IMPORTANCE OF MNGT HISTORY

It is important dahil pinapakita nito ang importance ng past failures at kakulangan na nagawa and try not
to replicate the same. It also tells the victories and success of our precedents.

EARLY MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction of writing – one of the task ng isang manager ay ang pag track or pag oversee ng day
to day operations ng isang organization
2. Devt of basic coins – Design strategy and set goals for growth
3. Coordinating activities – minimizes the conflicts, wastages, delays and other organizational
problems. It ensures smooth function of the organization.
Example: Sino dito ang naka experience makipag barter sa FB lalo na nung pandemic? Mahirap
maghanap ng ka barter lalo na kung walang may gusto sa product/item na nasa iyo or hindi magka
match ang value ng items nyo. Mas mabilis kung cash-to-cash basis.

CLASSICAL APPROACH
May downsides and classical approach
 Centralized authority – an employee receives order from only one superior
 Labor specialization – not able to multitask sa sobrang pag specialize ng isang skill

There are 3 major branches in the classical approach to management:

Focused on employee efficiency.

Taylor proposed that by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase.

“A fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work” - if a worker didn't achieve enough in a day, he didn't
deserve to be paid as much as another worker who was highly productive.

Example: mga worker sa Canning Industry, may taga linis ng fish, packaging, etc, may quota
sila everyday at dun based ang makukuha nilang salary. If sumobra sa quota may incentive.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE MNGT.
Henry Fayol’s Theory greatly improved between employers and employees.
Fayol encouraged a team mindset where workers had common goals.
Working together to achieve a goal will unite your team members, bettering their rapport
and ability to continue working together in the future.
He developed important methods for operational decision-making, such as marginal analysis,
which is still widely used in many industries.
Marginal analysis allows businesses to make more informed decisions when they are making
strategic investments or deciding kung anong production processes ang mas efficient gamitin to
remain competitive in their industry.
His five elements of business strategy have provided companies with a framework for planning
their future success.
Fayol’s works profoundly impacted how businesses were managed during the twentieth century
and continue to shape how business operations manage today.
Example: sa isang org may various units under the same dept. The employees were organized
into teams/units that complement their strengths in order to complete projects/tasks.
If a group created where everyone has diff strengths & weaknesses, the team members can all
support each other as needed, ensuring the work produced is as strong as possible.
To achieve this, you’ll need to have a thorough understanding & appreciation of all your
employees and their skill sets.

3. BUREAUCRATIC MNGT .

A Hierarchical Structure accounts for clearly defined Roles and Responsibilities within an
organization. Positions organized in a hierarchy with a clear chain of command. Authority can
be exercised effectively in an organization when positions are arranged hierarchically, so
employees know whom to report to and who reports to them.

Rules and procedures-system of written rules and standard operating procedures (SOP) to
effectively control behavior within an organization.

Division of Labor allows employees to focus on a specialized field of operation within their
expertise. Jobs broken down into simple, routing, and well-defined tasks.

Uniform application of rules and controls, not according to personalities.

Selection and evaluation system that reward employees fairly and equitably. People should
occupy positions because of their performance and technical qualifications, not because of
their social status or personal contacts.

Bureaucracy is supposed to make an org more efficient by dividing up work into areas of
specialty. It also acts as a quality assurance mechanism.
Example: In a Local Government Unit (LGU) very ang hierarchical structure. The highest is
the LCE (Local Chief Exec)-si Gov, under nya is the Vice Gov then the BMs of Sangunniang
Panlalawigan. various Dept Heads, AOs and rank and file employees.

Every dept has diff divisions/sections – Admin (payroll, DTR, various benefits), Budget
Review Services (Review/monitor the Municipal Appropriations), & Budget Operation
(Budget Prep, Execution & Accountability)

power is divided among different departments and officials.

Weakness: In practice, bureaucracy often leads to delays and red tape as decisions have to be
made by a large number of officials.
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

The theory is about those in authority taking interest in those that are working beneath
them and making them feel appreciated and valued, in order to boost their satisfaction.

A satisfied worker is a worker that does not hate their job and is, therefore, more willing to
perform well in their job. They also end up feeling valued and as though the work they are
doing in important.

1. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Many of the theorists incorporated Abraham Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs" to better understand
employees in a workplace.

Physiological needs, security, social relations, self-esteem & self actualization

2. THEORY X & Y
He formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggesting two different views of individuals.
This also refers to the two styles of management:
 Theory X (Authoritarian)-negative

This style of management assumes that workers:

- An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever
possible.
- Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or
warned with punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is
required on part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style.
- Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/
ambition.
- Employees generally dislike responsibilities.
- Employees resist change.
- An average employee needs formal direction.

Although Theory X management has largely fallen out of fashion in recent times,
big organizations may find that adopting it is unavoidable due to the sheer
number of people that they employ and the tight deadlines that they have to
meet.

 Theory Y (Participative)-positive
3. HAWTHORNE STUDIES
Conducted studies, together with his colleagues, at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant and
began with an investigation to see if different working conditions affected worker’s
productivity.
 Illumination Studies
Conducted by a group of engineers, discovered that worker productivity increased
when lighting intensity increased, as well as the lighting levels decreased.
Researchers only pretended to increase/decrease the intensity of lights.
Result: Productivity increased.

 The Relay Assembly Room Study

5 women were given special privileges, such as leave workstations without

 Interview Program

 The Bank Wiring Room

The researchers discovered an unexpected culture, revealed through group norms and
activities such as informal leadership patterns, restriction of output, group discipline,
friendship, job trading, and cooperation.

The power of peer group and the importance of group influence on individual behavior
and productivity were confirmed.

Conclusion:
However, the studies also found that productivity dipped again once the attention
faded, which implied that the increase was a direct result of a motivation effect. To
summarize, the fact that the employees knew that they were being observed led to an
increase in job performance (Perera, 2021).

Example: