Lab Act Ece 421 Final 2

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1
“DIODE APPLICATION (RECTIFIER, CLIPPER, AND

CLAMPER CIRCUIT)”
Submitted by:
PAIR 11
De Chavez, Kelsie L.
Noscal, Carl Joshua P.
BSEE-2202
Submitted to:
Engr. Antonette V. Chua, MSECE
Instructor
April 18, 2023
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

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I. INTRODUCTION
According to James (2020), a diode is the most basic of all semiconductor components
but it performs a variety of critical functions including controlling the flow of an electrical
current. A diode is a semiconductor device that functions as a one-way current switch. It allows
current to flow freely in one direction while severely limiting current flow in the opposite
direction. Diodes can fail if they are not electrically and thermally rated for their intended
operating environment. When a diode fails, current flows in an unintended direction, potentially
damaging any components normally protected by the diode. Diodes have polarity, determined by
an anode which is the positive charge and cathode which is the negative charge. When current
flows from anode to cathode, it is called forward bias. But when current flows from cathode to
anode, it is called reverse bias. A rectifier is a diode that converts alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC). This is an important process because alternating current can reverse
direction on a regular basis, whereas direct current flows in a single direction and is thus easier to
control. It includes the half-wave rectification and full-wave rectification. Half-Wave
Rectification are rectifiers that allow only half of the alternating current signal to pass from input
to output. Full-Wave Rectification are rectifiers that use the entire signal, necessitating the use of
an additional transformer.
According to the website of Electronics Coach (n.d.), clipper circuits are those that clip
or remove a portion of an input signal without causing distortion to the remaining portion of the
waveform. The basic operation of a diode clipping circuit is that it allows current to pass through
it while clamping the voltage when it is forward biased. However, no current flows through the
diode when it is reverse biased, so the voltage across its terminals remains unchanged. There are
three types of clipper circuits: series clippers, shunt clippers, and combination clippers. The
diode in series clippers is connected in series with the output load resistance. The diode in shunt
clippers is connected in parallel with the output load resistance.
According to the website of TutorialsPoint (n.d.), A clamper circuit is a circuit made up

of a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor that shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without
altering the appearance of the applied signal. To push the input signal to the positive side, a
clamper circuit adds the positive dc component. A clamper circuit, on the other hand, adds the
negative dc component to the input signal to push it to the negative side.
In this laboratory activity, the researchers will use the Multisim App to create different
circuit diagrams involving diodes for them to analyze and understand the outcomes of different
scenarios of a circuit diagram. This laboratory activity can help the researchers expand their
knowledge behind the concept of diodes and its applications. Also, this laboratory activity will
help as a learning experience for the researchers as they will create different circuit diagrams and
solve the required values. Overall, it can help students understand and analyze different circuit
diagrams involving diodes and it will serve as a foundation for more complex circuit diagrams.

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II. OBJECTIVES
1. To demonstrate application of the junction diodes.
2. To investigate the use of diode in its application such as rectifier, clipper and
clapper circuits.
III. MATERIALS AND EQIUPMENTS

 Simulation Software (Multisim)
IV. PROCEDURES
a. (Half-Wave Rectifier)
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1.1 using 1N4001 diode or any equivalent.
Figure 1.1 Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
Figure 1.1.A. Half-wave Rectifier Circuit using Multisim

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2. Apply 5Vp with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
Figure 1.1.B. Half Wave with Function Generator
3. Obtain the output waveform using oscilloscope.
Figure 1.1.C. Output Waveform using oscilloscope
4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.
Figure 1.1.D. Vave

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Figure 1.1.E. Vp
Figure 1.1.F. PIV
5. Calculate 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using eq. 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3.
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡h 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟏
𝑤he𝑟𝑒: 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑡h = 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑡h𝑟𝑒𝑠h𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉
Vave= 𝜋𝑝 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 2
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟑
Solution:
For Vp
Given:
Vin = 5V
Vth = 0.7V

