java
The Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a set of APIs to implement concepts of modern
cryptography such as digital signatures, message digests, certificates, encryption, key
generation and management, and secure random number generation, etc.

Using JCA, developers can build their applications integrating security in them.

To integrate security in your applications rather than depending on the complicated

security algorithms, you can easily call the respective APIs provided in JCA for required
services.

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 Java Cryptography

Message Digest and MAC

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 Java Cryptography
2. Java Cryptography — Message Digest

Hash functions are extremely useful and appear in almost all information security
applications.

A hash function is a mathematical function that converts a numerical input value into
another compressed numerical value. The input to the hash function is of arbitrary length
but output is always of fixed length.

Values returned by a hash function are called message digest or simply hash values.
The following picture illustrated hash function.

Java provides a class named MessageDigest, which belongs to the package

java.security. This class supports algorithms such as SHA-1, SHA 256, MD5 algorithms
to convert an arbitrary length message to a message digest.

To convert a given message to a message digest, follow the steps given below:

Step 1: Create a MessageDigest object

The MessageDigest class provides a method named getInstance(). This method accepts
a String variable specifying the name of the algorithm to be used and returns a
MessageDigest object implementing the specified algorithm.

Create MessageDigest object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");

Step 2: Pass data to the created MessageDigest object

After creating the message digest object, you need to pass the message/data to it. You
can do so using the update() method of the MessageDigest class. This method accepts
a byte array representing the message and adds/passes it to the above-created
MessageDigest object.

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 Java Cryptography

md.update(msg.getBytes());

Step 3: Generate the message digest

You can generate the message digest using the digest() method of the MessageDigest
class. This method computes the hash function on the current object and returns the
message digest in the form of byte array.

Generate the message digest using the digest method.

byte[] digest = md.digest();

Example
Following is an example, which reads data from a file, generates a message digest, and
prints it.

import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class MessageDigestExample {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Reading data from user

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the message");
String message = sc.nextLine();

//Creating the MessageDigest object

MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");

//Passing data to the created MessageDigest Object

md.update(message.getBytes());

//Compute the message digest

byte[] digest = md.digest();

System.out.println(digest);

//Converting the byte array in to HexString format

StringBuffer hexString = new StringBuffer();

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 Java Cryptography

for (int i=0;i<digest.length;i++) {

hexString.append(Integer.toHexString(0xFF & digest[i]));

}
System.out.println("Hex format : " + hexString.toString());
}
}

Output
The above program generates the following output:

Enter the message

Hello how are you
[B@55f96302
Hex format: 2953d33828c395aebe8225236ba4e23fa75e6f13bd881b9056a3295cbd64d3

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3. Java Cryptography — Creating a MAC Java Cryptography

MAC (Message Authentication Code) algorithm is a symmetric key cryptographic technique

to provide message authentication. For establishing MAC process, the sender and receiver
share a symmetric key K.

Essentially, a MAC is an encrypted checksum generated on the underlying message that

is sent along with a message to ensure message authentication.

The process of using MAC for authentication is depicted in the following illustration −

In Java, the Mac class of the javax.crypto package provides the functionality of message
authentication code. Follow the steps given below to create message authentication code
using this class.

Step 1: Create a KeyGenerator object

The KeyGenerator class provides getInstance() method which accepts a String variable
representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a KeyGenerator object
that generates secret keys

Create KeyGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating a KeyGenerator object

KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");

Step 2: Create SecureRandom object

The SecureRandom class of the java.Security package provides a strong random
number generator, which is used to generate random numbers in Java. Instantiate this
class as shown below.

//Creating a SecureRandom object

SecureRandom secRandom = new SecureRandom();
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Step 3: Initialize the KeyGenerator

The KeyGenerator class provides a method named init(). This method accepts the
SecureRandom object and initializes the current KeyGenerator.

Initialize the KeyGenerator object created in the previous step using this method.

//Initializing the KeyGenerator

keyGen.init(secRandom);

Step 4: Generate key

Generate key using the generateKey() method of the KeyGenerator class as shown
below.

