gsm128 Endmatter

Tensors: Geometry
and Applications
J. M. Landsberg
Graduate Studies
in Mathematics
Volume 128
American Mathematical Society

http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/gsm/128
Tensors: Geometry
and Applications
Tensors: Geometry
and Applications
J. M. Landsberg
Graduate Studies
in Mathematics
Volume 128
American Mathematical Society

Providence, Rhode Island
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
David Cox (Chair)
Rafe Mazzeo
Martin Scharlemann
Gigliola Staffilani
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 15–01, 15A69, 68Q17, 14M17, 94A12,
94A13, 20G05, 62E10, 14N05.
For additional information and updates on this book, visit

www.ams.org/bookpages/gsm-128
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Landsberg, J. M.
Tensors : geometry and applications / J. M. Landsberg.
p. cm. — (Graduate studies in mathematics ; v. 128)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8218-6907-9 (alk. paper)
1. Multilinear algebra. 2. Tensor products. 3. Matrices. 4. Signal theory (Telecommunica-
tion) I. Title.
QA199.5.L36 2011
512.5—dc23
2011021758
Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries
acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy a chapter for use
in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in
reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given.
Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication
is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Requests for such
permission should be addressed to the Acquisitions Department, American Mathematical Society,
201 Charles Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02904-2294 USA. Requests can also be made by
e-mail to reprint-permission@ams.org.

c 2012 by the American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.
The American Mathematical Society retains all rights
except those granted to the United States Government.
Printed in the United States of America.

∞ The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Visit the AMS home page at http://www.ams.org/
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 16 15 14 13 12
Contents
Preface xi
§0.1. Usage xi
§0.2. Overview xii
§0.3. Clash of cultures xvii
§0.4. Further reading xviii
§0.5. Conventions, acknowledgments xix
Part 1. Motivation from applications, multilinear algebra, and

elementary results
Chapter 1. Introduction 3
§1.1. The complexity of matrix multiplication 5
§1.2. Definitions from multilinear algebra 7
§1.3. Tensor decomposition 11
§1.4. P v. NP and algebraic variants 18
§1.5. Algebraic statistics and tensor networks 22
§1.6. Geometry and representation theory 25
Chapter 2. Multilinear algebra 27

§2.1. Rust removal exercises 28
§2.2. Groups and representations 30
§2.3. Tensor products 32
§2.4. The rank and border rank of a tensor 35
§2.5. Examples of invariant tensors 39
v
vi Contents
§2.6. Symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors 40

§2.7. Polynomials on the space of matrices 48
§2.8. Decomposition of V ⊗3 52
§2.9. Appendix: Basic definitions from algebra 55
§2.10. Appendix: Jordan and rational canonical form 57
§2.11. Appendix: Wiring diagrams 58
Chapter 3. Elementary results on rank and border rank 67
§3.1. Ranks of tensors 68
§3.2. Symmetric rank 70
§3.3. Uniqueness of CP decompositions 72
§3.4. First tests of border rank: flattenings 74
§3.5. Symmetric border rank 76
§3.6. Partially symmetric tensor rank and border rank 78
§3.7. Two useful techniques for determining border rank 79
§3.8. Strassen’s equations and variants 81
§3.9. Equations for small secant varieties 86
§3.10. Equations for symmetric border rank 88
§3.11. Tensors in C2 ⊗Cb ⊗Cc 91
Part 2. Geometry and representation theory

Chapter 4. Algebraic geometry for spaces of tensors 97
§4.1. Diagnostic test for those familiar with algebraic geometry 98
§4.2. First definitions 98
§4.3. Examples of algebraic varieties 101
§4.4. Defining equations of Veronese re-embeddings 105
§4.5. Grassmannians 106
§4.6. Tangent and cotangent spaces to varieties 107
§4.7. G-varieties and homogeneous varieties 110
§4.8. Exercises on Jordan normal form and geometry 111
§4.9. Further information regarding algebraic varieties 111
Chapter 5. Secant varieties 117
§5.1. Joins and secant varieties 118
§5.2. Geometry of rank and border rank 120
§5.3. Terracini’s lemma and first consequences 122
Contents vii
§5.4. The polynomial Waring problem 125

§5.5. Dimensions of secant varieties of Segre varieties 127
§5.6. Ideas of proofs of dimensions of secant varieties for triple
Segre products 130
§5.7. BRPP and conjectures of Strassen and Comon 132
Chapter 6. Exploiting symmetry: Representation theory for spaces of
tensors 137
§6.1. Schur’s lemma 138
§6.2. Finite groups 139
§6.3. Representations of the permutation group Sd 140
§6.4. Decomposing V ⊗d as a GL(V )-module with the aid of Sd 144
§6.5. Decomposing S (A1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ An ) as a G = GL(A1 ) × · · · ×
d
GL(An )-module 149

§6.6. Characters 151
§6.7. The Littlewood-Richardson rule 153
§6.8. Weights and weight spaces: a generalization of eigenvalues
and eigenspaces 158
§6.9. Homogeneous varieties 164
§6.10. Ideals of homogeneous varieties 167
§6.11. Symmetric functions 170
Chapter 7. Tests for border rank: Equations for secant varieties 173
§7.1. Subspace varieties and multilinear rank 174
§7.2. Additional auxiliary varieties 177
§7.3. Flattenings 179
§7.4. Inheritance 184
§7.5. Prolongation and multiprolongation 186
§7.6. Strassen’s equations, applications and generalizations 192
§7.7. Equations for σ4 (Seg(PA × PB × PC)) 199
§7.8. Young flattenings 202
Chapter 8. Additional varieties useful for spaces of tensors 207
§8.1. Tangential varieties 208
§8.2. Dual varieties 211
§8.3. The Pascal determinant 214
§8.4. Differential invariants of projective varieties 215
§8.5. Stratifications of PV ∗ via dual varieties 219
viii Contents
§8.6. The Chow variety of zero cycles and its equations 221
§8.7. The Fano variety of linear spaces on a variety 226
Chapter 9. Rank 229
§9.1. Remarks on rank for arbitrary varieties 229
§9.2. Bounds on symmetric rank 231
§9.3. Examples of classes of polynomials and their ranks 235
Chapter 10. Normal forms for small tensors 243
§10.1. Vector spaces with a finite number of orbits 244
§10.2. Vector spaces where the orbits can be explicitly parametrized246
§10.3. Points in C2 ⊗Cb ⊗Cc 248
§10.4. Ranks and border ranks of elements of S 3 C3 258
§10.5. Tensors in C3 ⊗C3 ⊗C3 260
§10.6. Normal forms for C2 ⊗S 2 W 261
§10.7. Exercises on normal forms for general points on small secant
varieties 262
§10.8. Limits of secant planes 262
§10.9. Limits for Veronese varieties 264
§10.10. Ranks and normal forms in σ3 (Seg(PA1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ PAn )) 267
Part 3. Applications
Chapter 11. The complexity of matrix multiplication 275
§11.1. “Real world” issues 276
§11.2. Failure of the border rank version of Strassen’s conjecture 276
§11.3. Finite group approach to upper bounds 281
§11.4. R(M3,3,3 ) ≤ 23 283
§11.5. Bläser’s 5
2 -Theorem 283
§11.6. The Brockett-Dobkin Theorem 285
§11.7. Multiplicative complexity 287
Chapter 12. Tensor decomposition 289
§12.1. Cumulants 290
§12.2. Blind deconvolution of DS-CMDA signals 293
§12.3. Uniqueness results coming from algebraic geometry 299
§12.4. Exact decomposition algorithms 302
§12.5. Kruskal’s theorem and its proof 305
Contents ix
Chapter 13. P v. NP 311

§13.1. Introduction to complexity 312
§13.2. Polynomials in complexity theory, graph theory, and statistics 315
§13.3. Definitions of VP, VNP, and other algebraic complexity
classes 317
§13.4. Complexity of permn and detn 322
§13.5. Immanants and their symmetries 328
§13.6. Geometric complexity theory approach to VPws v. VNP 332
§13.7. Other complexity classes via polynomials 339
§13.8. Vectors of minors and homogeneous varieties 340
§13.9. Holographic algorithms and spinors 347
Chapter 14. Varieties of tensors in phylogenetics and quantum
mechanics 357
§14.1. Tensor network states 357
§14.2. Algebraic statistics and phylogenetics 364
Part 4. Advanced topics

Chapter 15. Overview of the proof of the Alexander-Hirschowitz
theorem 373
§15.1. The semiclassical cases 374
§15.2. The Alexander-Hirschowitz idea for dealing with the
remaining cases 377
Chapter 16. Representation theory 381
§16.1. Basic definitions 381
§16.2. Casimir eigenvalues and Kostant’s theorem 385
§16.3. Cohomology of homogeneous vector bundles 390
§16.4. Equations and inheritance in a more general context 393
Chapter 17. Weyman’s method 395
§17.1. Ideals and coordinate rings of projective varieties 396
§17.2. Koszul sequences 397
§17.3. The Kempf-Weyman method 400
§17.4. Subspace varieties 404
Hints and answers to selected exercises 409
Bibliography 415
Index 433
Preface
Tensors are ubiquitous in the sciences. One reason for their ubiquity is
that they provide a useful way to organize data. Geometry is a powerful
tool for extracting information from data sets, and a beautiful subject in its
own right. This book has three intended uses: as a classroom textbook, a
reference work for researchers, and a research manuscript.
0.1. Usage
Classroom uses. Here are several possible courses one could give from this
text:
(1) The first part of this text is suitable for an advanced course in
multilinear algebra—it provides a solid foundation for the study of
tensors and contains numerous applications, exercises, and exam-
ples. Such a course would cover Chapters 1–3 and parts of Chapters
4–6.
(2) For a graduate course on the geometry of tensors not assuming
algebraic geometry, one can cover Chapters 1, 2, and 4–8 skipping
§§2.9–12, 4.6, 5.7, 6.7 (except Pieri), 7.6 and 8.6–8.
(3) For a graduate course on the geometry of tensors assuming alge-
braic geometry and with more emphasis on theory, one can follow
the above outline only skimming Chapters 2 and 4 (but perhaps
add §2.12) and add selected later topics.
(4) I have also given a one-semester class on the complexity of ma-
trix multiplication using selected material from earlier chapters and
then focusing on Chapter 11.
xi
xii Preface
(5) Similarly I have used Chapter 13 as a basis of a semester-long class

on P v. NP, assuming some algebraic geometry. Here Chapter 8
is important.
(6) I have also given several intensive short classes on various topics.
A short class for statisticians, focusing on cumulants and tensor
decomposition, is scheduled for the near future.
Reference uses. I have compiled information on tensors in table format

(e.g., regarding border rank, maximal rank, typical rank, etc.) for easy
reference. In particular, Chapter 3 contains most what is known on rank
and border rank, stated in elementary terms. Up until now there had been
no reference for even the classical results regarding tensors. (Caveat: I do
not include results relying on a metric or Hermitian metric.)
Research uses. I have tried to state all the results and definitions from
geometry and representation theory needed to study tensors. When proofs
are not included, references for them are given. The text includes the state
of the art regarding ranks and border ranks of tensors, and explains for
the first time many results and problems coming from outside mathematics
in geometric language. For example, a very short proof of the well-known
Kruskal theorem is presented, illustrating that it hinges upon a basic geomet-
ric fact about point sets in projective space. Many other natural subvarieties
of spaces of tensors are discussed in detail. Numerous open problems are
presented throughout the text.
Many of the topics covered in this book are currently very active areas
of research. However, there is no reasonable reference for all the wonderful
and useful mathematics that is already known. My goal has been to fill this
gap in the literature.
0.2. Overview
The book is divided into four parts: I. First applications, multilinear algebra,
and overview of results, II. Geometry and representation theory, III. More
applications, and IV. Advanced topics.
Chapter 1: Motivating problems. I begin with a discussion of the com-

plexity of matrix multiplication, which naturally leads to a discussion of
basic notions regarding tensors (bilinear maps, rank, border rank) and the
central question of determining equations that describe the set of tensors of
border rank at most r. The ubiquitous problem of tensor decomposition is
illustrated with two examples: fluorescence spectroscopy in chemistry and
cumulants in statistics. A brief discussion of P v. NP and its variants is
presented as a prelude to Chapter 13, where the study of symmetric tensors
0.2. Overview xiii
plays an especially important role. Tensor product states arising in quantum

information theory and algebraic statistics are then introduced as they are
typical of applications where one studies subvarieties of spaces of tensors. I
conclude by briefly mentioning how the geometry and representation theory
that occupies much of the first part of the book will be useful for future
research on the motivating problems.
This chapter should be accessible to anyone who is scientifically literate.
Chapter 2: Multilinear algebra. The purpose of this chapter is to in-

troduce the language of tensors. While many researchers using tensors often
think of tensors as n-dimensional a1 ×· · ·×an -tables, I emphasize coordinate-
free definitions. The coordinate-free descriptions make it easier for one to
take advantage of symmetries and to apply theorems. Chapter 2 includes:
numerous exercises where familiar notions from linear algebra are presented
in an invariant context, a discussion of rank and border rank, and first steps
towards explaining how to decompose spaces of tensors. Three appendices
are included. The first contains basic definitions from algebra for reference,
the second reviews Jordan and rational canonical forms. The third describes
wiring diagrams, a pictorial tool for understanding the invariance properties
of tensors and as a tool for aiding calculations.
This chapter should be accessible to anyone who has had a first course
in linear algebra. It may be used as the basis of a course in multilinear
algebra.
Chapter 3: Elementary results on rank and border rank. Rank and

border rank are the most important properties of tensors for applications.
In this chapter I report on the state of the art. When the proofs are elemen-
tary and instructional, they are included as well, otherwise they are proven
later in the text. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a reference for
researchers.
Chapter 4: Algebraic geometry for spaces of tensors. A central

task to be accomplished in many of the motivating problems is to test if a
tensor has membership in a given set (e.g., if a tensor has rank r). Some of
these sets are defined as the zero sets of collections of polynomials, i.e., as
algebraic varieties, while others can be expanded to be varieties by taking
their Zariski closure (e.g., the set of tensors of border rank at most r is the
Zariski closure of the set of tensors of rank at most r). I present only the
essentials of projective geometry here, in order to quickly arrive at the study
of groups and their modules essential to this book. Other topics in algebraic
geometry are introduced as needed.
xiv Preface
This chapter may be difficult for those unfamiliar with algebraic geo-
metry—it is terse as numerous excellent references are available (e.g., [157,
289]). Its purpose is primarily to establish language. Its prerequisite is
Chapter 2.
Chapter 5: Secant varieties. The notion of border rank for tensors has
a vast and beautiful generalization in the context of algebraic geometry, to
that of secant varieties of projective varieties. Many results on border rank
are more easily proved in this larger geometric context, and it is easier to
develop intuition regarding the border ranks of tensors when one examines
properties of secant varieties in general.
The prerequisite for this chapter is Chapter 4.
Chapter 6: Exploiting symmetry: Representation theory for spaces

of tensors. Representation theory provides a language for taking advan-
tage of symmetries. Consider the space M atn×m of n × m matrices: one is
usually interested in the properties of a matrix up to changes of bases (that
is, the underlying properties of the linear map it encodes). This is an exam-
ple of a vector space with a group acting on it. Consider polynomials on the
space of matrices. The minors are the most important polynomials. Now
consider the space of n1 × n2 × · · · × nk -way arrays (i.e., a space of tensors)
with k > 2. What are the spaces of important polynomials? Representation
theory helps to give an answer.
Chapter 6 discusses representations of the group of permutations on d
elements, denoted Sd , and of the group of invertible n × n matrices, denoted
GLn C, and applies it to the study of homogeneous varieties. The material
presented in this chapter is standard and excellent texts already exist (e.g.,
[268, 135, 143]). I focus on the aspects of representation theory useful for
applications and its implementation.
The prerequisite for this chapter is Chapter 2.
Chapter 7: Tests for border rank: Equations for secant varieties.