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𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡h
Vp = 4.3V
For Vave
Given:
Vp = 4.3V
4.3
Vave =
𝜋
Vave = 1.3687V
For PIV
PIV = Vin
PIV = 5V
6. Compare values in a.5 and a.6.
Voltage (V) Vₚ Vave PIV
Workbench 4.405 V 1.331 V 5V
Computation 4.3 V 1.37 V 5V
% Difference 2.3837% 2.9301% 0%

Table A. Values of voltage and percentage difference of Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
The table above shows the values that were measured using Multisim and through
manual computation. For the voltage peak, with 5V and frequency of 1kHz, the theoretical value
which is 4.405 V was obtained through an oscilloscope. The formula for computed V p is 𝑉𝑖𝑛 −
𝑉𝑡h which results to 4.3 V. These values have a percentage difference of 2.3837%. For the Vave,
the measured value is 1.331 V which was calculated using a multimeter. The formula Vp/𝜋 was
used for its manual computation, the obtained value is 1.37 V. The percentage difference
between the workbench and computation in Vave is 2.9301%. For the PIV, there are no
percentage difference since the measured value through multimeter is the same as the computed
value.

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b. (Full-Wave Rectifier)
Figure 1.2 Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
Figure 1.2.A. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit in Multisim
2. Apply 7Vp with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
Figure 1.2.B. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit with Function Generator

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3. Obtain the output waveform using oscilloscope.
Figure 1.3.C. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit with Oscilloscope
Figure 1.2.D. Output Waveform of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.
Figure 1.2.E. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

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Figure 1.2.F. 𝑉p value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
Figure 1.2.G. 𝑃𝐼𝑉 value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
5. Calculate 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using eq. 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6.
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑉𝑡h 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟒

𝑉
Vave= 𝜋𝑝 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏.5
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑡h 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟔
Solution:
For 𝑉𝑝
Given:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 7 V
𝑉𝑡h = 0.7 V

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𝑉𝑝 = 7 V − 2(0.7 V)
𝑉𝑝 = 5.6 V
For Vave
Given:
𝑉𝑝 = 5.6 V
Vave = 2(5.6 V)
Vave = 3.565070725 V
Vave = 3.5651 V
For 𝑃𝐼𝑉
Given:
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 7 V
𝑉𝑡h = 0.7 V
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 7 V - 0.7 V
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 6.3 V
6. Compare values in b.5 and b.6.
Voltage (V) Vₚ Vave PIV
Workbench 5.869 V 3.441 V 6.698 V
Computation 5.6 V 3.5651 V 6.3 V
% Difference 4.69090592 % 3.541806238 % 6.12401908 %

Table B. Values of voltage and percentage difference of Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
The table above shows the values obtained from simulation in the Multisim and from the
manual computation of the researchers. It can be observed that there is a discrepancy between the
workbench and computation values which can be due to rounding off of numbers or
miscalculating of values. The workbench value of Vp is obtained using the oscilloscope while in
manual computation the researchers used the formula “𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑉𝑡h” which resulted a
discrepancy value of 4.69090592 % difference between the two obtained values. The workbench
value of Vave is obtained using a multimeter connected in parallel with the resistor while in
manual computation the researchers used the formula “Vave = 2Vp/𝜋” which resulted in a
discrepancy value of 3.541806238 % difference between the two obtained values. For the
workbench value of PIV, the researchers used a multimeter to obtain the PIV value and for the
manual computation the researchers used the formula “𝑃𝐼𝑉 = Vin – Vth” which resulted in a
discrepancy value of 6.12401908 % difference between the two obtained values.