//Creating/Generating a key
Key key = keyGen.generateKey();

Step 5: Initialize the Mac object

The init() method of the Mac class accepts a Key object and initializes the current Mac
object using the given key.

//Initializing the Mac object

mac.init(key);

Step 6: Finish the mac operation

The doFinal() method of the Mac class is used to finish the Mac operation. Pass the
required data in the form of byte array to this method and finish the operation as shown
below.

//Computing the Mac

String msg = new String("Hi how are you");
byte[] bytes = msg.getBytes();
byte[] macResult = mac.doFinal(bytes);

Example
The following example demonstrates the generation of Message Authentication Code
(MAC) using JCA. Here, we take a simple message "Hi how are you" and, generate a Mac
for that message.

import java.security.Key;
import java.security.SecureRandom;

import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;

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import javax.crypto.Mac;

public class MacSample {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Creating a KeyGenerator object

KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");

//Creating a SecureRandom object

SecureRandom secRandom = new SecureRandom();

//Initializing the KeyGenerator

keyGen.init(secRandom);

//Creating/Generating a key
Key key = keyGen.generateKey();

//Creating a Mac object

Mac mac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");

//Initializing the Mac object

mac.init(key);

//Computing the Mac

String msg = new String("Hi how are you");
byte[] bytes = msg.getBytes();
byte[] macResult = mac.doFinal(bytes);

System.out.println("Mac result:");
System.out.println(new String(macResult));
}
}

Output
The above program will generate the following output:

Mac result:

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 Java Cryptography

HÖ„^ǃÎ_Utbh…?š_üzØSSÜh_ž_œa0ŽV?

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 Java Cryptography

Keys and Key Store

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 4. Java Cryptography — Keys Java Cryptography

Cryptosystem is an implementation of cryptographic techniques and their accompanying

infrastructure to provide information security services. A cryptosystem is also referred to
as a cipher system.

The various components of a basic cryptosystem are Plaintext, Encryption Algorithm,

Ciphertext, Decryption Algorithm, Encryption Key and, Decryption Key.

Where,

 Encryption Key is a value that is known to the sender. The sender inputs the
encryption key into the encryption algorithm along with the plaintext in order to
compute the cipher text.

 Decryption Key is a value that is known to the receiver. The decryption key is
related to the encryption key, but is not always identical to it. The receiver inputs
the decryption key into the decryption algorithm along with the cipher text in order
to compute the plaintext.

Fundamentally there are two types of keys/cryptosystems based on the type of encryption-
decryption algorithms.

Symmetric Key Encryption

The encryption process where same keys are used for encrypting and decrypting the
information is known as Symmetric Key Encryption.

The study of symmetric cryptosystems is referred to as symmetric cryptography.

Symmetric cryptosystems are also sometimes referred to as secret key cryptosystems.

Following are a few common examples of symmetric key encryption:

 Digital Encryption Standard (DES)

 Triple-DES (3DES)
 IDEA
 BLOWFISH

Asymmetric Key Encryption

The encryption process where different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting
the information is known as Asymmetric Key Encryption. Though the keys are different,
they are mathematically related and hence, retrieving the plaintext by decrypting cipher
text is feasible.

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 5. Java Cryptography — Storing Keys Java Cryptography

The Keys and certificates used/generated are stored in a database called the keystore. By
default, this database is stored in a file named .keystore.

You can access the contents of this database using the KeyStore class of the
java.security package. This manages the following three different entries:

 PrivateKeyEntry
 SecretKeyEntry
 TrustedCertificateEntry

Storing a Key in keystore

In this section, we will learn how to store a key in a keystore. To store a key in the
keystore, follow the steps given below.

Step 1: Create a KeyStore object

The getInstance() method of the KeyStore class of the java.security package accepts
a string value representing the type of the keystore and returns a KeyStore object.

Create an object of the KeyStore class using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating the KeyStore object

KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");

Step 2: Load the KeyStore object

The load() method of the KeyStore class accepts a FileInputStream object representing
the keystore file and a String parameter specifying the password of the KeyStore.