This chapter discusses the equations for secant varieties in general and gives
a detailed study of the equations of secant varieties of the varieties of rank
one tensors and symmetric tensors, i.e., the varieties of tensors, and sym-
metric tensors of border rank at most r. These are the most important
objects for tensor decomposition, so an effort is made to present the state
of the art and to give as many different perspectives as possible.
The prerequisite to Chapter 7 is Chapter 6.
Chapter 8: Additional varieties useful for spaces of tensors. In

addition to secant varieties, there are general classes of varieties, such as
0.2. Overview xv
tangential varieties, dual varieties, and the Fano varieties of lines that gen-
eralize certain attributes of tensors to a more general geometric situation.
In the special cases of tensors, these varieties play a role in classifying nor-
mal forms and the study of rank. For example, dual varieties play a role in
distinguishing the different typical ranks that can occur for tensors over the
real numbers. They should also be useful for future applications. Chapter 8
discusses these as well as the Chow variety of polynomials that decompose
to a product of linear factors. I also present differential-geometric tools for
studying these varieties.
Chapter 8 can mostly be read immediately after Chapter 4.
Chapter 9: Rank. It is more natural in algebraic geometry to discuss

border rank than rank because it relates to projective varieties. Yet, for
applications sometimes one needs to determine the ranks of tensors. I first
regard rank in a more general geometric context, and then specialize to the
cases of interest for applications. Very little is known about the possible
ranks of tensors, and what little is known is mostly in cases where there are
normal forms, which is presented in Chapter 10. The main discussion in
this chapter regards the ranks of symmetric tensors, because more is known
about them. Included are the Comas-Seguir theorem classifying ranks of
symmetric tensors in two variables as well as results on maximum possible
rank. Results presented in this chapter indicate there is beautiful geometry
associated to rank that is only beginning to be discovered.
Chapter 9 can be read immediately after Chapter 5.
Chapter 10: Normal forms for small tensors. The chapter describes
the spaces of tensors admitting normal forms, and the normal forms of ten-
sors in those spaces, as well as normal forms for points in small secant
varieties.
The chapter can be read on a basic level after reading Chapter 2, but
the proofs and geometric descriptions of the various orbit closures require
material from other chapters.
The next four chapters deal with applications.
Chapter 11: The complexity of matrix multiplication. This chapter

brings the reader up to date on what is known regarding the complexity of
matrix multiplication, including new proofs of many standard results.
Much of the chapter needs only Chapter 2, but parts require results from
Chapters 5 and 6.
xvi Preface
Chapter 12: Tensor decomposition. In many applications one would

like to express a given tensor as a sum of rank one tensors, or some class
of simple tensors. In this chapter I focus on examples coming from signal
processing and discuss two such: blind source separation and deconvolution
of DS-CMDA signals. The blind source separation problem is similar to
many questions arising in statistics, so I explain the larger context of the
study of cumulants.
Often in applications one would like unique expressions for tensors as a
sum of rank one tensors. I bring the reader up to date on what is known
regarding when a unique expression is possible. A geometric proof of the
often cited Kruskal uniqueness condition for tensors is given. The proof is
short and isolates the basic geometric statement that underlies the result.
The chapter can be read after reading Chapters 2 and 3.
Chapter 13: P versus NP. This chapter includes an introduction to

several algebraic versions of P and NP, as well as a discussion of Valiant’s
holographic algorithms. It includes a discussion of the GCT program of
Mulmuley and Sohoni, which requires a knowledge of algebraic geometry
and representation theory, although the rest of the chapter is elementary
and only requires Chapter 2.
Chapter 14: Varieties of tensors in phylogenetics and quantum me-

chanics. This chapter discusses two different applications with very similar
underlying mathematics. In both cases one is interested in isolating sub-
sets (subvarieties) of spaces of tensors with certain attributes coming from
physics or statistics. It turns out the resulting varieties for phylogenetics
and tensor network states are strikingly similar, both in their geometry, and
in the methods they were derived (via auxiliary graphs).
Much of this chapter only requires Chapter 2 as a prerequisite.
The final three chapters deal with more advanced topics.
Chapter 15: Outline of the proof of the Alexander-Hirschowitz

theorem. The dimensions of the varieties of symmetric tensors of border
rank at most r were determined by Alexander and Hirschowitz. A brief
outline of a streamlined proof appearing in [257] is given here.
This chapter is intended for someone who has already had a basic course
in algebraic geometry.
Chapter 16: Representation theory. This chapter includes a brief de-

scription of the rudiments of the representation theory of complex simple
Lie groups and algebras. There are many excellent references for this sub-
ject, so I present just enough of the theory for our purposes: the proof of
0.3. Clash of cultures xvii
Kostant’s theorem that the ideals of homogeneous varieties are generated in

degree two, the statement of the Bott-Borel-Weil theorem, and a discussion
of the inheritance principle of Chapter 6 in a more general context.
This chapter is intended for someone who has already had a first course
in representation theory.
Chapter 17: Weyman’s method. The study of secant varieties of triple

Segre products naturally leads to the Kempf-Weyman method for determin-
ing ideals and singularities of G-varieties. This chapter contains an expo-
sition of the rudiments of the method, intended primarily to serve as an
introduction to the book [333].
The prerequisites for this chapter include Chapter 16 and a first course
in algebraic geometry.
0.3. Clash of cultures

In the course of preparing this book I have been fortunate to have had
many discussions with computer scientists, applied mathematicians, engi-
neers, physicists, and chemists. Often the beginnings of these conversations
were very stressful to all involved. I have kept these difficulties in mind, at-
tempting to write both to geometers and researchers in these various areas.
Tensor practitioners want practical results. To quote Rasmus Bro (per-
sonal communication): “Practical means that a user of a given chemical
instrument in a hospital lab can push a button and right after get a result.”
My goal is to initiate enough communication between geometers and
scientists so that such practical results will be realized. While both groups
are interested in communicating, there are language and even philosophical
barriers to be overcome. The purpose of this paragraph is to alert geometers
and scientists to some of the potential difficulties in communication.
To quote G. Folland [126] “For them [scientists], mathematics is the
discipline of manipulating symbols according to certain sophisticated rules,
and the external reality to which those symbols refer lies not in an abstract
universe of sets but in the real-world phenomena that they are studying.”
But mathematicians, as Folland observed, are Platonists, we think the
things we are manipulating on paper have a higher existence. To quote
Plato [266]: “Let us take any common instance; there are beds and tables in
the world—plenty of them, are there not?
Yes. But there are only two ideas or forms of them—one the idea of a
bed, the other of a table.
True. And the maker of either of them makes a bed or he makes a table
for our use, in accordance with the idea—that is our way of speaking in
xviii Preface
this and similar instances—but no artificer makes the ideas themselves: how
could he?
And what of the maker of the bed? Were you not saying that he too
makes, not the idea which, according to our view, is the essence of the bed,
but only a particular bed?
Yes, I did. Then if he does not make that which exists he cannot make
true existence, but only some semblance of existence; and if any one were
to say that the work of the maker of the bed, or of any other workman, has
real existence, he could hardly be supposed to be speaking the truth.”
This difference of cultures is particularly pronounced when discussing
tensors: for some practitioners these are just multi-way arrays that one is
allowed to perform certain manipulations on. For geometers these are spaces
equipped with certain group actions. To emphasize the geometric aspects
of tensors, geometers prefer to work invariantly: to paraphrase W. Fulton:
“Don’t use coordinates unless someone holds a pickle to your head.”1
0.4. Further reading

For gaining a basic grasp of representation theory as used in this book,
one could consult [143, 135, 268, 170]. The styles of these books vary
significantly and the reader’s taste will determine which she or he prefers.
To go further with representation theory [187] is useful, especially for the
presentation of the Weyl character formula. An excellent (and pictorial!)
presentation of the implementation of the Bott-Borel-Weil theorem is in
[19].
1 This modification of the actual quote in tribute to my first geometry teacher, Vincent
Gracchi. A problem in our 9-th grade geometry textbook asked us to determine if a 3-foot long
rifle could be packed in a box of certain dimensions, and Mr. Gracchi asked us all to cross out
the word ‘rifle’ and substitute the word ‘pickle’ because he “did not like guns”. A big 5q + 5q to
Mr. Gracchi for introducing his students to geometry!
0.5. Conventions, acknowledgments xix
For basic algebraic geometry as in Chapter 4, [157, 289] are useful. For
the more advanced commutative algebra needed in the later chapters [119]
is written with geometry in mind. The standard and only reference for the
Kempf-Weyman method is [333].
The standard reference for what was known in algebraic complexity the-
ory up to 1997 is [54].
0.5. Conventions, acknowledgments

0.5.1. Notations. This subsection is included for quick reference. All no-
tations are defined properly the first time they are used in the text.
Vector spaces are usually denoted A, B, C, V, W , and Aj , and the dimen-
sions are usually the corresponding bold letters a, b, c, etc. If v1 , . . . , vp ∈ V ,
v1 , . . . , vp denotes the span of v1 , . . . , vp . If e1 , . . . , ev is a basis of V ,
e1 , . . . , ev denotes the dual basis of V ∗ . GL(V ) denotes the general linear
group of invertible linear maps V → V and gl(V ) its Lie algebra. If G
denotes a Lie or algebraic group, g denotes its associated Lie algebra.
If X ⊂ PV is an algebraic set, then X̂ ⊂ V is the cone over it, its inverse
image plus 0 under π : V \0 → PV . If v ∈ V , [v] ∈ PV denotes π(v). The
linear span of a set X ⊂ PV is denoted X ⊆ V .
For a variety X, Xsmooth denotes its smooth points and Xsing denotes its
singular points. Xgeneral denotes the set of general points of X. Sometimes
I abuse language and refer to a point as a general point with respect to
other data. For example, if L ∈ G(k, V ) and one is studying the pair (X, L)
where X ⊂ PV is a subvariety, I will call L a general point if L is in general
position with respect to X.
Λk Vdenotes the k-th exterior power of the vector space V . The symbols
∧ and denote exterior product. S k V is the k-th symmetric power. The
tensor product of v, w ∈ V is denoted v⊗w ∈ V ⊗2 , and symmetric product
has no marking, e.g., vw = 12 (v⊗w + w⊗v). If p ∈ S d V is a homogeneous
polynomial of degree d, write pk,d−k ∈ S k V ⊗S d−k V for its partial polar-
ization and p for p considered as a d-multilinear form V ∗ × · · · × V ∗ → C.
When needed, ◦ is used for the symmetric product of spaces, e.g., given a
subspace W ⊂ S q V , W ◦ S p V ⊂ S q+p V .
Sd denotes the group of permutations on d elements. To a partition
π = (p1 , . . . , pr ) of d, i.e., a set of integers p1 ≥ p2 ≥ · · · ≥ pr , pi ∈ Z+ , such
that p1 + · · · + pr = d, [π] denotes the associated irreducible Sd -module, and
Sπ V denotes the associated irreducible GL(V )-module. I write |π| = d and
(π) = r.
xx Preface
0.5.2. Layout. All theorems, propositions, remarks, examples, etc., are

numbered together within each section; for example, Theorem 1.3.2 is the
second numbered item in Section 1.3. Equations as well as figures are num-
bered sequentially within each section. I have included hints for selected
exercises, those marked with the symbol at the end, which is meant to be
suggestive of a life preserver.
0.5.3. Acknowledgments. This project started as a collaboration with

Jason Morton, who contributed significantly to the writing and editing of
Chapters 2, 4, 5, and 6. The book has greatly benefited from his input.
The first draft of this book arose out of a series of lectures B. Sturmfels
invited me to give for his working group at UC Berkeley in Spring 2006. I
then gave a graduate class at Texas A&M University in Fall 2007 on the
complexity of matrix multiplication and a class on complexity theory in
spring 2009. J. Morton and I gave lectures from the notes at a summer
graduate workshop at MSRI in July 2008, as well as several lectures at a
follow-up research workshop at AIM in July 2008. I also gave a GNSAGA
lecture series in Florence, Italy in June 2009 on secant varieties, a short
course on the geometry of tensors in June 2010 in Nordfjordeid, Norway,
and a one-semester graduate class on the same subject at Texas A&M, Fall
2010. It is a pleasure to thank the students in these classes as well as my
hosts B. Sturmfels, MSRI, AIM, G. Ottaviani and K. Ranestad. Much of the
material in this book comes from joint work with L. Manivel, G. Ottaviani,
and J. Weyman. It is a pleasure to thank these three collaborators for
significant help at each step along the way. Other material comes from joint
work with the (at the time) post-docs J. Buczyński, J. Morton, S. Norine,
and Z. Teitler, who have also significantly helped with the book. I also
thank my students and post-docs A. Boralevi, L. Nguyen, L. Oeding, Y. Qi,
D. The, M. Yang, and K. Ye for their useful comments and questions, as
well as R. Bardeli, M. Bläser, P. Bürgisser, E. Briand, J-Y Cai, P. Comon,
L. De Lathauwer, M. Dillon, M. Eastwood, J. von zur Gathen, J. Grochow,
C. Hammond, L-H Lim, G. Paouris, and A. Stegeman for useful comments
and patiently answering my questions. It would not have been possible to
write this book without such wonderful help. I was very fortunate to have
careful and thoughtful anonymous referees who made numerous outstanding
suggestions for improving the manuscript for which I am truly grateful.
Finally I thank my family for their help, support and understanding.
Bibliography
1. H. Abo, On non-defectivity of certain Segre-Veronese varieties, J. Symbolic Compu-