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c. Clipper
Figure 1.3 Clipper Circuit
Figure 1.3.A. Clipper Circuit using Multisim
2. Apply 15 𝑉𝑝𝑝 with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
Figure 1.3.B. Clipper Circuit with Function Generator

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3. Obtain and compare the input and output waveform using the oscilloscope.
Figure 1.3.C. Clipper Circuit (Sinusoidal)
4. Repeat the process by applying 15 𝑉𝑝𝑝 with frequency of 1 KHz triangular and
rectangular wave input.
Figure 1.3.D. Clipper Circuit (Triangular)

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Figure 1.3.E. Clipper Circuit (Rectangular)
5. Repeat the process c.1 to c.4 in figure 1.
Figure 1.4 Biased Clipper Circuit
Figure 1.4.A. Biased Clipper Circuit using Multisim

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Figure 1.4.B. Biased Clipper Circuit (Sinusoidal)
Figure 1.4.C. Biased Clipper Circuit (Triangular)

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Figure 1.4.D. Biased Clipper Circuit (Rectangular)
6. Compare the output waveforms from figure 1.3 and 1.4.
Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Sinusoidal)

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Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Triangular)
Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Rectangular)

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Biased Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Sinusoidal)
Biased Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Triangular)

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Biased Clipper Circuit Output Waveform (Rectangular)
Voltage (V) Output of Figure 1.3 Output of Figure 1.4
T Peak Positive Negative Positive Negative

h
e Sinusoidal 0.612035 V -12.985 V 2.602 V -12.842 V
Triangular 0.610833 V -11.928 V 2.602 V -11.491 V

t
aRectangular 0.613031 V -13.095 V 2.604 V -13.096 V
b
Table C. Values of Positive and Negative Peak of Different Types of Waveforms of
Clipper Circuit and Biased Clipper Circuit
The table shows the positive and negative voltage peak of each wave forms from the
output of Figure 1.3 and 1.4. For Figure 1.3, rectangular wave has the highest positive voltage
peak, which is 0.613031 V. The positive peak of triangular wave is 0.610833 V, and 0.612035 V
for sinusoidal. The highest value for negative voltage peak is triangular wave with -11.928 V.
Sinusoidal have a -12.985 V and -13.095 V for rectangular. For Figure 1.4, the highest positive
voltage peak is the rectangular wave with 2.604 V. Both sinusoidal and triangular wave have the
same positive peak which is 2.602 V. On the other hand, triangular waves have the highest
negative voltage peak of -11.491 V. Sinusoidal has a negative peak of -12.842 V, and -13.096 V
for rectangular wave. Note that the researchers did not round-off any values for a precise
comparison of values and to avoid any discrepancies.

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d. Clamper
Figure 1.5. Negative Clamper Circuit
Figure 1.5.A. Negative Clamper Circuit in Multisim
2. Apply 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 with frequency of 1 KHz sinusoidal input to circuit using function
generator.
Figure 1.5.B. Negative Clamper Circuit with Function Generator

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3. Obtain and compare the input and output waveform using the oscilloscope.
Figure 1.5.C. Negative Clamper Circuit with Oscilloscope
Figure 1.5.D. Input and Output Waveform of the Negative Clamper Circuit (Sinusoidal)

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4. Repeat the process by applying 10 𝑉𝑝𝑝 with frequency of 1 KHz triangular and
rectangular wave input.
Figure 1.5.E. Input and Output Waveform of Negative Clamper Circuit (Triangular)
Figure 1.5.F. Input and Output Waveform of Negative Clamper Circuit (Rectangular)

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5. Reverse the diode by flipping it horizontally. Repeat the process d.1 to d.4 in
Figure 1.6. Positive Clamper Circuit
Figure 1.6.A. Input and Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit (Sinusoidal)

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Figure 1.6.B. Input and Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit (Triangular)
Figure 1.6.C. Input and Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit (Rectangular)

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6. Compare the output waveforms.
Sinusoidal Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit
Triangular Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit

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Rectangular Output Waveform of Positive Clamper Circuit
Sinusoidal Output Waveform of Negative Clamper Circuit

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Triangular Output Waveform of Negative Clamper Circuit
Rectangular Output Waveform of Negative Clamper Circuit
Voltage (V) Output of Figure 1.5 Output of Figure 1.6
Peak Positive Negative Positive Negative
Sinusoidal 0.717509 V -19.276 V 19.245 V -0.655201 V
Triangular 0.837128 V -19.129 V 19.924 V -0.150343 V
Rectangular 0.528395 V -19.325 V 19.700 V -0.297013 V
Table D. Values of Positive and Negative Peak of Different Types of Waveforms of