In general, the KeyStore is stored in the file named cacerts, in the location C:/Program
Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/ and its default password is changeit, load it
using the load() method as shown below.

//Loading the KeyStore object

char[] password = "changeit".toCharArray();
String path = "C:/Program Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/cacerts";
java.io.FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(path);
keyStore.load(fis, password);

Step 3: Create the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

Instantiate the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter as shown below.

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//Creating the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

KeyStore.ProtectionParameter protectionParam = new
KeyStore.PasswordProtection(password);

Step 4: Create a SecretKey object

Create the SecretKey (interface) object by instantiating its Sub class SecretKeySpec.
While instantiating, you need to pass password and algorithm as parameters to its
constructor as shown below.

//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mySecretKey = new SecretKeySpec(new String(keyPassword).getBytes(),
"DSA");

Step 5: Create a SecretKeyEntry object

Create an object of the SecretKeyEntry class by passing the SecretKey object created
in the above step as shown below.

//Creating SecretKeyEntry object

KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEntry = new
KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry(mySecretKey);

Step 6: Set an entry to the KeyStore

The setEntry() method of the KeyStore class accepts a String parameter representing
the keystore entry alias, a SecretKeyEntry object, a ProtectionParameter object and,
stores the entry under the given alias.

Set the entry to the keystore using the setEntry() method as shown below.

//Set the entry to the keystore

keyStore.setEntry("secretKeyAlias", secretKeyEntry, protectionParam);

Example
The following example stores keys into the keystore existing in the “cacerts” file (windows
10 operating system).

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.security.KeyStore;

import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;

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public class StoringIntoKeyStore{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Creating the KeyStore object

KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");

//Loading the KeyStore object

char[] password = "changeit".toCharArray();
String path = "C:/Program Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/cacerts";
java.io.FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(path);
keyStore.load(fis, password);

//Creating the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

KeyStore.ProtectionParameter protectionParam = new
KeyStore.PasswordProtection(password);

//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mySecretKey = new SecretKeySpec("myPassword".getBytes(),
"DSA");

//Creating SecretKeyEntry object

KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEntry = new
KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry(mySecretKey);
keyStore.setEntry("secretKeyAlias", secretKeyEntry, protectionParam);

//Storing the KeyStore object

java.io.FileOutputStream fos = null;
fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream("newKeyStoreName");
keyStore.store(fos, password);
System.out.println("data stored");
}
}

Output
The above program generates the following output:

System.out.println("data stored");

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6. Java Cryptography — Retrieving Keys Java Cryptography

In this chapter, we will learn how to retrieve a key from the keystore using Java
Cryptography.

To retrieve a key from the keystore, follow the steps given below.

Step 1: Create a KeyStore object

The getInstance() method of the KeyStore class of the java.security package accepts
a string value representing the type of the keystore and returns a KeyStore object.

Create an object of the KeyStore class using this method as shown below.

//Creating the KeyStore object

KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");

Step 2: Load the KeyStore object

The load() method of the KeyStore class accepts a FileInputStream object representing
the keystore file and a String parameter specifying the password of the KeyStore.

In general, the KeyStore is stored in the file named cacerts, in the location C:/Program
Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/ and its default password is changeit; load it
using the load() method as shown below.

//Loading the KeyStore object

char[] password = "changeit".toCharArray();
String path = "C:/Program Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/cacerts";
java.io.FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(path);
keyStore.load(fis, password);

Step 3: Create the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

Instantiate the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter as shown below.

//Creating the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

KeyStore.ProtectionParameter protectionParam = new
KeyStore.PasswordProtection(password);

Step 4: Create a SecretKey object

Create the SecretKey (interface) object by instantiating its Sub class SecretKeySpec.
While instantiating, you need to pass password and algorithm as parameters to its
constructor as shown below.

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//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mySecretKey = new SecretKeySpec(new String(keyPassword).getBytes(),
"DSA");

Step 5: Create a SecretKeyEntry object

Create an object of the SecretKeyEntry class by passing the SecretKey object created
in the above step as shown below.

//Creating SecretKeyEntry object

KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEntry = new
KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry(mySecretKey);

Step 6: Set an entry to the KeyStore

The setEntry() method of the KeyStore class accepts a String parameter representing
the keystore entry alias, a SecretKeyEntry object, a ProtectionParameter object and,
stores the entry under the given alias.

Set the entry to the keystore using the setEntry() method as shown below.

//Set the entry to the keystore

keyStore.setEntry("secretKeyAlias", secretKeyEntry, protectionParam);

Step 7: Create the KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry object

The getEntry() method of the KeyStore class accepts an alias (String parameter) and, an
object of the ProtectionParameter class as parameters and returns a KeyStoreEntry
object then you can cast this it into the KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry object.

Create an object of the KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry class by passing the alias for required
key and the protection parameter object created in the previous steps, to the getEntry()
method as shown below.

//Creating the KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry object

KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEnt =
(KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry("secretKeyAlias", protectionParam);

Step 8: Create the key object of the retrieved entry

The getSecretKey() method of the SecretKeyEntry class returns a SecretKey object.
Using this method, create a SecretKey object as shown below.

//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mysecretKey = secretKeyEnt.getSecretKey();
System.out.println(mysecretKey);

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Example
Following example shows how to retrieve keys from a key store. Here, we store a key in
a keystore, which is in the “cacerts” file (windows 10 operating system), retrieve it, and
display some of the properties of it such as the algorithm used to generate the key and,
the format of the retrieved key.

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStore.ProtectionParameter;
import java.security.KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry;

import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;

public class RetrievingFromKeyStore{

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Creating the KeyStore object

KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JCEKS");

//Loading the the KeyStore object

char[] password = "changeit".toCharArray();
java.io.FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("C:/Program
Files/Java/jre1.8.0_101/lib/security/cacerts");
keyStore.load(fis, password);

//Creating the KeyStore.ProtectionParameter object

ProtectionParameter protectionParam = new
KeyStore.PasswordProtection(password);

//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mySecretKey = new SecretKeySpec("myPassword".getBytes(),
"DSA");

//Creating SecretKeyEntry object

SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEntry = new SecretKeyEntry(mySecretKey);
keyStore.setEntry("secretKeyAlias", secretKeyEntry, protectionParam);

//Storing the KeyStore object

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java.io.FileOutputStream fos = null;

fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream("newKeyStoreName");
keyStore.store(fos, password);

//Retrieving the KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry object for existing entry

SecretKeyEntry secretKeyEnt =
(SecretKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry("secretKeyAlias", protectionParam);

//Creating SecretKey object

SecretKey mysecretKey = secretKeyEnt.getSecretKey();
System.out.println("Algorithm used to generate key :
"+mysecretKey.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println("Format used for the key: "+mysecretKey.getFormat());
}
}

Output
The above program generates the following output:

Algorithm used to generate key: DSA

Format of the key: RAW

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Generating Keys

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7. Java Cryptography — KeyGenerator Java Cryptography

Java provides the KeyGenerator class. This class is used to generate secret keys and
objects of this class are reusable.

To generate keys using the KeyGenerator class, follow the steps given below.

Step 1: Create a KeyGenerator object

The KeyGenerator class provides the getInstance() method which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a KeyGenerator
object that generates secret keys

Create KeyGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating a KeyGenerator object

KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");

Step 2: Create SecureRandom object

The SecureRandom class of the java.Security package provides a strong random
number generator which is used to generate random numbers in Java. Instantiate this
class as shown below.

//Creating a SecureRandom object

SecureRandom secRandom = new SecureRandom();

Step 3: Initialize the KeyGenerator

The KeyGenerator class provides the init() method. This method accepts the
SecureRandom object and initializes the current KeyGenerator.

Initialize the KeyGenerator object created in the previous step using the init() method.

//Initializing the KeyGenerator

keyGen.init(secRandom);

Example
Following example demonstrates the key generation of the secret key using the
KeyGenerator class of the javax.crypto package.

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.SecureRandom;

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public class KeyGeneratorExample {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
//Creating a KeyGenerator object
KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");

//Creating a SecureRandom object

SecureRandom secRandom = new SecureRandom();

//Initializing the KeyGenerator

keyGen.init(secRandom);

//Creating/Generating a key
Key key = keyGen.generateKey();

System.out.println(key);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);

String msg = new String("Hi how are you");

byte[] bytes = cipher.doFinal(msg.getBytes());
System.out.println(bytes);
}
}

Output
The above program generates the following output:

com.sun.crypto.provider.DESKey@18629
[B@2ac1fdc4

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8. Java Cryptography — KeyPairGenerator Java Cryptography

Java provides the KeyPairGenerator class. This class is used to generate pairs of public
and private keys. To generate keys using the KeyPairGenerator class, follow the steps
given below.

Step 1: Create a KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the getInstance() method, which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a
KeyPairGenerator object that generates keys.

Create KeyPairGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

Step 2: Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the initialize() method. This method is used to
initialize the key pair generator. This method accepts an integer value representing the
key size.

Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object created in the previous step using the initialize()
method as shown below.

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

Step 3: Generate the KeyPairGenerator

You can generate the KeyPair using the generateKeyPair() method of the
KeyPairGenerator class.

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

Step 4: Get the private key/public key

You can get the private key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPrivate()
method as shown below.

//Getting the private key from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

You can get the public key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPublic()
method as shown below.
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//Getting the public key from the key pair

PublicKey publicKey = pair.getPublic();

Example
Following example demonstrates the key generation of the secret key using the
KeyPairGenerator class of the javax.crypto package.

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;

public class KeyPairGenertorExample {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

//Generating the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

//Getting the private key from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

//Getting the public key from the key pair

PublicKey publicKey = pair.getPublic();
System.out.println(("Keys generated");
}
}

Output
The above program will generate the following output:

Keys generated

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Digital Signature

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9. Java Cryptography — Creating Signature Java Cryptography

Digital signatures allow us to verify the author, date and time of signatures, authenticate
the message contents. It also includes authentication function for additional capabilities.

Advantages of digital signature

In this section, we will learn about the different reasons that call for the use of digital
signature. There are several reasons to implement digital signatures to communications:

Authentication
Digital signatures help to authenticate the sources of messages. For example, if a bank’s
branch office sends a message to central office, requesting for change in balance of an
account. If the central office could not authenticate that message is sent from an
authorized source, acting of such request could be a grave mistake.

Integrity
Once the message is signed, any change in the message would invalidate the signature.

Non-repudiation
By this property, any entity that has signed some information cannot later deny having
signed it.

Creating the digital signature

Let us now learn how to create a digital signature. You can create digital signature using
Java following the steps given below.

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Step 1: Create a KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the getInstance() method, which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a
KeyPairGenerator object that generates keys.

Create KeyPairGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

Step 2: Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the initialize() method. This method is used to
initialize the key pair generator. This method accepts an integer value representing the
key size.

Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object created in the previous step using the initialize()
method as shown below.

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

Step 3: Generate the KeyPairGenerator

You can generate the KeyPair using the generateKeyPair() method. Generate the key
pair using the generateKeyPair() method as shown below.

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

Step 4: Get the private key from the pair

You can get the private key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPrivate()
method.

Get the private key using the getPrivate() method as shown below.

//Getting the private key from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

Step 5: Create a signature object

The getInstance() method of the Signature class accepts a string parameter
representing the required signature algorithm and returns the respective Signature object.

Create an object of the Signature class using the getInstance() method.

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

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 Java Cryptography

Step 6: Initialize the Signature object

The initSign() method of the Signature class accepts a PrivateKey object and initializes
the current Signature object.

Initialize the Signature object created in the previous step using the initSign() method
as shown below.

//Initialize the signature

sign.initSign(privKey);

Step 7: Add data to the Signature object

The update() method of the Signature class accepts a byte array representing the data
to be signed or verified and updates the current object with the data given.

Update the initialized Signature object by passing the data to be signed to the update()
method in the form of byte array as shown below.

byte[] bytes = "Hello how are you".getBytes();

//Adding data to the signature
sign.update(bytes);

Step 8: Calculate the Signature

The sign() method of the Signature class returns the signature bytes of the updated
data.

Calculate the Signature using the sign() method as shown below.

//Calculating the signature

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

Example
Following Java program accepts a message from the user and generates a digital signature
for the given message.

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class CreatingDigitalSignature {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

27
 Java Cryptography

//Accepting text from user

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

//Initializing the key pair generator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

//Getting the private key from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

//Initialize the signature

sign.initSign(privKey);

byte[] bytes = "msg".getBytes();

//Adding data to the signature
sign.update(bytes);

//Calculating the signature

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

//Printing the signature

System.out.println("Digital signature for given text: "+new String(signature, "UTF8"));

}
}

28
 Java Cryptography

Output
The above program generates the following output:

Enter some text

Hi how are you
Digital signature for given text: 0=@gRD???-
?.????

/yGL?i??a!?

29
10. Java Cryptography — Verifying Signature Java Cryptography

You can create digital signature using Java and verify it following the steps given below.

Step 1: Create a KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the getInstance() method which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a
KeyPairGenerator object that generates keys

Create KeyPairGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

Step 2: Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the initialize() method. This method is used to
initialize the key pair generator. This method accepts an integer value representing the
key size.

Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object created in the previous step using the initialize()
method as shown below.

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

Step 3: Generate the KeyPairGenerator

You can generate the KeyPair using the generateKeyPair() method. Generate the
keypair using this method as shown below.

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

Step 4: Get the private key from the pair

You can get the private key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPrivate()
method.

Get the private key using the getPrivate() method as shown below.

//Getting the private key from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

30
 Java Cryptography

Step 5: Create a signature object

The getInstance() method of the Signature class accepts a string parameter
representing the required signature algorithm and returns the respective Signature object.

Create an object of the Signature class using the getInstance() method.

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

Step 6: Initialize the Signature object

The initSign() method of the Signature class accepts a PrivateKey object and initializes
the current Signature object.

Initialize the Signature object created in the previous step using the initSign() method
as shown below.

//Initialize the signature

sign.initSign(privKey);

Step 7: Add data to the Signature object

The update() method of the Signature class accepts a byte array representing the data
to be signed or verified and updates the current object with the data given.

Update the initialized Signature object by passing the data to be signed to the update()
method in the form of byte array as shown below.

byte[] bytes = "Hello how are you".getBytes();

//Adding data to the signature
sign.update(bytes);

Step 8: Calculate the Signature

The sign() method of the Signature class returns the signature bytes of the updated
data.

Calculate the Signature using the sign() method as shown below.

//Calculating the signature

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

Step 9: Initialize the signature object for verification

To verify a Signature object you need to initialize it first using the initVerify() method it
method accepts a PublicKey object.

Therefore, initialize the Signature object for verification using the initVerify() method as
shown below.

31
 Java Cryptography

//Initializing the signature

sign.initVerify(pair.getPublic());

Step 10: Update the data to be verified

Update the initialized (for verification) object with the data the data to be veified using the
update method as shown below.

//Update the data to be verified

sign.update(bytes);

Step 11: Verify the Signature

The verify() method of the Signature class accepts another signature object and verifies
it with the current one. If a match occurs, it returns true else it returns false.

Verify the signature using this method as shown below.

//Verify the signature

boolean bool = sign.verify(signature);

Example
Following Java program accepts a message from the user, generates a digital signature
for the given message, and verifies it.