tation 45 (2010), 1254–1269.
2. H. Abo and M. Brambilla, On the dimensions of secant varieties of Segre-Veronese
varieties, preprint, arXiv:0912.4342.
3. Hirotachi Abo and Maria Chiara Brambilla, Secant varieties of Segre-Veronese vari-
eties Pm × Pn embedded by OO(1, 2), Experiment. Math. 18 (2009), no. 3, 369–384.
MR2555705
4. Hirotachi Abo, Giorgio Ottaviani, and Chris Peterson, Induction for secant varieties
of Segre varieties, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 361 (2009), no. 2, 767–792. MR2452824
(2010a:14088)
5. Silvia Abrescia, About the defectivity of certain Segre-Veronese varieties, Canad. J.
Math. 60 (2008), no. 5, 961–974. MR2442042 (2009g:14066)
6. V. Alekseyev, On the complexity of some algorithms of matrix multiplication, J.
Algorithms (1985), no. 6, 71–85.
7. J. Alexander and A. Hirschowitz, Polynomial interpolation in several variables, J.
Algebraic Geom. 4 (1995), no. 2, 201–222. MR96f:14065
8. Elizabeth S. Allman and John A. Rhodes, Phylogenetic invariants for the general
Markov model of sequence mutation, Math. Biosci. 186 (2003), no. 2, 113–144.
MR2024609
9. , Mathematical models in biology: an introduction, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2004. MR2013130
10. M. D. Atkinson, Primitive spaces of matrices of bounded rank. II, J. Austral. Math.
Soc. Ser. A 34 (1983), no. 3, 306–315. MR695915 (84h:15017)
11. E. Ballico, Subsets of a projective variety x ⊂ P n spanning a given p ∈ P n , preprint.
12. , An upper bound for the x-ranks of points of P n in positive characteristic,
preprint.
13. E. Ballico and A. Bernardi, On the x-rank with respect to linear projections of pro-
jective varieties, preprint.
415
416 Bibliography
14. Edoardo Ballico, On the weak non-defectivity of Veronese embeddings of projec-

tive spaces, Cent. Eur. J. Math. 3 (2005), no. 2, 183–187 (electronic). MR2129920
(2005m:14097)
15. Dror Bar-Natan, On the Vassiliev knot invariants, Topology 34 (1995), no. 2, 423–
472. MR1318886 (97d:57004)
16. W. Barth, Moduli of vector bundles on the projective plane, Invent. Math. 42 (1977),
63–91. MR0460330 (57 #324)
17. Wolf Barth, Submanifolds of low codimension in projective space, Proceedings of the
International Congress of Mathematicians (Vancouver, B.C., 1974), Vol. 1, Canad.
Math. Congress, Montreal, Que., 1975, pp. 409–413. MR0422294 (54 #10285)
18. A. I. Barvinok, Complexity of computation of immanants, and representations of
the general linear group, Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen. 24 (1990), no. 2, 74–75.
MR1069409 (92c:15008)
19. Robert J. Baston and Michael G. Eastwood, The Penrose transform, Its interaction
with representation theory, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1989, Oxford Science Publications. MR1038279
(92j:32112)
20. D. Bates and L. Oeding, Toward a salmon conjecture, preprint, arXiv:1009.6181.
21. Karin Baur, Jan Draisma, and Willem A. de Graaf, Secant dimensions of minimal
orbits: computations and conjectures, Experiment. Math. 16 (2007), no. 2, 239–250.
MR2339279 (2008j:14101)
22. Micheal Ben Or and Richard Cleve, Computing algebraic formulas using a constant
number of registers, SIAM J. Comput. 21 (1992), no. 21, 54–58.
23. A. Bernardi, A. Gimigliano, and M. Idà, On the stratification of secant varieties of
veronese varieties via symmetric rank, preprint, arXiv:0908.1651 (2009).
24. Alessandra Bernardi, Ideals of varieties parameterized by certain symmetric tensors,
J. Pure Appl. Algebra 212 (2008), no. 6, 1542–1559. MR2391665 (2009c:14106)
25. I. N. Bernšteı̆n, I. M. Gel fand, and S. I. Gel fand, Differential operators on the base
affine space and a study of g-modules, Lie groups and their representations (Proc.
Summer School, Bolyai János Math. Soc., Budapest, 1971), Halsted, New York, 1975,
pp. 21–64. MR0578996 (58 #28285)
26. Dario Bini, Milvio Capovani, Francesco Romani, and Grazia Lotti, O(n2.7799 ) com-
plexity for n × n approximate matrix multiplication, Inform. Process. Lett. 8 (1979),
no. 5, 234–235. MR534068 (80h:68024)
27. Dario Bini, Grazia Lotti, and Francesco Romani, Approximate solutions for the bi-
linear form computational problem, SIAM J. Comput. 9 (1980), no. 4, 692–697.
MR592760 (82a:68065)
28. Markus Bläser, A 52 n2 -lower bound for the rank of n × n-matrix multiplication over
arbitrary fields, 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (New
York, 1999), IEEE Computer Soc., Los Alamitos, CA, 1999, pp. 45–50. MR1916183
29. , On the complexity of the multiplication of matrices of small formats, J.
Complexity 19 (2003), no. 1, 43–60. MR1951322 (2003k:68040)
30. Cristiano Bocci, Special effect varieties and (−1)-curves, Rocky Mountain J. Math.
40 (2010), no. 2, 397–419. MR2646449
31. Marco Bodrato, A Strassen-like matrix multiplication suited for squaring and higher
power computation, Proceedings of the 2010 International Symposium on Symbolic
and Algebraic Computation (New York, NY, USA), ISSAC ’10, ACM, 2010, pp. 273–
280.
Bibliography 417
32. Peter Botta, Linear transformations that preserve the permanent, Proc. Amer. Math.
Soc. 18 (1967), 566–569. MR0213376 (35 #4240)
33. N. Bourbaki, Éléments de mathématique. Fasc. XXXIV. Groupes et algèbres de Lie.
Chapitre IV: Groupes de Coxeter et systèmes de Tits. Chapitre V: Groupes engendrés
par des réflexions. Chapitre VI: Systèmes de racines, Actualités Scientifiques et In-
dustrielles, No. 1337, Hermann, Paris, 1968. MR0240238 (39 #1590)
34. Nicolas Bourbaki, Lie groups and Lie algebras. Chapters 4–6, Elements of Mathemat-
ics (Berlin), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, Translated from the 1968 French original
by Andrew Pressley. MR1890629 (2003a:17001)
35. Jerome Brachat, Pierre Comon, Bernard Mourrain, and Elias Tsigaridas, Symmet-
ric tensor decomposition, Linear Algebra Appl. 433 (2010), no. 11-12, 1851–1872.
MR2736103
36. Maria Chiara Brambilla and Giorgio Ottaviani, On the Alexander-Hirschowitz theo-
rem, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 212 (2008), no. 5, 1229–1251. MR2387598 (2008m:14104)
37. Emmanuel Briand, Covariants vanishing on totally decomposable forms, Liaison,
Schottky problem and invariant theory, Progr. Math., vol. 280, Birkhäuser-Verlag,
Basel, 2010, pp. 237–256. MR2664658
38. Michel Brion, Stable properties of plethysm: on two conjectures of Foulkes,
Manuscripta Math. 80 (1993), no. 4, 347–371. MR1243152 (95c:20056)
39. , Sur certains modules gradués associés aux produits symétriques, Algèbre non
commutative, groupes quantiques et invariants (Reims, 1995), Sémin. Congr., vol. 2,
Soc. Math. France, Paris, 1997, pp. 157–183. MR1601139 (99e:20054)
40. R. Bro, A. Smilde, and P. Geladi, Multi-way analysis: Applications in the chemical
sciences, John Wiley, West Sussex, 2004.
41. Roger W. Brockett and David Dobkin, On the optimal evaluation of a set of bilinear
forms, Linear Algebra and Appl. 19 (1978), no. 3, 207–235. MR0495183 (58 #13915)
42. Andries Brouwer and Jan Draisma, Equivariant Gröbner bases and the Gaussian
two-factor model, preprint arXiv:0908.1530.
43. R. L. Bryant, S. S. Chern, R. B. Gardner, H. L. Goldschmidt, and P. A. Griffiths,
Exterior differential systems, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications,
vol. 18, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. MR1083148 (92h:58007)
44. Jean-Luc Brylinski, Algebraic measures of entanglement, Mathematics of quantum
computation, Comput. Math. Ser., Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2002,
pp. 3–23. MR2007941 (2004j:81020)
45. Jean-Luc Brylinski and Ranee Brylinski, Complexity and completeness of immanants,
preprint, arXiv:0301024, 2003.
46. , Invariant polynomial functions on k qudits, Mathematics of quantum compu-
tation, Comput. Math. Ser., Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2002, pp. 277–
286. MR2007951 (2004i:81042)
47. J. Buczynski, A. Ginensky, and J. M. Landsberg, Determinantal equations for secant
varieties and the Eisenbud-Koh-Stillman conjecture, arXiv:1007.0192.
48. J. Buczyński and J. M. Landsberg, On the third secant variety, preprint.
49. , Ranks of tensors and a generalization of secant varieties, preprint,
arXiv:0909.4262 (2009).
50. P. Bürgisser, The complexity of factors of multivariate polynomials, Foundations of
Computational Mathematics 4 (2004), 369–396.
418 Bibliography
51. P. Bürgisser, J. M. Landsberg, L. Manivel, and J. Weyman, An overview of mathe-