Positive and Negative Clampers

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The table above shows the values obtained from the different types of waveforms of
positive and negative clampers when simulating it using Multisim. Based on the table, the
researchers observed that in terms of the negative clamper circuit the Triangular waveform has
the highest peak value with a value of 0.837128 V for its positive peak and -19.129 V for its
negative peak. Followed by the Sinusoidal waveform with a value of 0.717509 V for its positive
peak and -19.276 V for its negative peak. Lastly is the Rectangular waveform with a value of
0.528395 V for its positive peak and -19.325 V for its negative peak. For the positive clamper
circuit, the researchers observed that the Triangular waveform also has the highest peak value
with a value of 19.924 V for the positive peak and for the negative peak value of -0.150343 V.
Followed by the Rectangular waveform with 19.700 V for its positive peak and -0.297013 V for
its negative peak. Last is the Sinusoidal waveform with 19.245 V for its positive peak and -
0.655201 V for its negative peak. Note that the researchers did not round-off any values for a
precise comparison of values and to avoid any discrepancies.
V. ANALYSIS
For the Half Wave Rectifier Circuit, a type of rectifier that blocks the other half of an AC
voltage waveform while allowing only one half of the waveform to pass. To make a half
waveform, only one diode is used for transformation. The theoretical value of voltage peak is
obtained using an oscilloscope, with 5V and frequency of 1kHz. For its manual computation, the
input voltage is subtracted to diode threshold voltage. The value of Vave was acquired through a
multimeter and the formula of Vp/π for computed value. The values of voltages obtained in this
circuit, based on manual computation and measured values through Multisim, have a percentage
difference of 2.3837% for voltage peak, and 2.9301% for Vave. The discrepancy for voltage
peak was obtained due to not exact placement of peak and presence of resistance in the wire.
While the discrepancy on Vave was because of inconsistency of values on multimeter and not
exact value of computed voltage peak. The output waveform in Half wave which can be seen in
Figure 1.1 C is because of the positive half cycle of the input voltage.
For the Full-wave Rectifier circuit, which is a type of rectifier that converts both halves
of each cycle of an alternating wave (AC signal) into a pulsating DC signal. The output voltage
and power obtained from full wave rectifiers are greater than those obtained from half wave
rectifiers. The values from the simulation and the manual computation have a discrepancy which
can be due to miscalculations of values or rounding-off of values. In the Multisim simulation, the
Vp value was obtained by finding the peak value of the output waveform using an oscilloscope.
The Vave was measured using a multimeter connected in parallel with the resistor. For the PIV
which is the maximum voltage a diode can withstand in the reverse-biased direction before
breakdown, it was obtained through simulation and for the manual computation which resulted in
a value of 6.3 V. It can be observed in Figure 1.2.D. that the output waveform of the given Full-
wave Rectifier circuit is on the negative side.
For the Clipper circuit, a circuit that removes a piece of an input signal, either by clipping
it off or removing it entirely, without distorting the remainder of the waveform. The researchers
used a table to see the comparison of the lowest and highest waveform from figure 1.3 and 1.4.
Both this simulation uses 15Vpp and 1kHz, its difference is that, in figure 1.4 a 2V was added
below the diode. A biased clipper circuit was obtained due to presence of a DC voltage in series
with the diode. The corners of each waveform has been clipped in sinusoidal waveform since the
rectangular and triangular waveform becomes an input. The highest peak is almost similar to
each other both in figure 1.3 and 1.4. Only minimal differences between the values were seen
based on the table. For the shunt positive clipper, it was observed that the positive peak of the

