Roman Art Outline: Historical Background

Roman Art outline
Period: 6 Chapter:7 Time period: 753 B.C.E to 500 C.E. 753 B.C.E. :Legendary founding of rome by romulus and remus 509 B.C.E.- 27 B.C.E. :Roman Republic 27 B.C.E.- 192 C.E. :Early Roman Empire 192 C.E-410 C.E. :Late Roman Empire
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
I. Founding of rome a. Founded by romulus and remus b. Early civilization was ruled by kings c. They had been abolished and replaced with a senate d. Established a democracy of selected men II. Time line of rome a. In 211 BCE, the greek colony of syrcruse in sicily was annexed. b. In 146 BCE rome had in taked greece. c. Civil war in the late republic caused a power vaccum that was filled by Octavian, later referred Augustus caesar who became empirior 27B.C.E. d. In 27 B.C.E. from that time rome was ruled by a series fo emperors. e) It was sacked in 410 C.E. f) Volcanic ash from mount vesuvius had covered pompeii, in 79 C.E.
g) The findings of fortune that changed historical understanding of rome had come to start in 1748. III. The selling and artistic life a) The sales of artist had occured to the most wealthiest individuals. 1. The wealthy customers had been known to spend plientiful on themselves, including their homes. 2. They had also an emotion to dedicate to society for "general good" (including public projects).
INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

I. The formation of civilization a) The romans had created great roads with massive aqueducts as a way of connecting the empires to the cities, including massive arenas. b) The temples that were created as civic pride and places of worship to their gods. II. The formation of achitecture a) The romans knew the potential of creating arches. 1. Arches could span vast space. 2. Arches do not need such a consistant support of the post-and-lintel system. 3. Mortar (a receptacle of hard material) is not needed because the shape of the arch takes care of all the support. III. Structures in architecture a) Barrel vault: arches that could be extended in shape and form a consistant tunnel like structure. b) Coffers: to prevent the concrete ceilings from cracking, they had carved desines into the ceilings to reduce the weight. c) Famous buildings possible from the creation of arches. 1. Pont du Gard (16 B.C.E.) 2. Colosseum ( 72-80 C.E.) 3. Pantheon (118-225 C.E.) IV. Using concrete
a) Initially was used as filler in buildings, then as main support element. b) Was used for many of romes oversized buildings. c) Romans thought concrete was displeasing. 1. They believed it was unattractive to the eye. 2. It was high on flexibility and low on cost. d) All concrete buildings were cloaked in other materials for appearance.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

I. Atrium a) An atrium was a roman courtyard with one entrance. b) It consisted of a impluvium to capture the rain water that feel upon the atrium. c) The atrium also consisted of radiated cubiculas ( private bedrooms that had no windows) which the peoples studies or living rooms were deeper into the homes). II. Marketing a) The center of the roman business world was the Forum. b) The focus of a forum was a temple deticated to the locals favorite god. 1. They believed that their god needed to be worshiped and appleased. c) Around the sides of the forum were bath houses, markets, and administrative buildings that dealt with their day essentials. III. Columns a) Columns were raised on larger pedestals to make the viewer smaller in size. 1. Composite columns had a mix between Ionic(volute) and corinthian (leaf). 2. Tuscan columns were with a style of doric capitals. IV. Greek Impact a) Greek architecture had major influence upon rome through history. b) There are adaptations of the greek influence. 1. The entrance was indicated by a flight of stairs. 2. The walls of the the cella had been extended toward the enguaged columns
which made the interior larger.
MAJOR WORKS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

I. House of the vettii a) Time frame: second century B.C.E.-C.E. b) Location: Pompeii, Italy. II. Maison Carree. a) Time frame: first century C.E. b) Location: Nimes, France. III. Pont du Guard a) Time frame: 16th century B.C.E. b) Location: Nimes, France IV. The Colosseum. a) Time frame: 72-80th centurys C.E. b) Location: Rome. V. Market of Trajan. a) Time frame: 100-112th century C.E. b) Location: Rome. VI. Pantheon. a) Time frame: 118-125th century C.E. b) Location: Rome VII. Hadrians Villa. a) Time frame: 125-128th century C.E. b) Location: Tivoli, Italy VIII. Arch of Constantine. a) Time frame: 312-315th ceturys C.E. b) Location: Rome, Italy
IX. Aula Palatina. a) Time frame: Early 4th century C.E. b) Location: Trier, Germany
INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN PAINTING:

I. Interior design. a) The interior wall paintings of different kinds were created to make up for nonwindow cubiculas. 1. Mythological 2. Landscapes 3. City plazas 4. Encaustics ( lively individual portraits of the diceased) b) Mosaics were artifacts that were floor decorations. 1. To keep their feet cool in the summer. II. Methods and technique of arts that were used a) Linear perspective b) Vanishing Points c) Atmospheric perspective d) Foreshortening III. Characteristics of roman paintings a) There are four pompeian styles in Roman history 1. 1st: Painted rectangular squares meant to resemble marble facing. 2. 2nd: large mythological scenes and/ or landscapes dominating the wall surface. 3. 3rd: Small scenes set in a field of color and framed by delicate columns of tracery. 4. 4th: Which is style combined elements from the three previous mentioned. IV. Major Works Of Roman Painting (60-50 B.C.E.) a) Dionysiac Mystery Frieze; pompeii
b) Fresco; pompeii c) Villa of Mysteries; pompeii d) Still life with peaches, Fresco; from herculaneum; national archiological museum, naples. e) Ixion room; fresco, pompeii
INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN SCULPTURE:

I. Roman sculpture evolution a) Commemorative sculptures evolved through the creations over time of battle victories. 1) To play as a idol to each of their victories to be remembered over generations. II. historical examples a) The arch of Constantine b) The column of Trajan III. Characteristics of roman sculpture. a) The styles of sculptures in roman art, broadly follows as an evolution through the eras of the roman historys. IV. Republican Sculpture a) There are characteristics and reasoning behind republican sculpture. 1. Veristic sculptures are strikingly realistic, with the age of sittering was seemed to be enhanced. 2. Idealism portrays the valued virtues that include wisdom, determination, with experience that these works possess. 3. The body sculptures occasionally were classifing valor with strength. V. Major Works of Roman Sculpture a) Man of the roman republic 1. Time: 50 B.C.E. 2. Location: terracotta b) Veristic Male Portrait 1. Time: 1st century B.C.E.
2. Location: Rome VI. Characteristics of early Imperial Sculpture a) Roman sculptors had adopted contrapposto, ideal poportions, and heroic poses from "classical greece" statuary. 1. Sculptures had lost a sense of individualism including iconography. 2. They had became more associated with the devine idealisim. VII. Major Works of Early Imperial Sculpture a) Augustus of Primaporta 1. 20th century C.E., marble, vaticant museums, Rome. b) The Tetriarchs 1. 305th century C.E., porphyry, Saint Mark's, Venice. c) Constantine 1. 315-330th century C.E., marble, conservatori palace, Rome.
VOCABULARY:
Aqueduct: An government water system. Atrium (plural atria): A coutyard in a roman house or before a christian church. Basilica: In roman architecture, a large axially planned building with a nave, side aisles, and apses. Bust: a sculpture depicting a head, neck, and upper chest of a figure. Coffer: in architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling. Contrapposto: a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders, hips and bent knees. Cubiculum ( plural: cubicula) a romanbedroom flanking an atrium; in early Christan art, a mortuary chapel in a catacomb. Cupola: A small dome rising over the roof of a building;in architecture, a cupola is achieved by rotating and archon its axis. Encaustic: An accient method of painting that used colored waxes burned into a wooden surface. Foreshortening: A visual effect in which the object is shortened and turned deeper into
the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space.

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Roman Art outline

INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

which made the interior larger.

MAJOR WORKS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:

INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN PAINTING:

INNOVATIONS IN ROMAN SCULPTURE:

the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space.

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