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Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C*

Inorganic Substances

Substance DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

Ag(s) 0 0 42.7
Ag1(aq) 105.9 77.1 73.9
AgCl(s) 2127.0 2109.7 96.1
AgBr(s) 299.5 295.9 107.1
AgI(s) 262.4 266.3 114.2
AgNO3(s) 2123.1 232.2 140.9
Al(s) 0 0 28.3
Al31(aq) 2524.7 2481.2 2313.38
AlCl3(s) 2705.6 2630.0 109.3
Al2O3(s) 21669.8 21576.4 50.99
As(s) 0 0 35.15
AsO342(aq) 2870.3 2635.97 2144.77
AsH3(g) 171.5
H3AsO4(s) 2900.4
Au(s) 0 0 47.7
Au2O3(s) 80.8 163.2 125.5
AuCl(s) 235.2
AuCl3(s) 2118.4
B(s) 0 0 6.5
B2O3(s) 21263.6 21184.1 54.0
H3BO3(s) 21087.9 2963.16 89.58
H3BO3(aq) 21067.8 2963.3 159.8
Ba(s) 0 0 66.9
Ba21(aq) 2538.4 2560.66 12.55
BaO(s) 2558.2 2528.4 70.3
BaCl2(s) 2860.1 2810.66 125.5
BaSO4(s) 21464.4 21353.1 132.2
BaCO3(s) 21218.8 21138.9 112.1
Be(s) 0 0 9.5
BeO(s) 2610.9 2581.58 14.1
Br2(l ) 0 0 152.3
Br2(g) 30.91 3.11 245.3
Br2(aq) 2120.9 2102.8 80.7
HBr(g) 236.2 253.2 198.48
C(graphite) 0 0 5.69
C(diamond) 1.90 2.87 2.4
CO(g) 2110.5 2137.3 197.9
CO2(g) 2393.5 2394.4 213.6
CO2(aq) 2412.9 2386.2 121.3

*The thermodynamic quantities of ions are based on the reference states that DH°f [H1(aq)] 5 0, DG°f [H1(aq)] 5 0,
and S°[H1(aq)] 5 0 (see p. 784).
(Continued)
A-8
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A-9 Appendix 3

Substance DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

CO232(aq) 2676.3 2528.1 253.1

HCO2 3 (aq) 2691.1 2587.1 94.98
H2CO3(aq) 2699.7 2623.2 187.4
CS2(g) 115.3 65.1 237.8
CS2(l) 87.3 63.6 151.0
HCN(aq) 105.4 112.1 128.9
CN2(aq) 151.0 165.69 117.99
(NH2)2CO(s) 2333.19 2197.15 104.6
(NH2)2CO(aq) 2319.2 2203.84 173.85
Ca(s) 0 0 41.6
Ca21(aq) 2542.96 2553.0 255.2
CaO(s) 2635.6 2604.2 39.8
Ca(OH)2(s) 2986.6 2896.8 83.4
CaF2(s) 21214.6 21161.9 68.87
CaCl2(s) 2794.96 2750.19 113.8
CaSO4(s) 21432.69 21320.3 106.69
CaCO3(s) 21206.9 21128.8 92.9
Cd(s) 0 0 51.46
Cd21(aq) 272.38 277.7 261.09
CdO(s) 2254.6 2225.06 54.8
CdCl2(s) 2389.1 2342.59 118.4
CdSO4(s) 2926.17 2820.2 137.2
Cl2(g) 0 0 223.0
Cl2(aq) 2167.2 2131.2 56.5
HCl(g) 292.3 295.27 187.0
Co(s) 0 0 28.45
Co21(aq) 267.36 251.46 155.2
CoO(s) 2239.3 2213.38 43.9
Cr(s) 0 0 23.77
Cr21(aq) 2138.9
Cr2O3(s) 21128.4 21046.8 81.17
CrO422(aq) 2863.16 2706.26 38.49
Cr2O722(aq) 21460.6 21257.29 213.8
Cs(s) 0 0 82.8
Cs1(aq) 2247.69 2282.0 133.05
Cu(s) 0 0 33.3
Cu1(aq) 51.88 50.2 226.4
Cu21(aq) 64.39 64.98 299.6
CuO(s) 2155.2 2127.2 43.5
Cu2O(s) 2166.69 2146.36 100.8
CuCl(s) 2134.7 2118.8 91.6
CuCl2(s) 2205.85 ? ?
CuS(s) 248.5 249.0 66.5
CuSO4(s) 2769.86 2661.9 113.39
F2(g) 0 0 203.34
F2(aq) 2329.1 2276.48 29.6
HF(g) 2271.6 2270.7 173.5
Fe(s) 0 0 27.2