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three waveforms was clipped because the diode in a positive shunt clipper is forward-biased
during the positive half cycle, so the output voltage is zero because the diode acts as a closed
switch. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse-biased and acts as an open switch,
displaying the full input voltage across the output. For the shunt positive clipper with positive
bias, it was observed that because of the input voltage the diode is forward biased during the
positive half cycle. However, due to the battery voltage, it is reverse biased. The sum of both
voltages determines the diode's state. If the input voltage exceeds the battery voltage, the diode
will be forward biased; otherwise, it will be reverse biased. Because the input signal is initially
less than the battery voltage, the diode is reverse biased and the signal appears at the output.
However, when it exceeds the battery voltage, the diode begins to conduct the signal and only
the battery voltage appears at the output. The diode is reverse biased during the negative half
cycle due to both the input voltage and the battery voltage. As a result, the input signal appears at
the output for the entire negative half-cycle.
For the Clamper Circuit, which moves the entire signal up or down to set the signal's
positive or negative peak to the desired level. During the procedure of making a Clamper Circuit,
the researchers were tasked to make a Positive and Negative Clamper circuit to compare their
output waveforms. The circuit is said to be a positive clamper if it pushes the signal upwards.
When the signal is pushed upwards, the signal's negative peak intersects the zero level. If, on the
other hand, the circuit pushes the signal downward, it is referred to as a negative clamper. When
the signal is pushed downward, its positive peak collides with the zero level. For the positive
clamper circuit, the diode is reverse biased during the first positive half cycle and the capacitor
does not charge to its maximum value. However, during the negative half cycle, the diode
becomes forward biased and the capacitor is charged to its maximum value Vm. As a result, the
output is shifted by + Vm level. For the negative clamper circuit, the diode is forward biased
during the first positive half cycle and the capacitor is charged to the maximum value Vm.
However, during the negative half cycle, the diode becomes reverse biased and operates as an
open circuit. As a result of the negative voltage, the output is shifted by -Vm level. The
researchers obtained three types of waveform during the simulation which is the sinusoidal,
triangular, and rectangular wave. The researchers noticed that the peak voltage of the Positive
and Negative Clamper Circuit are almost identical ranging from 19 V to 20 V and the difference
is the signage because obviously one is a Positive Clamper circuit and the other is a Negative
Clamper Circuit.
VI. CONCLUSION
The application of the junction diodes plays an important role in the laboratory activity. It
is a semiconductor and used as a rectifier in an electrical circuit. When a p-type semiconductor
and an n-type semiconductor are combined, a potential barrier voltage is created across the diode
junction, forming a PN junction diode. The junction diode's width is increased by applying a
voltage potential that is negative to the P-type material and positive to the N-type material across
the diode. The increasing PN junction diode’s width is referred to as reverse bias. While the
decreasing PN junction diode’s width is called forward bias. Wherein the P-type material is
attached to a positive voltage potential, and the N-type material is connected to a negative
voltage potential. Half wave and full wave, the two primary methods of diode rectification were
used in the activity. A diode rectifier produces an alternating voltage that fluctuates in respect
with time. The regulator is used to create DC voltage which eliminates away the ripples, and the
filter removes the voltage's pulsation. Half wave circuit rectifies only one half of the input
current. If both the halves of input AC are rectified, then it is a full wave rectifier. The

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researchers achieved the half wave rectifier circuit by connecting a junction diode to a load in
series while four diodes for full wave rectifier circuit.
Diodes are important because of their ability to control the flow of current in one
direction of a circuit making them useful for electrical components and devices to avoid
malfunctions to happen when current flows in the wrong direction. After simulating different
circuit diagrams in Multisim, the researchers observed that the position of the diodes greatly
affects the output waveform of any circuit diagram. The diodes in a circuit affect the current
flowing through it depending whether it is a forward bias or reverse bias. Diodes have many
applications such as rectifiers, clipper, and clamper circuits which were utilized and observed
during the laboratory activity. The most common and important application of a diode is the
rectification of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The basic types of rectifier are the
half-wave and full-wave rectification which the researchers have created using the Multisim. It
was evident that in the simulation of the output waveform of the half-wave rectification that it
only allows a positive or negative half cycle of the input AC signal while blocking or removing
the remaining half cycle. As a result, a significant amount of power is wasted. While simulating
the output waveform of the full-wave rectification, it was shown that using four rectification
diodes, it converts both halves of each waveform cycle into a pulsating DC signal. There is no
power loss due to the utilization of both cycles. For the clipper circuit, the researchers made two
kinds of clipper circuit which are the shunt positive clipper and shunt positive clipper with
positive bias. For the shunt positive clipper and shunt positive clipper with positive bias, it was
observed that the positive peak of the three waveforms was clipped because the whole input
appears at the output in the negative cycle and the researchers observed that it all depends on
what type of bias it has. For the clamper circuits, the researchers were able to simulate the output
waveform of a positive and negative clamper circuit to observe the difference between them.
After simulating, the researchers found out that the main difference between the output
waveform of a positive and negative clamper circuit is that in a positive clamper circuit the
output waveform is in the positive side while in the negative clamper circuit the output
waveform is in the negative side. Overall, the researchers can therefore conclude that the
placement of the diodes affects the resulting output waveform of a circuit and it is important to
familiarize oneself with the types of bias a diode has to have a precise computation and the
correct output waveform.