matical issues arising in the geometric complexity theory approach to VP = VNP,
SIAM J. Comput. 40 (2011), 1179–1209.
52. Peter Bürgisser, The computational complexity of immanants, SIAM J. Comput. 30
(2000), no. 3, 1023–1040 (electronic). MR1778298 (2001k:68154)
53. , The computational complexity to evaluate representations of general linear
groups, SIAM J. Comput. 30 (2000), no. 3, 1010–1022 (electronic). MR1778297
(2001m:68185)
54. Peter Bürgisser, Michael Clausen, and M. Amin Shokrollahi, Algebraic complexity
theory, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles
of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 315, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997, With the collab-
oration of Thomas Lickteig. MR99c:68002
55. Peter Bürgisser and Christian Ikenmeyer, Geometric complexity theory and tensor
rank, preprint, arXiv:1011.1350.
56. Jin-Yi Cai, Lectures in computational complexity, notes available at http://pages.cs.
wisc.edu/˜jyc.
57. , A note on the determinant and permanent problem, Inform. and Comput.
84 (1990), no. 1, 119–127. MR1032157 (91d:68028)
58. Jin-Yi Cai and Vinay Choudhary, Some results on matchgates and holographic algo-
rithms, Automata, languages and programming. Part I, Lecture Notes in Comput.
Sci., vol. 4051, Springer, Berlin, 2006, pp. 703–714. MR2305569 (2007m:68285)
59. , Valiant’s holant theorem and matchgate tensors, Theory and applications of
models of computation, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 3959, Springer, Berlin,
2006, pp. 248–261. MR2277247
60. , Valiant’s holant theorem and matchgate tensors, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 384
(2007), no. 1, 22–32. MR2354219
61. Jin-Yi Cai and Pinyan Lu, Holographic algorithms: from art to science, STOC’07—
Proceedings of the 39th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM,
New York, 2007, pp. 401–410. MR2402465
62. , Holographic algorithms: the power of dimensionality resolved, Automata,
languages and programming, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 4596, Springer,
Berlin, 2007, pp. 631–642. MR2424719
63. , On symmetric signatures in holographic algorithms, STACS 2007, Lecture
Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 4393, Springer, Berlin, 2007, pp. 429–440. MR2362482
(2009b:68059)
64. , Basis collapse in holographic algorithms, Comput. Complexity 17 (2008),
no. 2, 254–281. MR2417594
65. Jin-Yi Cai, Pinyan Lu Lu, and Mingji Xia, Holographic algorithms with matchgates
capture precisely tractable planar #csp, preprint, arXiv:0812.0601.
66. E. R. Caianiello, On quantum field theory. I. Explicit solution of Dyson’s equation
in electrodynamics without use of Feynman graphs, Nuovo Cimento (9) 10 (1953),
1634–1652. MR0059787 (15,586d)
67. J. E. Campbell, Note on the maximum number of arbitrary points which can be double
points on a curve, or surface, of any degree, The Messenger of Mathematics, XXI
(1891-2), 158–164.
68. E. Carlini and M. V. Catalisano, On rational normal curves in projective space, J.
Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 80 (2009), no. 1, 1–17. MR2520374 (2010d:14076)
Bibliography 419
69. E. Carlini, M Catalisano, and A Geramita, The solution to waring’s problem for
monomials, preprint arXiv:1110.0745.
70. Enrico Carlini and Jaydeep Chipalkatti, On Waring’s problem for several algebraic
forms, Comment. Math. Helv. 78 (2003), no. 3, 494–517. MR1998391 (2005b:14097)
71. J. D. Carroll and J. J. Chang, Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional
scaling via an n-way generalization of Eckart-Young decomposition, Psychometrika
35 (1970), 283–319.
72. D. Cartwright and L. Oeding, Secant varieties of P 2 × P n embedded by o(1, 2),
preprint, arXiv:1009.1199.
73. D. Cartwright and Bernd Sturmfels, The number of eigenvalues of a tensor, preprint,
arXiv:1004.4953.
74. M. V. Catalisano, A. V. Geramita, and A. Gimigliano, On the rank of tensors, via
secant varieties and fat points, Zero-dimensional schemes and applications (Naples,
2000), Queen’s Papers in Pure and Appl. Math., vol. 123, Queen’s Univ., Kingston,
ON, 2002, pp. 133–147. MR1898833
75. , Ranks of tensors, secant varieties of Segre varieties and fat points, Linear
Algebra Appl. 355 (2002), 263–285. MR1930149 (2003g:14070)
76. , Erratum to: “Ranks of tensors, secant varieties of Segre varieties and fat
points” [Linear Algebra Appl. 355 (2002), 263–285; MR1930149 (2003g:14070)],
Linear Algebra Appl. 367 (2003), 347–348. MR1976931
77. , Higher secant varieties of Segre-Veronese varieties, Projective varieties with
unexpected properties, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, 2005, pp. 81–
107. MR2202248
78. , Higher secant varieties of the Segre varieties P1 × · · · × P1 , J. Pure Appl.
Algebra 201 (2005), no. 1-3, 367–380. MR2158764 (2006d:14060)
79. , Secant varieties of Grassmann varieties, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 133 (2005),
no. 3, 633–642 (electronic). MR2113908 (2006d:14053)
80. , Segre-Veronese embeddings of P1 ×P1 ×P1 and their secant varieties, Collect.
Math. 58 (2007), no. 1, 1–24. MR2310544 (2008f:14069)
81. , On the ideals of secant varieties to certain rational varieties, J. Algebra 319
(2008), no. 5, 1913–1931. MR2392585
82. A. L. Cauchy, Mémoire sur les fonctions qui ne peuvent obtenir que deux valeurs
égales et de signes contraires par suite des transpositions opérées entre les variables
qu’elles renferment, Journal de l’Ecole polytechnique 27 (1812), no. 10, 29–112.
83. J. A. Cavender and J. Felsenstein, Invariants of phylogenies in a simple case with
discrete states, J. Classification 4 (1987), 57–71.
84. Karen A. Chandler, A brief proof of a maximal rank theorem for generic double
points in projective space, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), no. 5, 1907–1920
(electronic). MR1813598 (2002i:14046)
85. Claude Chevalley, The algebraic theory of spinors and Clifford algebras, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1997, Collected works. Vol. 2, Edited and with a foreword by Pierre
Cartier and Catherine Chevalley, With a postface by J.-P. Bourguignon. MR1636473
(99f:01028)
86. L. Chiantini and C. Ciliberto, Weakly defective varieties, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.
354 (2002), no. 1, 151–178 (electronic). MR1859030 (2003b:14063)
87. Luca Chiantini and Ciro Ciliberto, On the concept of k-secant order of a variety, J.
London Math. Soc. (2) 73 (2006), no. 2, 436–454. MR2225496 (2007k:14110)
420 Bibliography
88. Luca Chiantini and Giorgio Ottaviani, On generic identifiability of 3-tensors of small
rank, preprint.
89. Ciro Ciliberto, Geometric aspects of polynomial interpolation in more variables
and of Waring’s problem, European Congress of Mathematics, Vol. I (Barcelona,
2000), Progr. Math., vol. 201, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2001, pp. 289–316. MR1905326
(2003i:14058)
90. J. Ignacio Cirac and Frank Verstraete, Renormalization and tensor product states in
spin chains and lattices, J. Phys. A 42 (2009), no. 50, 504004, 34 pp. MR2566331
(2011b:82013)
91. A. Clebsch, Uber Curven fierter Ordnung, J. Reine Angew. Math. 59 (1861), 125–145.
92. Alan Cobham, The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions, Logic, Method-
ology and Philos. Sci. (Proc. 1964 Internat. Congr.), North-Holland, Amsterdam,
1965, pp. 24–30. MR0207561 (34 #7376)
93. H. Cohn, R. Kleinberg, B. Szegedy, and C. Umans, Group-theoretic algorithms for
matrix multiplication, Proceedings of the 46th annual Symposium on Foundations of
Computer Science (2005), 379–388.
94. H Cohn and C. Umans, A group theoretic approach to fast matrix multiplication,
Proceedings of the 44th annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
(2003), no. 2, 438–449.
95. Gonzalo Comas and Malena Seiguer, On the rank of a binary form, arXiv:math.
AG/0112311 (2001).
96. P. Comon, Independent Component Analysis, a new concept?, Signal Processing,
Elsevier 36 (1994), no. 3, 287–314, Special issue on Higher-Order Statistics.
97. , Tensor decompositions, state of the art and applications, Mathematics in
Signal Processing V (J. G. McWhirter and I. K. Proudler, eds.), Clarendon Press,
Oxford, UK, 2002, arXiv:0905.0454v1, pp. 1–24.
98. P. Comon and C. Jutten, Handbook of blind source separation, independent compo-
nent analysis and applications, Academic Press, 2010.
99. P. Comon and B. Mourrain, Decomposition of quantics in sums of powers of linear
forms, Signal Processing, Elsevier 53(2), 1996.
100. P. Comon and G. Ottaviani, On the typical rank of real binary forms, preprint,
arXiv:0909.4865.
101. P. Comon, J. M. F. ten Berge, L. De Lathauwer, and J. Castaing, Generic and typical
ranks of multi-way arrays, Linear Algebra Appl. 430 (2009), no. 11-12, 2997–3007.
MR2517853
102. Pierre Comon, Gene Golub, Lek-Heng Lim, and Bernard Mourrain, Symmetric ten-
sors and symmetric tensor rank, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 30 (2008), no. 3,
1254–1279. MR2447451 (2009i:15039)
103. Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd, Matrix multiplication via arithmetic pro-
gressions, J. Symbolic Comput. 9 (1990), no. 3, 251–280. MR91i:68058
104. L. Csanky, Fast parallel matrix inversion algorithms, SIAM J. Comput. 5 (1976),
no. 4, 618–623. MR0455310 (56 #13549)
105. Predrag Cvitanović, Tracks, Lie’s, and exceptional magic, Frontiers in number the-
ory, physics, and geometry. II, Springer, Berlin, 2007, pp. 133–160. MR2290760
(2008b:17011)
106. Jiri Dadok and Victor Kac, Polar representations, J. Algebra 92 (1985), no. 2, 504–
524. MR778464 (86e:14023)
Bibliography 421
107. Paolo D’Alberto and Alexandru Nicolau, Adaptive Strassen’s matrix multiplication,
Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Supercomputing (New
York, NY, USA), ICS ’07, ACM, 2007, pp. 284–292.
108. Hans F. de Groote, On varieties of optimal algorithms for the computation of bilinear
mappings. II. Optimal algorithms for 2 × 2-matrix multiplication, Theoret. Comput.
Sci. 7 (1978), no. 2, 127–148. MR509013 (81i:68061)
109. Lieven De Lathauwer and Alexandre de Baynast, Blind deconvolution of DS-CDMA
signals by means of decomposition in rank-(1, L, L) terms, IEEE Trans. Signal Pro-
cess. 56 (2008), no. 4, 1562–1571. MR2516571
110. V. de Silva and L.-H. Lim, Tensor rank and the ill-posedness of the best low-rank
approximation problem, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, Special
Issue on Tensor Decompositions and Applications.
111. Pierre Deligne, La série exceptionnelle de groupes de Lie, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér.
I Math. 322 (1996), no. 4, 321–326. MR1378507 (96m:22012)
112. Michel Demazure, A very simple proof of Bott’s theorem, Invent. Math. 33 (1976),
no. 3, 271–272. MR0414569 (54 #2670)
113. Persi Diaconis, Ronald Graham, and Susan P. Holmes, Statistical problems involving
permutations with restricted positions, State of the art in probability and statistics
(Leiden, 1999), IMS Lecture Notes Monogr. Ser., vol. 36, Inst. Math. Statist., Beach-
wood, OH, 2001, pp. 195–222. MR1836562 (2002j:62061)
114. Susan Diesel, Irreducibility and dimension theorems for families of height 3 Goren-
stein algebras, Pacific J. Math 172 (1996), 365–396.
115. Carla Dionisi and Claudio Fontanari, Grassmann defectivity à la Terracini, Matem-
atiche (Catania) 56 (2001), no. 2, 245–255 (2003), PRAGMATIC, 2001 (Catania).
MR2009896 (2004h:14059)
116. Igor Dolgachev, Lectures on invariant theory, London Mathematical Society Lecture
Note Series, vol. 296, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. MR2004511
(2004g:14051)
117. Mathias Drton, Bernd Sturmfels, and Seth Sullivant, Algebraic factor analysis:
tetrads, pentads and beyond, Probab. Theory Related Fields 138 (2007), no. 3-4,
463–493. MR2299716 (2008f:62086)
118. Jack Edmonds, Paths, trees, and flowers, Canad. J. Math. 17 (1965), 449–467.
MR0177907 (31 #2165)
119. David Eisenbud, Commutative algebra, With a view toward algebraic geometry, Grad-
uate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 150, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995. MR1322960
(97a:13001)
120. David Eisenbud and Joe Harris, Vector spaces of matrices of low rank, Adv. in Math.
70 (1988), no. 2, 135–155. MR954659 (89j:14010)
121. Thomas J. Enright and Markus Hunziker, Resolutions and Hilbert series of determi-
nantal varieties and unitary highest weight modules, J. Algebra 273 (2004), no. 2,
608–639. MR2037715 (2005h:17013)
122. Daniel Erman and Mauricio Velasco, A syzygetic approach to the smoothability of
zero-dimensional schemes, Adv. Math. 224 (2010), no. 3, 1143–1166. MR2628807
123. M. Fannes, B. Nachtergaele, and R. F. Werner, Valence bond states on quantum spin
chains as ground states with spectral gap, J. Phys. A 24 (1991), no. 4, L185–L190.
MR1104168 (92d:82008)
124. , Finitely correlated states on quantum spin chains, Comm. Math. Phys. 144
(1992), no. 3, 443–490. MR1158756 (93i:82006)
422 Bibliography
125. Morten Morup Fernando Calamante and Lars Kai Hansen, Defining a local arterial
input function for perfusion mri using independent component analysis, Magnetic
Resonance in Medicine 52 (2004).
126. G. Folland, Speaking with the natives: reflections on mathematical communication,
AMS Notices 57 (2011), no. 9, 1121–1124.
127. H. O. Foulkes, Concomitants of the quintic and sextic up to degree four in the coef-
ficients of the ground form, J. London Math. Soc. 25 (1950), 205–209. MR0037276
(12,236e)
128. Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel, and Lawrence E. Spence, Linear algebra, third
ed., Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997. MR1434064
129. Shmuel Friedland, On the generic rank of 3-tensors, preprint (2008).
130. , On tensors of border rank l in C m×n×l , preprint, arXiv:1003.1968v1 (2010).
131. Shmuel Friedland and Elizabeth Gross, A proof of the set-theoretic version of the
salmon conjecture, preprint, arXiv:1104.1776 (2010).
132. G. Frobenius, Über die Darstellung der endlichen Gruppen durch lineare Substitutio-
nen, Sitzungsber. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1897), 994–1015.
133. William Fulton, Young tableaux, With applications to representation theory and ge-
ometry, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, vol. 35, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1997. MR1464693 (99f:05119)
134. William Fulton and Johan Hansen, A connectedness theorem for projective varieties,
with applications to intersections and singularities of mappings, Ann. of Math. (2)
110 (1979), no. 1, 159–166. MR541334 (82i:14010)
135. William Fulton and Joe Harris, Representation theory, A first course, Readings in
Mathematics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 129, Springer-Verlag, New York,
1991. MR1153249 (93a:20069)
136. F. R. Gantmacher, The theory of matrices. Vols. 1, 2, Translated by K. A. Hirsch,
Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1959. MR0107649 (21 #6372c)
137. Luis David Garcia, Michael Stillman, and Bernd Sturmfels, Algebraic geometry of
Bayesian networks, J. Symbolic Comput. 39 (2005), no. 3-4, 331–355. MR2168286
(2006g:68242)
138. D. Garfinkle, A new construction of the Joseph ideal, PhD thesis, MIT, 1982.
139. Joachim von zur Gathen, Feasible arithmetic computations: Valiant’s hypothesis, J.
Symbolic Comput. 4 (1987), no. 2, 137–172. MR922386 (89f:68021)
140. David A. Gay, Characters of the Weyl group of SU (n) on zero weight spaces and
centralizers of permutation representations, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 6 (1976), no. 3,
449–455. MR0414794 (54 #2886)
141. I. M. Gel fand, M. M. Kapranov, and A. V. Zelevinsky, Discriminants, resultants, and
multidimensional determinants, Mathematics: Theory & Applications, Birkhäuser
Boston Inc., Boston, MA, 1994. MR95e:14045
142. Anthony V. Geramita, Inverse systems of fat points: Waring’s problem, secant vari-
eties of Veronese varieties and parameter spaces for Gorenstein ideals, The Curves
Seminar at Queen’s, Vol. X (Kingston, ON, 1995), Queen’s Papers in Pure and
Appl. Math., vol. 102, Queen’s Univ., Kingston, ON, 1996, pp. 2–114. MR1381732
(97h:13012)
143. Roe Goodman and Nolan R. Wallach, Symmetry, representations, and invariants,
Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 255, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009. MR2522486
Bibliography 423
144. P. Gordon, Das Zerfallen der Curven in gerade Linien, Math. Ann. (1894), no. 45,
410–427.
145. G.-M. Greuel and G. Pfister, A singular introduction to commutative algebra,
Springer, 2002.
146. Phillip Griffiths and Joseph Harris, Principles of algebraic geometry, Wiley Classics
Library, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, Reprint of the 1978 original.
MR95d:14001
147. Phillip A. Griffiths, Infinitesimal variations of Hodge structure. III. Determinantal
varieties and the infinitesimal invariant of normal functions, Compositio Math. 50
(1983), no. 2-3, 267–324. MR720290 (86e:32026c)
148. D. Yu. Grigor ev, The algebraic complexity of computing a pair of bilinear forms,
Investigations on linear operators and the theory of functions, V, Zap. Naučn.
Sem. Leningrad. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (LOMI) 47 (1974), 159–163, 188, 193.
MR0453768 (56 #12022)
149. , Multiplicative complexity of a pair of bilinear forms and of the polynomial
multiplication, Mathematical foundations of computer science, 1978 (Proc. Seventh
Sympos., Zakopane, 1978), Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 64, Springer, Berlin,
1978, pp. 250–256. MR519843 (80d:68052)
150. Robert Grone and Russell Merris, An algorithm for the second immanant, Math.
Comp. 43 (1984), no. 168, 589–591. MR758206 (85i:15008)
151. L. Gurvits, Ryser (or polarization) formula for the permanent is essentially optimal:
the Waring rank approach, preprint.
152. Leonid Gurvits, Classical complexity and quantum entanglement, J. Comput. System
Sci. 69 (2004), no. 3, 448–484. MR2087945 (2006c:81014)
153. , On the complexity of mixed discriminants and related problems, Mathemat-
ical foundations of computer science 2005, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 3618,
Springer, Berlin, 2005, pp. 447–458. MR2237389 (2007b:68065)
154. A. È. Guterman and A. V. Mikhalëv, General algebra and linear mappings that
preserve matrix invariants, Fundam. Prikl. Mat. 9 (2003), no. 1, 83–101. MR2072621
(2005f:15002)
155. Wolfgang Hackbusch and Boris N. Khoromskij, Tensor-product approximation to
multidimensional integral operators and Green’s functions, SIAM J. Matrix Anal.
Appl. 30 (2008), no. 3, 1233–1253. MR2447450 (2009g:45023)
156. Jr. Hall, An algorithm for distinct representatives, The American Mathematical
Monthly 63 (1956), 716–717.
157. Joe Harris, Algebraic geometry, A first course, Corrected reprint of the 1992 orig-
inal, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 133, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995.
MR1416564 (97e:14001)
158. R. A. Harshman and M. E. Lundy, Uniqueness proof for a family of models sharing
features of Tucker’s three-mode factor analysis and parafac/candecomp, Psychome-
trika 61 (1996), 133–154.
159. W. Hartmann, On the complexity of immanants, Linear and Multilinear Algebra 18
(1985), no. 2, 127–140. MR817656 (87f:15006)
160. Robin Hartshorne, Varieties of small codimension in projective space, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc. 80 (1974), 1017–1032. MR0384816 (52 #5688)
161. , Algebraic geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, No. 52, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1977. MR0463157 (57 #3116)
424 Bibliography
162. F. Reese Harvey, Spinors and calibrations, Perspectives in Mathematics, vol. 9, Aca-
demic Press Inc., Boston, MA, 1990. MR1045637 (91e:53056)
163. Heisuke Hironaka, Resolution of singularities of an algebraic variety over a field of
characteristic zero. I, II, Ann. of Math. (2) 79 (1964), 109–203; ibid. (2) 79 (1964),
205–326. MR0199184 (33 #7333)
164. F.L. Hitchcock, The expression of a tensor or a polyadic as a sum of products, J. of
Mathematics and Physics 6 (1927), 164–189.
165. , Multiple invariants and generalized rank of a p-way matrix or tensor, J. of
Mathematics and Physics 7 (1927), 39–79.
166. Olga Holtz and Bernd Sturmfels, Hyperdeterminantal relations among symmetric
principal minors, J. Algebra 316 (2007), no. 2, 634–648. MR2358606
167. J. E. Hopcroft and L. R. Kerr, On minimizing the number of multiplications necessary
for matrix multiplication, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 20 (1971), 30–36. MR0274293 (43
#58)
168. Serkan Hoşten and Suela Ruffa, Introductory notes to algebraic statistics, Rend. Istit.
Mat. Univ. Trieste 37 (2005), no. 1-2, 39–70 (2006). MR2227048
169. Roger Howe, (GLn , GLm )-duality and symmetric plethysm, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.
Math. Sci. 97 (1987), no. 1-3, 85–109 (1988). MR983608 (90b:22020)
170. James E. Humphreys, Introduction to Lie algebras and representation theory, Gradu-
ate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 9, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978, Second printing,
revised. MR499562 (81b:17007)
171. Steven Huss-Lederman, Elaine M. Jacobson, Anna Tsao, Thomas Turnbull, and
Jeremy R. Johnson, Implementation of Strassen’s algorithm for matrix multiplica-
tion, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing (CDROM)
(Washington, DC, USA), Supercomputing ’96, IEEE Computer Society, 1996.
172. Anthony Iarrobino and Vassil Kanev, Power sums, Gorenstein algebras, and determi-
nantal loci, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1721, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999,
Appendix C by Iarrobino and Steven L. Kleiman. MR1735271 (2001d:14056)
173. S. Iblisdir, J. I. Latorre, and R. Orús, Entropy and exact matrix-product represen-
tation of the Laughlin wave function, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007), no. 6, 060402, 4.
MR2284036 (2007j:82007)
174. Bo Ilic and J. M. Landsberg, On symmetric degeneracy loci, spaces of symmetric
matrices of constant rank and dual varieties, Math. Ann. 314 (1999), no. 1, 159–174.
MR1689267 (2000e:14091)
175. , On symmetric degeneracy loci, spaces of symmetric matrices of constant
rank and dual varieties, Math. Ann. 314 (1999), no. 1, 159–174. MR2000e:14091
176. Atanas Iliev and Laurent Manivel, Varieties of reductions for gln , Projective varieties
with unexpected properties, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, 2005,
pp. 287–316. MR2202260 (2006j:14056)
177. Atanas Iliev and Kristian Ranestad, Canonical curves and varieties of sums of
powers of cubic polynomials, J. Algebra 246 (2001), no. 1, 385–393. MR1872627
(2003c:14032)
178. , K3 surfaces of genus 8 and varieties of sums of powers of cubic fourfolds,
Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), no. 4, 1455–1468 (electronic). MR1806733
(2002c:14082)
179. , Addendum to “K3 surfaces of genus 8 and varieties of sums of powers of cu-
bic fourfolds” [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), no. 4, 1455–1468; MR1806733],
C. R. Acad. Bulgare Sci. 60 (2007), no. 12, 1265–1270. MR2391437
Bibliography 425
180. Thomas A. Ivey and J. M. Landsberg, Cartan for beginners: differential geometry via
moving frames and exterior differential systems, Graduate Studies in Mathematics,
vol. 61, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2003. MR2003610
181. Joseph Ja’Ja’, Optimal evaluation of pairs of bilinear forms, Conference Record of
the Tenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (San Diego, Calif.,
1978), ACM, New York, 1978, pp. 173–183. MR521052 (80j:68032)
182. V. G. Kac, Some remarks on nilpotent orbits, J. Algebra 64 (1980), no. 1, 190–213.
MR575790 (81i:17005)
183. Vassil Kanev, Chordal varieties of Veronese varieties and catalecticant matrices,
Algebraic geometry, 9, J. Math. Sci. (New York) 94 (1999), no. 1, 1114–1125.
MR1703911 (2001b:14078)
184. , Chordal varieties of Veronese varieties and catalecticant matrices, Algebraic
geometry, 9, J. Math. Sci. (New York) 94 (1999), no. 1, 1114–1125. MR1703911
(2001b:14078)
185. P. W. Kasteleyn, Graph theory and crystal physics, Graph Theory and Theoretical
Physics, Academic Press, London, 1967, pp. 43–110. MR0253689 (40 #6903)
186. Morris Kline, Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times. Vol. 1, second
ed., The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990. MR1039322
(91i:01003a)
187. Anthony W. Knapp, Lie groups beyond an introduction, second ed., Progress in
Mathematics, vol. 140, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., Boston, MA, 2002. MR1920389
(2003c:22001)
188. Tamara G. Kolda and Brett W. Bader, Tensor decompositions and applications,
SIAM Rev. 51 (2009), no. 3, 455–500. MR2535056
189. Bertram Kostant, Lie algebra cohomology and the generalized Borel-Weil theorem,
Ann. of Math. (2) 74 (1961), 329–387. MR0142696 (26 #265)
190. , Immanant inequalities and 0-weight spaces, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (1995),
no. 1, 181–186. MR1261291 (95c:15015)
191. S. C. Kou and P. McCullagh, Approximating the α-permanent, Biometrika 96 (2009),
no. 3, 635–644. MR2538762 (2010j:62112)
192. Hanspeter Kraft, Geometrische Methoden in der Invariantentheorie, Aspects of
Mathematics, D1, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1984. MR768181
(86j:14006)
193. Witold Kraśkiewicz and Jerzy Weyman, Modules with a finite number of orbits,
preprint (2009).
194. J. B. Kruskal, Rank, decomposition, and uniqueness for 3-way and N -way arrays,
Multiway data analysis (Rome, 1988), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 7–18.
MR1088949
195. Joseph B. Kruskal, Three-way arrays: rank and uniqueness of trilinear decomposi-
tions, with application to arithmetic complexity and statistics, Linear Algebra and
Appl. 18 (1977), no. 2, 95–138. MR0444690 (56 #3040)
196. Shrawan Kumar, Geometry of orbits of permanents and determinants, arXiv:
1007.1695.
197. , Kac-Moody groups, their flag varieties and representation theory, Progress
in Mathematics, vol. 204, Birkhäuser Boston Inc., Boston, MA, 2002. MR1923198
(2003k:22022)
198. Greg Kuperberg, Involutory Hopf algebras and 3-manifold invariants, Internat. J.
Math. 2 (1991), no. 1, 41–66. MR1082836 (91m:57012)
426 Bibliography
199. Julian D. Laderman, A noncommutative algorithm for multiplying 3 × 3 matrices us-