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class SignatureVerification {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Accepting message from user

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

32
 Java Cryptography

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

//Initializing the key pair generator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

//Getting the privatekey from the key pair

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

//Initialize the signature

sign.initSign(privKey);

byte[] bytes = msg.getBytes();

//Add data to the signature
sign.update(bytes);

//Calculate the signature

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

//Initializing the signature

sign.initVerify(pair.getPublic());

//Update the data to be verified

sign.update(bytes);

//Verify the signature

boolean bool = sign.verify(signature);

if(bool){
System.out.println("Signature verified");
}else{
System.out.println("Signature failed");
}

33
 Java Cryptography

}
}

Output
The above program will generate the following output:

Enter some text

Hi how are you
Signature verified

34
 Java Cryptography

Cipher Text

35
11. Java Cryptography — Encrypting data Java Cryptography

You can encrypt the given data using the Cipher class of the javax.crypto package. Follow
the steps given below to encrypt the data using Java.

Step 1: Create a KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the getInstance() method, which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a
KeyPairGenerator object that generates keys

Create KeyPairGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

Step 2: Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the initialize() method. This method is used to
initialize the key pair generator. This method accepts an integer value representing the
key size.

Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object created in the previous step using the initialize()
method as shown below.

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

Step 3: Generate the KeyPairGenerator

You can generate the KeyPair using the generateKeyPair() method of the
KeyPairGenerator class. Generate the key pair using this method as shown below.

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

Step 4: Get the public key

You can get the public key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPublic()
method as shown below. Get the public key using this method as shown below.

//Getting the public key from the key pair

PublicKey publicKey = pair.getPublic();

36
 Java Cryptography

Step 5: Create a Cipher object

The getInstance() method of the Cipher class accepts a String variable representing the
required transformation and returns a Cipher object that implements the given
transformation

Create the Cipher object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating a Cipher object

Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");

Step 6: Initialize the Cipher object

The init() method of the Cipher class accepts two parameters:

 An integer parameter representing the operation mode (encrypt/decrypt)

 A Key object representing the public key

Initialize the Cypher object using the init() method as shown below.

//Initializing a Cipher object

cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);

Step 7: Add data to the Cipher object

The update() method of the Cipher class accepts a byte array representing the data to
be encrypted and updates the current object with the given data.

Update the initialized Cipher object by passing the data to the update() method in the
form of byte array as shown below.

//Adding data to the cipher

byte[] input = "Welcome to Tutorialspoint".getBytes();
cipher.update(input);

Step 8: Encrypt the data

The doFinal() method of the Cipher class completes the encryption operation. Therefore,
finish the encryption using this method as shown below.

//Encrypting the data

byte[] cipherText = cipher.doFinal();

Example
Following Java program accepts text from user, encrypts it using RSA algorithm and, prints
the encrypted format of the given text

import java.security.KeyPair;

37
 Java Cryptography

import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.Signature;
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;

public class CipherSample {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Accepting message from user

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withRSA");

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");

//Initializing the key pair generator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

//Generating the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

//Creating a Cipher object

Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");

//Initializing a Cipher object

cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, pair.getPublic());

//Adding data to the cipher

byte[] input = msg.getBytes();
cipher.update(input);

//encrypting the data

38
 Java Cryptography

byte[] cipherText = cipher.doFinal();

System.out.println("Encrypted text");

System.out.println(new String(cipherText, "UTF8"));

}
}

Output
The above program will generate the following output:

Enter some text:

Welcome to tutorialspoint
Encrypted Text:
•"???:]J_?]???;Xl??????*@??u???r??=T&???_?_??.??i?????(?$_f?zD??????ZGH??g???
g?E:_??bz^??f?~o???t?}??u=uzp\UI????Z??l[?G?3??Y?UAEfKT?f?O??N_?d__?????a_?15%?
^?'p?_?$,9"{??^??y??_?t???,?W?PCW??~??[?$??????e????f?Y-
Zi__??_??w?_?&QT??`?`~?[?K_??_?•??

39
12. Java Cryptography — Decrypting Data Java Cryptography

You can decrypt the encrypted data using the Cipher class of the javax.crypto package.
Follow the steps given below to decrypt given data using Java.

Step 1: Create a KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the getInstance() method which accepts a String
variable representing the required key-generating algorithm and returns a
KeyPairGenerator object that generates keys.