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VIII. REFERENCES
James, L. (2020). What is a diode and what is it used for?. Power & Beyond. Retrieved
from https://www.power-and-beyond.com/what-is-a-diode-and-what-is-it-used-for-a-
1dbd42298f6a18a89628b31611cb9efa/
Electronics Coach (n.d.). Clipper Circuits. Electronics Coach. Retrieved from

https://electronicscoach.com/clipper-circuits.html
TutorialsPoint (n.d.). Electronic Circuits - Clamper Circuits. TutorialsPoint. Retrieved

from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/electronic_circuits/electronic_clamper_circuits.htm

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Lab Act Ece 421 Final 2

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1

“DIODE APPLICATION (RECTIFIER, CLIPPER, AND

April 18, 2023

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According to the website of TutorialsPoint (n.d.), A clamper circuit is a circuit made up

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III. MATERIALS AND EQIUPMENTS

Figure 1.1 Half-wave Rectifier Circuit

Figure 1.1.A. Half-wave Rectifier Circuit using Multisim

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Figure 1.1.B. Half Wave with Function Generator

3. Obtain the output waveform using oscilloscope.

Figure 1.1.C. Output Waveform using oscilloscope

4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.

Figure 1.1.D. Vave

Figure 1.1.F. PIV

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6. Compare values in a.5 and a.6.

Voltage (V) Vₚ Vave PIV

Workbench 4.405 V 1.331 V 5V

Computation 4.3 V 1.37 V 5V

% Difference 2.3837% 2.9301% 0%

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Figure 1.2 Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

Figure 1.2.A. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit in Multisim

Figure 1.2.B. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit with Function Generator

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3. Obtain the output waveform using oscilloscope.

Figure 1.3.C. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit with Oscilloscope

Figure 1.2.D. Output Waveform of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

4. Measure the 𝑉𝑝, 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒, and the 𝑃𝐼𝑉 using multimeter.

Figure 1.2.E. 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

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Figure 1.2.F. 𝑉p value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

Figure 1.2.G. 𝑃𝐼𝑉 value of the Full-wave Rectifier Circuit

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 2𝑉𝑡h 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏. 𝟒

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6. Compare values in b.5 and b.6.

Voltage (V) Vₚ Vave PIV

Workbench 5.869 V 3.441 V 6.698 V

Computation 5.6 V 3.5651 V 6.3 V

% Difference 4.69090592 % 3.541806238 % 6.12401908 %

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Figure 1.3 Clipper Circuit

Figure 1.3.A. Clipper Circuit using Multisim

Figure 1.3.B. Clipper Circuit with Function Generator

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Figure 1.3.C. Clipper Circuit (Sinusoidal)

Figure 1.3.D. Clipper Circuit (Triangular)

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Figure 1.3.E. Clipper Circuit (Rectangular)

5. Repeat the process c.1 to c.4 in figure 1.

Figure 1.4 Biased Clipper Circuit

Figure 1.4.A. Biased Clipper Circuit using Multisim

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Figure 1.4.B. Biased Clipper Circuit (Sinusoidal)

Figure 1.4.C. Biased Clipper Circuit (Triangular)