ing 23 muliplications, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (1976), no. 1, 126–128. MR0395320
(52 #16117)
200. James A. Lake, A rate-independent technique for analysis of nucleic acid sequences:
evolutionary parsimony, Mol. Biol. Evol. 4 (1987), no. 2, 167–191.
201. J. M. Landsberg, The border rank of the multiplication of 2 × 2 matrices is seven, J.
Amer. Math. Soc. 19 (2006), no. 2, 447–459 (electronic). MR2188132 (2006j:68034)
202. J. M. Landsberg and Laurent Manivel, The projective geometry of Freudenthal’s
magic square, J. Algebra 239 (2001), no. 2, 477–512. MR2002g:14070
203. , Construction and classification of complex simple Lie algebras via projective
geometry, Selecta Math. (N.S.) 8 (2002), no. 1, 137–159. MR1890196 (2002m:17006)
204. , On the projective geometry of rational homogeneous varieties, Comment.
Math. Helv. 78 (2003), no. 1, 65–100. MR2004a:14050
205. , On the ideals of secant varieties of Segre varieties, Found. Comput. Math.
4 (2004), no. 4, 397–422. MR2097214 (2005m:14101)
206. , Representation theory and projective geometry, Algebraic transformation
groups and algebraic varieties, Encyclopaedia Math. Sci., vol. 132, Springer, Berlin,
2004, pp. 71–122. MR2090671 (2005k:14106)
207. , Generalizations of Strassen’s equations for secant varieties of Segre varieties,
Comm. Algebra 36 (2008), no. 2, 405–422. MR2387532
208. J. M. Landsberg and Zach Teitler, On the ranks and border ranks of symmetric
tensors, Found. Comput. Math. 10 (2010), no. 3, 339–366. MR2628829
209. J. M. Landsberg and Jerzy Weyman, On tangential varieties of rational homogeneous
varieties, J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 76 (2007), no. 2, 513–530. MR2363430
210. , On the ideals and singularities of secant varieties of Segre varieties, Bull.
Lond. Math. Soc. 39 (2007), no. 4, 685–697. MR2346950
211. , On secant varieties of compact Hermitian symmetric spaces, J. Pure Appl.
Algebra 213 (2009), no. 11, 2075–2086. MR2533306 (2010i:14095)
212. J. M. Landsberg, P v. NP and geometry, Journal of Symbolic Computation (2010),
no. 45, 1359–1377.
213. J. M. Landsberg, Laurent Manivel, and Nicolas Ressayre, Hypersurfaces with degen-
erate duals and the geometric complexity theory program, arXiv:1004.4802, to appear
in CMH.
214. J. M. Landsberg, J. Morton, and S. Norine, Holographic algorithms without match-
gates, preprint arXiv:0904.0471.
215. J. M. Landsberg and Giorgio Ottaviani, Equations for secant varieties to Veronese
varieties, preprint arXiv:1006.0180.
216. J. M. Landsberg, Yang Qi, and Ke Ye, On the geometry of tensor network states,
preprint.
217. Serge Lang, Algebra, third ed., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 211, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 2002. MR1878556 (2003e:00003)
218. R. Lazarsfeld and A. Van de Ven, Topics in the geometry of projective space, Recent
work of F. L. Zak, With an addendum by Zak, DMV Seminar, vol. 4, Birkhäuser
Verlag, Basel, 1984. MR808175 (87e:14045)
219. Xuelong Li, Shuicheng Yan Stephen Lin, and Dong Xu, Discriminant locally linear
embedding with high-order tensor data, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 38 (2008), no. 2, 342–352.
Bibliography 427
220. Thomas Lickteig, Typical tensorial rank, Linear Algebra Appl. 69 (1985), 95–120.
MR87f:15017
221. Shaowei Lin and Bernd Sturmfels, Polynomial relations among principal minors of
a 4 × 4-matrix, preprint, arXiv:0812.0601.
222. Dudley E. Littlewood, The theory of group characters and matrix representations of
groups, AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, RI, 2006, Reprint of the second (1950)
edition. MR2213154 (2006m:20013)
223. Hong Liu and Kenneth W. Regan, Improved construction for universality of determi-
nant and permanent, Inform. Process. Lett. 100 (2006), no. 6, 233–237. MR2270826
(2007f:68084)
224. F. S. Macaulay, The algebraic theory of modular systems, Revised reprint of the 1916
original, With an introduction by Paul Roberts, Cambridge Mathematical Library,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994. MR1281612 (95i:13001)
225. I. G. Macdonald, Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials, With contributions by
A. Zelevinsky, Oxford Science Publications, second ed., Oxford Mathematical Mono-
graphs, The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. MR1354144
(96h:05207)
226. Kay Magaard and Gunter Malle, Irreducibility of alternating and symmetric squares,
Manuscripta Math. 95 (1998), no. 2, 169–180. MR1603309 (99a:20011)
227. G. Malod and N. Portier, Characterizing Valiant’s algebraic complexity classes, Jour-
nal of Complexity 24 (2008), 16–38.
228. L. Manivel, On spinor varieties and their secants, preprint, arXiv:0904.0565.
229. Laurent Manivel, Fonctions symétriques, polynômes de Schubert et lieux de
dégénérescence, Cours Spécialisés [Specialized Courses], vol. 3, Société Mathématique
de France, Paris, 1998. MR1638048 (99k:05159)
230. Marvin Marcus and F. C. May, The permanent function, Canad. J. Math. 14 (1962),
177–189. MR0137729 (25 #1178)
231. Ju. V. Matijasevič, The Diophantineness of enumerable sets, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR
191 (1970), 279–282. MR0258744 (41 #3390)
232. Peter McCullagh, Tensor methods in statistics, Monographs on Statistics and Applied
Probability, Chapman & Hall, London, 1987. MR907286 (88k:62004)
233. Massimiliano Mella, Singularities of linear systems and the Waring problem, Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. 358 (2006), no. 12, 5523–5538 (electronic). MR2238925
(2007h:14059)
234. Roy Meshulam, On two extremal matrix problems, Linear Algebra Appl. 114/115
(1989), 261–271. MR986879 (90g:15004)
235. Thierry Mignon and Nicolas Ressayre, A quadratic bound for the determinant and
permanent problem, Int. Math. Res. Not. (2004), no. 79, 4241–4253. MR2126826
(2006b:15015)
236. Shigeru Mukai, Fano 3-folds, Complex projective geometry (Trieste, 1989/Bergen,
1989), London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., vol. 179, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
bridge, 1992, pp. 255–263. MR1201387 (94a:14042)
237. Jurgen Müller and Max Neunhöffer, Some computations regarding Foulkes’ conjec-
ture, Experiment. Math. 14 (2005), no. 3, 277–283. MR2172706 (2006e:05186)
238. Ketan D. Mulmuley, Geometric complexity theory: On canonical bases for the non-
standard quantum groups, preprint.
428 Bibliography
239. , Geometric complexity theory VI: the flip via saturated and positive integer
programming in representation theory and algebraic geometry, Technical Report TR-
2007-04, computer science department, The University of Chicago, May, 2007.
240. , Geometric complexity theory VII: Nonstandard quantum group for the
plethysm problem, preprint.
241. Ketan D. Mulmuley and H. Narayaran, Geometric complexity theory V: On deciding
nonvanishing of a generalized Littlewood-Richardson coefficient, Technical Report
TR-2007-05, computer science department, The University of Chicago, May, 2007.
242. Ketan D. Mulmuley and Milind Sohoni, Geometric complexity theory III: on de-
ciding positivity of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients, preprint cs.ArXiv preprint
cs.CC/0501076.
243. , Geometric complexity theory IV: quantum group for the Kronecker problem,
preprint available at UC cs dept. homepage.
244. , Geometric complexity theory. I. An approach to the P vs. NP and related
problems, SIAM J. Comput. 31 (2001), no. 2, 496–526 (electronic). MR1861288
(2003a:68047)
245. , Geometric complexity theory. II. Towards explicit obstructions for em-
beddings among class varieties, SIAM J. Comput. 38 (2008), no. 3, 1175–1206.
MR2421083
246. David Mumford, Varieties defined by quadratic equations, Questions on Algebraic
Varieties (C.I.M.E., III Ciclo, Varenna, 1969), Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, 1970,
pp. 29–100. MR0282975 (44 #209)
247. , Algebraic geometry. I, Classics in Mathematics, Complex projective varieties,
Reprint of the 1976 edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995. MR1344216 (96d:14001)
248. A. Gimigliano M. V. Catalisano, and A. Geramita, Secant varieties of (p1 ) (p1 )
(n-times) are not defective for n ≥ 5, preprint arXiv:0809.1701.
249. G. B. Giannakis, N. D. Sidiropoulos, and R. Bro, Blind parafac receivers for ds-cdma
systems, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 48 (2000), no. 3, 810–823.
250. Kok Onn Ng, The classification of (3, 3, 3) trilinear forms, J. Reine Angew. Math.
468 (1995), 49–75. MR1361786 (97a:14051)
251. Katsumi Nomizu, Fundamentals of linear algebra, second ed., Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, 1979. MR533885 (80e:15001)
252. L. Oeding, Set-theoretic defining equations of the tangential variety of the Segre va-
riety, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 215 (2011), 1516–1527. MR276247
253. , The variety of principal minors of symmetric matrices, preprint.
254. Luke Oeding and Giorgio Ottaviani, Eigenvectors of tensors and algorithms for War-
ing decomposition, preprint arXiv:1103.0203.
255. Giorgio Ottaviani, On 3-folds in P5 which are scrolls, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa
Cl. Sci. (4) 19 (1992), no. 3, 451–471. MR1205407 (94a:14040)
256. , Symplectic bundles on the plane, secant varieties and Lüroth quartics revis-
ited, Vector bundles and low-codimensional subvarieties: state of the art and recent
developments, Quad. Mat., vol. 21, Dept. Math., Seconda Univ. Napoli, Caserta,
2007, pp. 315–352. MR2554725
257. , An invariant regarding Waring’s problem for cubic polynomials, Nagoya
Math. J. 193 (2009), 95–110. MR2502909
258. Giorgio Ottaviani and Elena Rubei, Quivers and the cohomology of homogeneous
vector bundles, Duke Math. J. 132 (2006), no. 3, 459–508. MR2219264
Bibliography 429
259. Lior Pachter and Bernd Sturmfels (eds.), Algebraic statistics for computational biol-
ogy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005. MR2205865 (2006i:92002)
260. F. Palatini, Sulla rappresentazione delle forme ed in particolare della cubica quinaria
con la somme di potenze di forme lineari, Atti R. Accad. Sc. Torino 38 (1902-1903),
43–50.
261. C. H. Papadimitriou, Computational complexity, Addison Wesley, 1994.
262. P. G. Parfenov, Orbits and their closures in the spaces Ck1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ Ckr , Mat. Sb. 192
(2001), no. 1, 89–112. MR1830474 (2002b:14057)
263. Ernst Pascal, Grundlagen für eine Theorie der Systeme totaler Differentialgleichun-
gen 2ter O, Math. Ann. 54 (1901), no. 3, 400–416. MR1511117
264. Roger Penrose and Wolfgang Rindler, Spinors and space-time. Vol. 1, Two-spinor
calculus and relativistic fields, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. MR917488 (88h:83009)
265. Giovanni Pistone, Eva Riccomagno, and Henry P. Wynn, Algebraic statistics, Com-
putational commutative algebra in statistics, Monographs on Statistics and Applied
Probability, vol. 89, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. MR2332740
(2008f:62098)
266. Plato, The republic, book x, Translated by Benjamin Jowett, http://classics.mit.edu/
Plato/republic.11.x.html, 360 B.C.E.
267. Olga Porras, Rank varieties and their resolutions, J. Algebra 186 (1996), no. 3,
677–723. MR1424589 (98d:13012)
268. Claudio Procesi, Lie groups, An approach through invariants and representations,
Universitext, Springer, New York, 2007. MR2265844 (2007j:22016)
269. M. O. Rabin, Mathematical theory of automata, Proceedings of the 19-th annual
ACM symposium in Applied Mathematics (1966), 153–175.
270. Claudiu Raicu, 3 × 3 minors of catalecticants, preprint, arXiv:1011.1564.
271. , The GSS conjecture, preprint, arXiv:1011.5867v1.
272. Kristian Ranestad and Frank-Olaf Schreyer, On the rank of a symmetric form,
arXiv:1104.3648, preprint.
273. , Varieties of sums of powers, J. Reine Angew. Math. 525 (2000), 147–181.
MR1780430 (2001m:14009)
274. Alexander A. Razborov and Steven Rudich, Natural proofs, J. Comput. System Sci.
55 (1997), no. 1, part 1, 24–35, 26th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of
Computing (STOC ’94) (Montreal, PQ, 1994). MR1473047 (98m:68094)
275. N. Yu. Reshetikhin and V. G. Turaev, Ribbon graphs and their invariants derived
from quantum groups, Comm. Math. Phys. 127 (1990), no. 1, 1–26. MR1036112
(91c:57016)
276. John A. Rhodes, A concise proof of Kruskal’s theorem on tensor decomposition,
Linear Algebra Appl. 432 (2010), no. 7, 1818–1824. MR2592918 (2011c:15076)
277. H. W. Richmond, On canonical forms, Quart. J. Math. 33 (1902), 331–340.
278. Gian-Carlo Rota and Jianhong Shen, On the combinatorics of cumulants, In mem-
ory of Gian-Carlo Rota, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 91 (2000), no. 1-2, 283–304.
MR1779783 (2001h:05022)
279. Herbert John Ryser, Combinatorial mathematics, The Carus Mathematical Mono-
graphs, No. 14, Published by The Mathematical Association of America, 1963.
MR0150048 (27 #51)
430 Bibliography
280. A. W. Sandvik and G. Vidal, Variational quantum Monte Carlo simulations with
tensor-network states, Physical Review Letters 99 (2007), no. 22, 589–591.
281. M. Sato and T. Kimura, A classification of irreducible prehomogeneous vector spaces
and their relative invariants, Nagoya Math. J. 65 (1977), 1–155. MR0430336 (55
#3341)
282. A. Schönhage, Partial and total matrix multiplication, SIAM J. Comput. 10 (1981),
no. 3, 434–455. MR623057 (82h:68070)
283. Frank-Olaf Schreyer, Geometry and algebra of prime Fano 3-folds of genus 12, Com-
positio Math. 127 (2001), no. 3, 297–319. MR1845040 (2002d:14062)
284. T. Schultz and H.-P. Seidel, Estimating crossing fibers: A tensor decomposition ap-
proach, Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions 14 (2008), no. 6,
1077–2626.
285. Gerald W. Schwarz, Representations of simple Lie groups with regular rings of in-
variants, Invent. Math. 49 (1978), no. 2, 167–191. MR511189 (80m:14032)
286. Beniamino Segre, Bertini forms and Hessian matrices, J. London Math. Soc. 26
(1951), 164–176.
287. Jean-Pierre Serre, Linear representations of finite groups, Translated from the sec-
ond French edition by Leonard L. Scott, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 42,
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977. MR0450380 (56 #8675)
288. F. Severi, Intorno ai punti doppi impropri di una superficie generale dello spazio a
quattro dimensioni, e ai suoi punti tripli apparenti, Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 15
(1901), no. 2, 33–51.
289. Igor R. Shafarevich, Basic algebraic geometry. 1, Varieties in projective space, second
ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994, Translated from the 1988 Russian edition and with
notes by Miles Reid. MR1328833 (95m:14001)
290. N. D. Sidiropoulos and R. Bro, On the uniqueness of multilinear decomposition of
n-way arrays, J. Chemometrics 14 (2000), no. 3, 229–239.
291. J. Sidman and S. Sullivant, Secant varieties and prolongations, preprint.
292. Jessica Sidman and Gregory G. Smith, Linear determinantal equations for all pro-
jective schemes, arXiv:0910.2424v3, 2009.
293. Aron Simis and Bernd Ulrich, On the ideal of an embedded join, J. Algebra 226
(2000), no. 1, 1–14. MR1749874 (2001f:13031)
294. Michael Sipser, The history and status of the p versus np question, STOC ’92 Proceed-
ings of the twenty-fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (1992),
603–618.
295. Michael Spivak, A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry. Vol. I, second
ed., Publish or Perish Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1979. MR532830 (82g:53003a)
296. , A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry. Vol. V, second ed.,
Publish or Perish Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1979. MR532834 (82g:53003e)
297. Alwin Stegeman, On uniqueness conditions for Candecomp/Parafac and Indscal with
full column rank in one mode, Linear Algebra Appl. 431 (2009), no. 1-2, 211–227.
MR2522569 (2010h:62179)
298. , On uniqueness of the nth order tensor decomposition into rank-1 terms with
linear independence in one mode, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 31 (2010), no. 5,
2498–2516. MR2685168
299. Alwin Stegeman and Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos, On Kruskal’s uniqueness condition
for the candecomp/parafac decomposition, Linear Algebra Appl. 420 (2007), no. 2-3,
540–552. MR2278230 (2008b:15092)
Bibliography 431
300. V. Strassen, Rank and optimal computation of generic tensors, Linear Algebra Appl.
52/53 (1983), 645–685. MR85b:15039
301. Volker Strassen, Gaussian elimination is not optimal, Numer. Math. 13 (1969), 354–
356. MR40#2223
302. , Vermeidung von Divisionen, J. Reine Angew. Math. 264 (1973), 184–202.
MR0521168 (58 #25128)
303. Bernd Sturmfels, Algorithms in invariant theory, Texts and Monographs in Symbolic
Computation, Springer-Verlag, Vienna, 1993. MR1255980 (94m:13004)
304. L. Teichert, Die Komplexität von Bilinearformpaaren über beliebigen Korpern, PhD
thesis, unpublished (1986).
305. H. N. V. Temperley and Michael E. Fisher, Dimer problem in statistical mechanics—
an exact result, Philos. Mag. (8) 6 (1961), 1061–1063. MR0136398 (24 #B2436)
306. Jos M. F. Ten Berge, Alwin Stegeman, and Mohammed Bennani Dosse, The Carroll
and Chang conjecture of equal Indscal components when Candecomp/Parafac gives
perfect fit, Linear Algebra Appl. 430 (2009), no. 2-3, 818–829. MR2473189
307. A. Terracini, Sulla vk per cui la varieta degli sh (h + 1)-seganti ha dimensione minore
dell’ordinario, Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 31 (1911), 392–396.
308. , Sulla rappresentazione delle coppie di forme ternarie mediante somme di
potenze di forme lineari, Annali Mat. (1915), no. 24, Selecta Vol I.
309. Robin Thomas, A survey of Pfaffian orientations of graphs, International Congress
of Mathematicians. Vol. III, Eur. Math. Soc., Zürich, 2006, pp. 963–984. MR2275714
(2008f:05161)
310. S. Toda, Classes of arithmetic circuits capturing the complexity of computing the
determinant, IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E75-D (1992), 116–124.
311. L. R. Tucker, Implications of factor analysis of three-way matrices for measurement
of change, Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on 14 (2008),
no. 6, 1077–2626.
312. L. G. Valiant, The complexity of computing the permanent, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 8
(1979), no. 2, 189–201. MR526203 (80f:68054)
313. Leslie G. Valiant, Completeness classes in algebra, Proc. 11th ACM STOC, 1979,
pp. 249–261.
314. Leslie G. Valiant, Quantum computers that can be simulated classically in polyno-
mial time, Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of
Computing (New York), ACM, 2001, pp. 114–123 (electronic). MR2120307
315. , Expressiveness of matchgates, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 289 (2002), no. 1,
457–471. MR1932906 (2003i:68033)
316. , Quantum circuits that can be simulated classically in polynomial time, SIAM
J. Comput. 31 (2002), no. 4, 1229–1254.
317. , Holographic algorithms (extended abstract), Proceedings of the 45th annual
Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (2004), 306–315.
318. , Holographic circuits, Automata, languages and programming, Lecture
Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 3580, Springer, Berlin, 2005, pp. 1–15. MR2184617
(2006g:68079)
319. , Holographic algorithms, SIAM J. Comput. 37 (2008), no. 5, 1565–1594.
MR2386281
320. L. G. Valiant, Reducibility by algebraic projections, Logic and Algorithmic: an In-
ternational Symposium held in honor of Ernst Specker, vol. 30, Monogr. No. 30 de
l’Enseign. Math., 1982, pp. 365–380.
432 Bibliography
321. R. C. Vaughan and T. D. Wooley, Waring’s problem: a survey, Number theory for
the millennium, III (Urbana, IL, 2000), A K Peters, Natick, MA, 2002, pp. 301–340.
MR1956283 (2003j:11116)
322. D. Vere-Jones, Alpha-permanents and their applications to multivariate gamma, neg-
ative binomial and ordinary binomial distributions, New Zealand J. Math. 26 (1997),
no. 1, 125–149. MR1450811 (98j:15007)
323. F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, D. Perez-Garcia, and J. I. Cirac, Criticality, the area law,
and the computational power of projected entangled pair states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96
(2006), no. 22, 220601, 4 pp. MR2231431 (2006m:81082)
324. È. B. Vinberg, The Weyl group of a graded Lie algebra, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser.
Mat. 40 (1976), no. 3, 488–526, 709. MR0430168 (55 #3175)
325. , Classification of homogeneous nilpotent elements of a semisimple graded
Lie algebra, Trudy Sem. Vektor. Tenzor. Anal. (1979), no. 19, 155–177. MR549013
(80k:17006)
326. Pierre Vogel, The universal Lie algebra, preprint.
327. , Invariants de type fini, Nouveaux invariants en géométrie et en topologie,
Panor. Synthèses, vol. 11, Soc. Math. France, Paris, 2001, pp. 99–128. MR1882446
(2002j:57028)
328. Claire Voisin, Hodge theory and complex algebraic geometry. I, Cambridge Studies
in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 76, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002,
Translated from the French original by Leila Schneps. MR1967689 (2004d:32020)
329. Joachim von zur Gathen, Permanent and determinant, Linear Algebra Appl. 96
(1987), 87–100. MR910987 (89a:15005)
330. R. Westwick, Spaces of matrices of fixed rank, Linear and Multilinear Algebra 20
(1987), no. 2, 171–174. MR878293 (87m:15003)
331. , Spaces of matrices of fixed rank. II, Linear Algebra Appl. 235 (1996), 163–
169. MR1374258 (97g:15001)
332. J. Weyman and A. Zelevinsky, Singularities of hyperdeterminants, Ann. Inst. Fourier
(Grenoble) 46 (1996), no. 3, 591–644. MR1411723 (97m:14050)
333. Jerzy Weyman, Cohomology of vector bundles and syzygies, Cambridge Tracts in
Mathematics, vol. 149, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. MR1988690
(2004d:13020)
334. S. Winograd, On multiplication of 2×2 matrices, Linear Algebra and Appl. 4 (1971),
381–388. MR45#6173
335. Gary W. McNeice and Alan G. Jones, Multisite, multifrequency tensor decomposition
of magnetotelluric data, Geophysics 66 (2001), no. 1, 158–173.
336. Ke Ye, On the geometry of immanants, to appear in LAA.
337. J. Yerushalmy, On the Configuration of the Nine Base Points of a Pencil of Equian-
harmonic Cubics, Amer. J. Math. 54 (1932), no. 2, 279–284. MR1506892
338. F. L. Zak, Projections of algebraic varieties, Mat. Sb. (N.S.) 116(158) (1981), no. 4,
593–602, 608. MR665860 (84i:14012)
339. , Tangents and secants of algebraic varieties, Translations of Mathematical
Monographs, vol. 127, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1993, Trans-
lated from the Russian manuscript by the author. MR94i:14053
Index
Chd (V ), 221 Subr (S d V ), 69