Create KeyPairGenerator object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

Step 2: Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object

The KeyPairGenerator class provides the initialize() method. This method is used to
initialize the key pair generator. This method accepts an integer value representing the
key size.

Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object created in the previous step using the initialize()
method as shown below.

//Initializing the KeyPairGenerator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

Step 3: Generate the KeyPairGenerator

You can generate the KeyPair using the generateKeyPair() method of the
KeyPairGenerator class. Generate the key pair using this method as shown below.

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

Step 4: Get the public key

You can get the public key from the generated KeyPair object using the getPublic()
method as shown below.

//Getting the public key from the key pair

PublicKey publicKey = pair.getPublic();

40
 Java Cryptography

Step 5: Create a Cipher object

The getInstance() method of the Cipher class accepts a String variable representing the
required transformation and returns a Cipher object that implements the given
transformation

Create the Cipher object using the getInstance() method as shown below.

//Creating a Cipher object

Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");

Step 6: Initialize the Cipher object

The init() method of the Cipher class accepts two parameters

 An integer parameter representing the operation mode (encrypt/decrypt)

 A Key object representing the public key

Initialize the Cypher object using the init() method as shown below.

//Initializing a Cipher object

cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);

Step 7: Add data to the Cipher object

The update() method of the Cipher class accepts a byte array representing the data to
be encrypted and updates the current object with the data given.

Update the initialized Cipher object by passing the data to the update() method in the
form of byte array as shown below.

//Adding data to the cipher

byte[] input = "Welcome to Tutorialspoint".getBytes();
cipher.update(input);

Step 8: Encrypt the data

The doFinal() method of the Cipher class completes the encryption operation. Therefore,
finish the encryption using this method as shown below.

//Encrypting the data

byte[] cipherText = cipher.doFinal();

Step 9: Initialize the Cipher object for decryption

To decrypt the cypher encrypted in the previous steps, you need to initialize it for
decryption.

Therefore, initialize the cipher object by passing the parameters Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE

and PrivateKey object as shown below.

41
 Java Cryptography

//Initializing the same cipher for decryption

cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, pair.getPrivate());

Step 10: Decrypt the data

Finally, decrypt the encrypted text using the doFinal() method as shown below.

//Decrypting the text

byte[] decipheredText = cipher.doFinal(cipherText);

Example
Following Java program accepts text from user, encrypts it using RSA algorithm and, prints
the cipher of the given text, decrypts the cipher and prints the decrypted text again.

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.Signature;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;

public class CipherDecrypt {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

//Accepting message from user

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

//Creating a Signature object

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withRSA");

//Creating KeyPair generator object

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");

//Initializing the key pair generator

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

//Generate the pair of keys

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

42
 Java Cryptography

//Getting the public key from the key pair

PublicKey publicKey = pair.getPublic();

//Creating a Cipher object

Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");

//Initializing a Cipher object

cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);

//Add data to the cipher

byte[] input = "Welcome to Tutorialspoint".getBytes();
cipher.update(input);

//encrypting the data

byte[] cipherText = cipher.doFinal();
System.out.println( new String(cipherText, "UTF8"));

//Initializing the same cipher for decryption

cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, pair.getPrivate());

//Decrypting the text

byte[] decipheredText = cipher.doFinal(cipherText);

System.out.println(new String(decipheredText));

}
}

Output
The above program generates the following output:

Enter some text

Welcome to Tutorialspoint

Encrypted Text:
]/[?F3?D?p
v?w?!?H???^?A??????P?u??FA?

43
 Java Cryptography

?
???_?? ???_jMH-??>??OP?'?j?_?n`
?_??'`????o??_GL??g???g_f?????f|???LT?|?Vz_TDu#??\?<b,,?$C2???Bq?#?lDB`??g,^??K
?_?v???`}?;LX?a?_5e???#???_?6?/B&B_???^?__Ap^#_?q?IEh????_?,??*??]~_?_?D?
_y???lp??a?P_U{

Decrypted Text:
Welcome to Tutorialspoint

44