Fk , Fubini forms, 217 equations of, 176
F lag1,2 (V ), 164 Subr (S d V ), symmetric subspace variety,
F latr , 178 176
G-invariants, 149 Subr (Λk V ), skew-symmetric subspace
G-module, 30 variety, 177
G-module map, 138 Tx∗ X, cotangent space, 113
G-variety, 110, 164 Tx X, intrinsic tangent space, 113
G(2, V ), equations for, 106 U (g), 386
G(k, V ) Grassmannian, 106 U ⊥ , 28
G/P , 166 V /W , 111
equations for, 169 V G , 149
GL(V ), 30 V ⊗k , 33
GLv C, 30 Vĵ , 33
I(X), 99 X-rank, 120
J(Y, Z), join of varieties, 118 typical, 121
N (V ), 246 X ∨ , dual variety of X, 211
P D, 364 Xsing singular points of X, 107
j Xsmooth , 107
RX , 122
RankA r , 178 [π]
SL(V ), 47 definition, 143
S 2 V , 40 [π], Sd -module, 141
S d (A1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ An ), decomposition of, 149 C[G], group algebra of finite group, 139
S d V , 42 C[V ]G , 246
as subspace of V ⊗d invariant under Sd , C[X], 112
48 PV , 99
STπ V , 144 Sd , representations of, 140
Sπ V , 145 Sn , 56
S21 V , 54 Λ2 V , 40
STπ V , 144 Λk V , 44
Sπ V , 145, 184 Λg , 384
d
Sπ V , 145 i1 ,...,iw
, 162
invariant definition of, 148 M1,2 , 260
Seg(PA × PB), 102 Q, 390
Sf latr (S d V ∗ ), 178 S, 175, 390
Subr , 69 χV , character, 151
433
434 Index
◦, 41 Barth equation, 86
cνπμ , Littlewood-Richardson coefficients, basis of vector space, 55
153 Bayesian network, 23
(π), length of π, 141 Bertini’s theorem, 230
g, 160 Bianchi identity, 148
gl(V ), 160 bilinear map, 7
N̂x∗ X, 108 bipartite graph, 316
Ŝubr1 ,...,rn (A1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ An ), 69 blind source separation, 290
T̂x X, affine tangent space, 107 block term decomposition, 297
Ẑ, 99 blowup, 377
σ̂3 , equations for, 87 border rank, 38, 103
σ̂4 , equations for, 87 of bilinear map, 9
σ̂r , 10, 11 Chow, 221
σ̂r,A⊗B , 10 of polynomial, 10
σ̂r,A⊗B⊗C , 11 partially symmetric, 78
, 45 Borel subgroup, 159
dc, 325 Bott chamber, 391
|π|, 141 BPSK, 294
π , conjugate partition, 145 Brill’s equations, 223
π ∗ , 146 BRPP, 133
σr , 103 Brunelleschi, 99
σr (Seg(PA × PB)), ideal of, 156 BSS, 290
BTD, 297
τ (X), tangential variety, 208
HCn , 317
CANDECOMP, 289
PerfMat, 316
canonical polyadic decomposition, 289
sgn, 56
Cartan component, 168
W , 396
Cartan power, 169
R, 10
Cartan product, 168
RS , 10
Castling transform, 247
VP, 319
catalecticant, 76
VPe , 317
character of representation, 151
VPws , 320
Chevalley basis, 386
dP |x , differential of P at x, 98
Chow variety, 221
dc, 325
Brill’s equations for, 223
dck , k-th order determinantal complexity,
equations of, 221
326
Chow’s Theorem, 102
k-plane, 106
circuit, arithmetic, 318
kπμν , Kronecker coefficients, 150
circuits, weakly skew, 320
r-N W D, 73
Clebsch hypersurface, 181
v2 (PV ), 103
closure, Euclidean, 118
vd (X), Veronese reembedding, 105 column rank, 29
vd (PV ), 104 Comas-Seguir theorem, 233
vd (PV )∨ , dual of Veronese, 211 commutant, 147
vd (P1 ), 104 complete flag, 159
3NAE-SAT, 350 complete intersection, 120
concise tensor, 69
additive noise, 290 cone, 118
affine conormal space, 108 affine, 99
affine tangent space, 107 cone over projective variety, 99
affine variety, normal, 396 cone over variety, 117
Alexander-Hirschowitz theorem, 71 conjugacy class, 140
algebraic statistical model, 23 conjugate partition, 145
algebraic variety, 10, 99 connectedness theorem, 209
ideal of, 99 conormal space, 113, 217
annihilator of subspace, 28 affine, 108
arithmetic circuit, 318 content, 145
Index 435
contraction, 39 equations of varieties, 100

coordinate ring, 112 essentially unique, 305
coroots, 384 exact sequence, 55
cotangent space, 113 expectation, 13
covariance matrices, for Gaussian k-factor expected generic rank of tensor, 70
model, 190 exponent of matrix multiplication, 6
covariance matrix, 13 extension problem, 337
CP decomposition, 289 exterior algebra, 44
partially unique, 72 exterior differential system, 188
unique up to finite, 72
cubic equation, algorithm to solve, 303 fading/gain, 294
cubic polynomial, rank of, 235 Fano variety, 226
cumulant, 13 fiber of tensor, 34
curvilinear lemma, 377 filtration, 30
cyclic cover, 317 FKT, 355
FKT algorithm, 354
dancing point, 377, 378 flag, 159
degree flattening, 74
of dual to Segre, 214 Koszul, 303
of Grassmannian, 169 symmetric, 76
of Segre, 169 flattenings
degree of variety, 114 equations of, 75
Desargues, 99 symmetric, 76
determinant, 18 fluorescence spectroscopy, 11
formula for, 19 Foulkes-Howe map, 222
group of symmetries of, 213 Fram-Toeplitz invariant, 86
of linear map, 46 free resolution of ideal, 398
Pascal, 214 Friedland’s equations, 200
rank bounds for, 236 Frobenius formula, 152
determinantal complexity, 325 Fubini forms, 217
determinantal ideal, 105 function, normally distributed, 292
dimension of S d Cv , 42 functorial construction, 46
dimension of variety, 108 fundamental form, k-th, 217
dimension of vector space, 55 fundamental theorem of linear algebra, 28
dimensions of tensor, 33
direct sum of vector spaces, 29 Gauss map, 215
discriminant hypersurface, 211 Gaussian elimination, 19
double-commutant theorem, 147 Gaussian function, 292
DS-CDMA, 293 GCT, 332
dual basis, 30, 55 general linear group, 30
dual defect, 216 general linear position, 73, 306
dual variety, 211 generic rank, 69
reflexivity theorem, 212 expected, 70
dual vector space, 7 geometric complexity theory, 332
duplex rank, 33 Girard formula, 171
GIT quotient, 246
eigenline of map S δ V → Λa V , 304 graph, 316
eigenvector, 55 perfect matching of, 316
Einstein’s equations, 148 Grassmann variety, 106
elementary symmetric functions, 170, 171 Grassmannian, 106
elimination theory, 112 as vectors of minors, 341
elliptic curve, 260 degree of, 169
equations equations for, 168
ideal-theoretic, 100 Lagrangian, 343
scheme-theoretic, 100 tautological bundles on, 390
set-theoretic, 100 group
equations of flattenings, 75 definition of, 56
436 Index
finite, 139 join

order, 139 of k varieties, 118
group algebra, 139 dimension of, 119
group homomorphism, 56 join of varieties, 118
GSS conjecture, 175 joins, irreducibility of, 118
Jordan canonical form, 57
hafnian, 317
Hamiltonian circuit, 317 Kac’s list, 247
Hamiltonian cycle polynomial, 317 Kempf-Weyman desingularization, 175
hat notation, 99 Kepler, 99
Hessian, 259 Killing form, 383
highest weight line, 159 Koszul flattening, 303
highest weight vector, 158, 384 Koszul sequence, 398
Hilbert function, 114 Kronecker coefficients, 150
Hilbert polynomial, 114 Kruskal rank, 73, 306
Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz, 113
holographic algorithms, 347 Lagragian Grassmannian, 343
homogeneous variety, 166 Lefshetz hyperplane theorem, 231
and highest weight vectors, 165 left kernel, 33
definition of, 110 Levi factor, 390
ideal of, 169 Lie algebra, 160
tangent space, 166 semisimple, 381
homogeneous vector bundle, 390 simple, 381
hook length, 143 Lie’s theorem, 158
hook length formula, 143 linear map
hyperdeterminant, 214 trace of, 35
hyperplane, 102 linear algebra, fundamental theorem, 28
hypersurface, 102 linear map, 7
projection, 35
i-th kernel, 33 rank one, 28
i.i.d., 366 transpose/adjoint of, 56
ICI, 296 linear normality, 120
ideal, 56 linear section of variety, 102
free resolution of, 398 linear subspace of projective space, 99
minimal free resolution of, 398 linear syzygy, 398
prime, 101 Littlewood-Richardson rule, 153
radical, 113 Liu-Regan algorithm, 325
ideal-theoretic equations, 100
image of rational map, 112 Markov, 366
image-rank variety, 178 matrix, representing linear map, 55
immanant, 329, 330 maximal torus, 158, 382
impulse response, 296 mean of function, 13
INDSCAL, 44 minimal resolution, 398
inheritance, 184 mixing matrix, 290
interchip interference, 296 mixture
intersignal interference, 296 overdetermined, 15
intrinsic tangent space, 113 underdetermined, 15
invariant subset, 31 mode j rank, 33
invariant theory, first theorem, 45 mode product, 39
irreducible module, 31 module for G, 30
irreducible variety, 101 module homomorphism, 138
ISI, 296 module map, 138
isomorphic G-modules, 138 moments of random variable, 13, 291
isotypic, 54 multilinear, 33
multilinear rank, 33
Jacobi identity, 160 multinomial coefficient, 162
Jacobsthal sequence, 153 multiplicity, 100
Index 437
of module, 54 QAM-4, 294

of zero, 232 quasi-homogeneous variety
differential invariants of, 326
natural wiring diagram, 58 tangent space of, 167
normal, 337 quotient vector space, 111
normal affine variety, 396
normally distributed function, 292 random variable, 13
NTWD, 302 statistical independence, 14
nullcone of module, 246 rank
Nullstellensatz, 113 X-border rank, 120
NWD, 73, 300 X-rank, 120
additivity of, 231
duplex, 33
observation vector, 290
elementary results on, 68
order of group, 139
maximum possible, 68, 230
order of tensor, 33
mode j, 33
osculating sequence, 217
multilinear, 33
osculating varieties, 218
of a bilinear map, 8
outer product rank, 35
of a binary form, 233
overdetermined mixture, 15
of a Lie algebra, 382
of a linear map, 7, 28, 55
parabolic subgroup, 166 of a tensor, 35
PARAFAC, 289 of elements of S 3 C3 , 258
partial stability, 333 outer product, 35
partial uniqueness, 72 partially symmetric, 78
partially symmetric border rank, 78 typical, 69
partially symmetric tensor rank, 78 via matrices, 68
geometric definition, 121 rank one linear map, 28
partition, 141 rank one tensor, 35
conjugate, 145 ranks
length of, 141 of points on tangential variety, 209
Pascal determinant, 214 rational canonical form, 57
perfect matching of graph, 316 rational map, 112
perfect pairing, 34 rational normal curve, 104
permanent, 21, 329 rational variety, 112
geometric definition of, 329 reducible variety, 101
rank bounds for, 236 reductive, 381
permutation group, 56 reductive group, 54
representations of, 140 reflexivity theorem for dual varieties, 212
Pfaffian, 51, 315 regular map, 112
Pieri formula, 155 relative differential invariant, 217
Plücker embedding, 106 representation: linear, 30
plane cubic curves, normal forms for, 258 Riemann curvature tensor, 148
polarization, 42 right kernel, 33
power sums, 170, 171 ring, 56
principal minors, variety of, 344 of invariant polynomials, 246
probability distributions, 364 root
projection, 35 history of name, 383
projection of v2 (P2 ), 113 simple, 384
projection of variety, 111 root system, 384
projective space, 99 roots
projectively equivalent, 100 associated to a Lie algebra, 383
projectively inequivalent, 100 row rank, 29
projectively normal, 396 RPP, 133
projectivization, 99
prolongation, 80, 186 sacred equation, 397
definition of, 187 salmon prize, 369
438 Index
set-theoretic, 88 symmetric border rank, 10, 43

set-theoretic proof, 201 lower bound for, 231
SAT, 348 symmetric flattening, 76
scheme-theoretic equations, 100 symmetric flattenings, 76
Schur duality, 147 symmetric functions, 170
Schur’s lemma, 138 symmetric power of vector space, 42
Schur-Weyl duality, 146 symmetric rank
secant defect, 119 and polarization, 70
secant defect problem, 120 of polynomial, 9
secant varieties, Zak’s theorems on, 120 symmetric subspace variety, equations of,
secant variety, 118 176
degenerate, 119 symmetric tensor rank, 43
dimension of, 119 expected generic, 71
irreducibility of, 118 geometric interpretation, 121
nondegenerate, 119 maximum possible, 71
second fundamental form, projective, 216 via subspaces, 70
Segre variety symmetric tensors as subspace of V ⊗d
n-factor, 102 invariant under Sd , 48
Segre embedding, 103
Segre products, defectivity of, 127 tableau, semistandard, 162
Segre varieties, defectivity of, 128 tame orbit structure, 247
Segre variety, 102 tangent space, 107
definition of, 103 affine, 107
degree of, 169 intrinsic, 113
tangent space to, 108 to submanifold of vector space, 107
two-factor, 102 tangent space to homogeneous variety, 166
Segre-Veronese variety, 170 tangent star, 209
semisimple Lie algebra, 381 tangential variety, 209
semistandard Young tableau, 162 dimension of, 217
set-theoretic equations, 100 tangentially weakly defective, 302
Severi variety, 120 tautological subspace bundle, 175
sheaf cohomology, 391 tensor, 33
sign of permutation, 56 concise, 69
simple Lie algebra, 381 dimensions of, 33
singular point, 107 expected generic rank, 70
singular variety, 107 order of, 33
skew Young tableau, 156 rank one, 35
slice of tensor, 33 tensor algebra, 44
smooth point of variety, 107 tensor product, 33
source vector, 290 tensor rank
special linear group, 47 elementary results on, 68
spinor variety, 345 geometric interpretation, 121
spreading gain, 294 maximum possible, 68
spreading sequence, 294 symmetric, 43
standard Young tableau, 143 via subspaces of matrices, 68
statistically independent, 13, 14 Terracini’s lemma, 122
stochastic processes, 290 tr, trace, 35
Strassen’s algorithm, 5 trace of linear map, 35
Strassen’s equation history, 86 transpose of linear map, 56
submodule, 31 triple Segre products, defectivity of, 127
subspace variety, 69, 174 trivial representation, 138
and flattenings, 75 Tucker rank, 33, 174
equations for, 175 typical X-rank, 121
skew-symmetric, 177 typical rank, 69
symmetric, 176 Euclidean definition, 69
Sylvester pentahedral theorem, 304 expected, examples of, 121
symmetric algebra, 44 over R, 121, 208
Index 439
typical X-rank, 121 tangentially, 302

typical symmetric rank, 69 Wedderburn’s theorem, 281
weight, 382
underdetermined mixture, 15 dominant, 384
unique up to finite decomposition, 72 multiplicity of, 382
unique, essentially, 305 weight lattice, 384
uniruled, 212 weight vector, 384
Universal envelopping algebra, 386 weighted graph, 316
weights of torus action, 158
varieties, intrinsically equivalent, 100 Weyl chamber, 391
variety Weyl dimension formula, 385
Chow, 221 Weyl group, 391
algebraic, 99 affine action, 391
codimension of, 114 wiring diagram, 58
conormal space of, 113 wiring diagrams, 58
coordinate ring of, 112 with probability one, 290
degree, 114
dimension of, 108 Yamonuchi, 156
homogeneous, 166 Young diagram, 141
irreducible, 101 skew, 156
linear section of, 102 Young flattening, 202
projectively normal, 396 Young symmetrizer, 142
quasi-homogeneous, 110 Young tableau, 142
rational, 112 skew, 156
reducible, 101 standard, 143
secant, 118
singular, 107 Zak’s theorems on secant varieties, 120
singular point, 107 Zariski closure, 100
tangent space of, 107 Zariski tangent space at smooth point, 113
two-factor Segre, 102 Zariski topology, 115
uniruled, 212 Zelevinsky favorite bipartite graph, 20
Veronese, 103
vector bundle
homogeneous, 390
vector space
basis of, 55
dimension of, 55
Veronese embedding, 104
Veronese reembedding, 105
ideal of, 105
Veronese variety, 103
definition of, 104
degree of, 169
equations for, 168
visible pair, 246
VNP, 320
volume form, 45
VP, 319
VPe, 317
VPws, 320
Waring decomposition
catalecticant algorithm, 302
Young flattening algorithm, 303
Waring problem, 125
weak defectivity, 73
weakly defective, 300
Titles in This Series
130 Viviana Ene and Jürgen Herzog, Gröbner bases in commutative algebra, 2012
129 Stuart P. Hastings and J. Bryce McLeod, Classical methods in ordinary differential
equations: With applications to boundary value problems, 2012
128 J. M. Landsberg, Tensors: Geometry and applications, 2012
127 Jeffrey Strom, Modern classical homotopy theory, 2011
126 Terence Tao, An introduction to measure theory, 2011
125 Dror Varolin, Riemann surfaces by way of complex analytic geometry, 2011
124 David A. Cox, John B. Little, and Henry K. Schenck, Toric varieties, 2011
123 Gregory Eskin, Lectures on linear partial differential equations, 2011
122 Teresa Crespo and Zbigniew Hajto, Algebraic groups and differential Galois theory,
2011
121 Tobias Holck Colding and William P. Minicozzi II, A course in minimal surfaces,
2011
120 Qing Han, A basic course in partial differential equations, 2011
119 Alexander Korostelev and Olga Korosteleva, Mathematical statistics: asymptotic
minimax theory, 2011
118 Hal L. Smith and Horst R. Thieme, Dynamical systems and population persistence,
2010
117 Terence Tao, An epsilon of room, I: pages from year three of a mathematical blog. A
textbook on real analysis, 2010
116 Joan Cerdà, Linear functional analysis, 2010
115 Julio González-Dı́az, Ignacio Garcı́a-Jurado, and M. Gloria Fiestras-Janeiro, An
introductory course on mathematical game theory, 2010
114 Joseph J. Rotman, Advanced modern algebra: Second edition, 2010
113 Thomas M. Liggett, Continuous time Markov processes: An introduction, 2010
112 Fredi Tröltzsch, Optimal control of partial differential equations: Theory, methods and
applications, 2010
111 Simon Brendle, Ricci flow and the sphere theorem, 2010
110 Matthias Kreck, Differential algebraic topology: From stratifolds to exotic spheres, 2010
109 John C. Neu, Training manual on transport and fluids, 2010
108 Enrique Outerelo and Jesús M. Ruiz, Mapping degree theory, 2009
107 Jeffrey M. Lee, Manifolds and differential geometry, 2009
106 Robert J. Daverman and Gerard A. Venema, Embeddings in manifolds, 2009
105 Giovanni Leoni, A first course in Sobolev spaces, 2009
104 Paolo Aluffi, Algebra: Chapter 0, 2009
103 Branko Grünbaum, Configurations of points and lines, 2009
102 Mark A. Pinsky, Introduction to Fourier analysis and wavelets, 2009
101 Ward Cheney and Will Light, A course in approximation theory, 2009
100 I. Martin Isaacs, Algebra: A graduate course, 2009
99 Gerald Teschl, Mathematical methods in quantum mechanics: With applications to
Schrödinger operators, 2009
98 Alexander I. Bobenko and Yuri B. Suris, Discrete differential geometry: Integrable
structure, 2008
97 David C. Ullrich, Complex made simple, 2008
96 N. V. Krylov, Lectures on elliptic and parabolic equations in Sobolev spaces, 2008
95 Leon A. Takhtajan, Quantum mechanics for mathematicians, 2008
94 James E. Humphreys, Representations of semisimple Lie algebras in the BGG category
O, 2008
93 Peter W. Michor, Topics in differential geometry, 2008
92 I. Martin Isaacs, Finite group theory, 2008
91 Louis Halle Rowen, Graduate algebra: Noncommutative view, 2008
TITLES IN THIS SERIES
90 Larry J. Gerstein, Basic quadratic forms, 2008

89 Anthony Bonato, A course on the web graph, 2008
88 Nathanial P. Brown and Narutaka Ozawa, C∗ -algebras and finite-dimensional
approximations, 2008
87 Srikanth B. Iyengar, Graham J. Leuschke, Anton Leykin, Claudia Miller, Ezra
Miller, Anurag K. Singh, and Uli Walther, Twenty-four hours of local cohomology,
2007
86 Yulij Ilyashenko and Sergei Yakovenko, Lectures on analytic differential equations,
2007
85 John M. Alongi and Gail S. Nelson, Recurrence and topology, 2007
84 Charalambos D. Aliprantis and Rabee Tourky, Cones and duality, 2007
83 Wolfgang Ebeling, Functions of several complex variables and their singularities
(translated by Philip G. Spain), 2007
82 Serge Alinhac and Patrick Gérard, Pseudo-differential operators and the Nash–Moser
theorem (translated by Stephen S. Wilson), 2007
81 V. V. Prasolov, Elements of homology theory, 2007
80 Davar Khoshnevisan, Probability, 2007
79 William Stein, Modular forms, a computational approach (with an appendix by Paul E.
Gunnells), 2007
78 Harry Dym, Linear algebra in action, 2007
77 Bennett Chow, Peng Lu, and Lei Ni, Hamilton’s Ricci flow, 2006
76 Michael E. Taylor, Measure theory and integration, 2006
75 Peter D. Miller, Applied asymptotic analysis, 2006
74 V. V. Prasolov, Elements of combinatorial and differential topology, 2006
73 Louis Halle Rowen, Graduate algebra: Commutative view, 2006
72 R. J. Williams, Introduction the the mathematics of finance, 2006
71 S. P. Novikov and I. A. Taimanov, Modern geometric structures and fields, 2006
70 Seán Dineen, Probability theory in finance, 2005
69 Sebastián Montiel and Antonio Ros, Curves and surfaces, 2005
68 Luis Caffarelli and Sandro Salsa, A geometric approach to free boundary problems,
2005
67 T.Y. Lam, Introduction to quadratic forms over fields, 2004
66 Yuli Eidelman, Vitali Milman, and Antonis Tsolomitis, Functional analysis, An
introduction, 2004
65 S. Ramanan, Global calculus, 2004
64 A. A. Kirillov, Lectures on the orbit method, 2004
63 Steven Dale Cutkosky, Resolution of singularities, 2004
62 T. W. Körner, A companion to analysis: A second first and first second course in
analysis, 2004
61 Thomas A. Ivey and J. M. Landsberg, Cartan for beginners: Differential geometry via
moving frames and exterior differential systems, 2003
60 Alberto Candel and Lawrence Conlon, Foliations II, 2003
59 Steven H. Weintraub, Representation theory of finite groups: algebra and arithmetic,
2003
58 Cédric Villani, Topics in optimal transportation, 2003
57 Robert Plato, Concise numerical mathematics, 2003
56 E. B. Vinberg, A course in algebra, 2003
55 C. Herbert Clemens, A scrapbook of complex curve theory, second edition, 2003
For a complete list of titles in this series, visit the

AMS Bookstore at www.ams.org/bookstore/.
Tensors are ubiquitous in the sciences. The geometry of tensors is both a powerful
tool for extracting information from data sets, and a beautiful subject in its own
right. This book has three intended uses: a classroom textbook, a reference work for
researchers in the sciences, and an account of classical and modern results in (aspects
of) the theory that will be of interest to researchers in geometry. For classroom
use, there is a modern introduction to multilinear algebra and to the geometry and
representation theory needed to study tensors, including a large number of exer-
cises. For researchers in the sciences, there is information on tensors in table format
for easy reference and a summary of the state of the art in elementary language.
This is the first book containing many classical results regarding tensors. Particular
applications treated in the book include the complexity of matrix multiplication, P
versus NP, signal processing, phylogenetics, and algebraic statistics. For geometers,
there is material on secant varieties, G-varieties, spaces with finitely many orbits
and how these objects arise in applications, discussions of numerous open questions
in geometry arising in applications, and expositions of advanced topics such as the
proof of the Alexander-Hirschowitz theorem and of the Weyman-Kempf method for
computing syzygies.
For additional information

and updates on this book, visit
www.ams.org/bookpages/gsm-128
GSM/128 AMS on the Web

w w w. a m s . o r g
www.ams.org

gsm128 Endmatter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

gsm128 Endmatter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

gsm128 Endmatter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are tensors used for according to the text?

What are tensors used for according to the text?

What classical results about tensors does the book contain?

What classical results about tensors does the book contain?

Tensors: Geometry

American Mathematical Society

American Mathematical Society

For additional information and updates on this book, visit

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Part 1. Motivation from applications, multilinear algebra, and

Chapter 2. Multilinear algebra 27

§2.6. Symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors 40

Part 2. Geometry and representation theory

§5.4. The polynomial Waring problem 125

GL(An )-module 149

Chapter 13. P v. NP 311

Part 4. Advanced topics

(5) Similarly I have used Chapter 13 as a basis of a semester-long class

Reference uses. I have compiled information on tensors in table format

Chapter 1: Motivating problems. I begin with a discussion of the com-

plays an especially important role. Tensor product states arising in quantum

Chapter 2: Multilinear algebra. The purpose of this chapter is to in-

Chapter 3: Elementary results on rank and border rank. Rank and

Chapter 4: Algebraic geometry for spaces of tensors. A central

Chapter 6: Exploiting symmetry: Representation theory for spaces

Chapter 7: Tests for border rank: Equations for secant varieties.

Chapter 8: Additional varieties useful for spaces of tensors. In

Chapter 9: Rank. It is more natural in algebraic geometry to discuss

The next four chapters deal with applications.

Chapter 11: The complexity of matrix multiplication. This chapter

Chapter 12: Tensor decomposition. In many applications one would

Chapter 13: P versus NP. This chapter includes an introduction to

Chapter 14: Varieties of tensors in phylogenetics and quantum me-

Chapter 15: Outline of the proof of the Alexander-Hirschowitz

Chapter 16: Representation theory. This chapter includes a brief de-

Kostant’s theorem that the ideals of homogeneous varieties are generated in

Chapter 17: Weyman’s method. The study of secant varieties of triple

0.3. Clash of cultures

0.4. Further reading

0.5. Conventions, acknowledgments

0.5.2. Layout. All theorems, propositions, remarks, examples, etc., are

0.5.3. Acknowledgments. This project started as a collaboration with

1. H. Abo, On non-defectivity of certain Segre-Veronese varieties, J. Symbolic Compu-

14. Edoardo Ballico, On the weak non-defectivity of Veronese embeddings of projec-

51. P. Bürgisser, J. M. Landsberg, L. Manivel, and J. Weyman, An overview of mathe-

199. Julian D. Laderman, A noncommutative algorithm for multiplying 3 × 3 matrices us-

Chd (V ), 221 Subr (S d V ), 69

contraction, 39 equations of varieties, 100

ﬁnite, 139 join

of module, 54 QAM-4, 294

set-theoretic, 88 symmetric border rank, 10, 43

typical X-rank, 121 tangentially, 302

90 Larry J. Gerstein, Basic quadratic forms, 2008

For a complete list of titles in this series, visit the

For additional information

GSM/128 AMS on the Web

You might also like