(Continued)
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Appendix 3 A-10

Substance DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

Fe21(aq) 287.86 284.9 2113.39

Fe31(aq) 247.7 210.5 2293.3
FeCl3(s) 2400 2334 142.3
FeO(s) 2272.0 2255.2 60.8
Fe2O3(s) 2822.2 2741.0 90.0
Fe(OH)2(s) 2568.19 2483.55 79.5
Fe(OH)3(s) 2824.25 ? ?
H(g) 218.2 203.2 114.6
H2(g) 0 0 131.0
H1(aq) 0 0 0
OH2(aq) 2229.94 2157.30 210.5
H2O(l) 2285.8 2237.2 69.9
H2O(g) 2241.8 2228.6 188.7
H2O2(l) 2187.6 2118.1 ?
Hg(l) 0 0 77.4
Hg21(aq) 2164.38
HgO(s) 290.7 258.5 72.0
HgCl2(s) 2230.1
Hg2Cl2(s) 2264.9 2210.66 196.2
HgS(s) 258.16 248.8 77.8
HgSO4(s) 2704.17
Hg2SO4(s) 2741.99 2623.92 200.75
I2(s) 0 0 116.7
I2(g) 62.25 19.37 260.6
I(g) 106.6 70.16 180.7
I2(aq) 255.9 251.67 109.37
HI(g) 25.9 1.30 206.3
K(s) 0 0 63.6
K1(aq) 2251.2 2282.28 102.5
KOH(s) 2425.85
KCl(s) 2435.87 2408.3 82.68
KClO3(s) 2391.20 2289.9 142.97
KClO4(s) 2433.46 2304.18 151.0
KBr(s) 2392.17 2379.2 96.4
KI(s) 2327.65 2322.29 104.35
KNO3(s) 2492.7 2393.1 132.9
Li(s) 0 0 28.0
Li1(aq) 2278.46 2293.8 14.2
Li2O(s) 2595.8 ? ?
LiOH(s) 2487.2 2443.9 50.2
Mg(s) 0 0 32.5
Mg21(aq) 2461.96 2456.0 2117.99
MgO(s) 2601.8 2569.6 26.78
Mg(OH)2(s) 2924.66 2833.75 63.1
MgCl2(s) 2641.8 2592.3 89.5
MgSO4(s) 21278.2 21173.6 91.6
MgCO3(s) 21112.9 21029.3 65.69
Mn(s) 0 0 31.76

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A-11 Appendix 3

Substance DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

Mn21(aq) 2218.8 2223.4 283.68

MnO2(s) 2520.9 2466.1 53.1
N2(g) 0 0 191.5
N23 (aq) 245.18 ? ?
NH3(g) 246.3 216.6 193.0
NH1 4 (aq) 2132.80 279.5 112.8
NH4Cl(s) 2315.39 2203.89 94.56
NH4NO3(s) 2365.6 2184.0 151
NH3(aq) 280.3 226.5 111.3
N2H4(l ) 50.4
NO(g) 90.4 86.7 210.6
NO2(g) 33.85 51.8 240.46
N2O4(g) 9.66 98.29 304.3
N2O(g) 81.56 103.6 219.99
HNO2(aq) 2118.8 253.6
HNO3(l ) 2173.2 279.9 155.6
NO2 3 (aq) 2206.57 2110.5 146.4
Na(s) 0 0 51.05
Na1(aq) 2239.66 2261.87 60.25
Na2O(s) 2415.9 2376.56 72.8
NaCl(s) 2411.0 2384.0 72.38
NaI(s) 2288.0
Na2SO4(s) 21384.49 21266.8 149.49
NaNO3(s) 2466.68 2365.89 116.3
Na2CO3(s) 21130.9 21047.67 135.98
NaHCO3(s) 2947.68 2851.86 102.09
Ni(s) 0 0 30.1
Ni21(aq) 264.0 246.4 2159.4
NiO(s) 2244.35 2216.3 38.58
Ni(OH)2(s) 2538.06 2453.1 79.5
O(g) 249.4 230.1 160.95
O2(g) 0 0 205.0
O3(aq) 212.09 16.3 110.88
O3(g) 142.2 163.4 237.6
P(white) 0 0 44.0
P(red ) 218.4 13.8 29.3
PO342(aq) 21284.07 21025.59 2217.57
P4O10(s) 23012.48
PH3(g) 9.25 18.2 210.0
HPO422(aq) 21298.7 21094.1 235.98
H2PO2 4 (aq) 21302.48 21135.1 89.1
Pb(s) 0 0 64.89
Pb21(aq) 1.6 224.3 21.3
PbO(s) 2217.86 2188.49 69.45
PbO2(s) 2276.65 2218.99 76.57
PbCl2(s) 2359.2 2313.97 136.4
PbS(s) 294.3 292.68 91.2
PbSO4(s) 2918.4 2811.2 147.28

(Continued)
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Appendix 3 A-12

Substance DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

Pt(s) 0 0 41.84
PtCl242(aq) 2516.3 2384.5 175.7
Rb(s) 0 0 69.45
Rb1(aq) 2246.4 2282.2 124.27
S(rhombic) 0 0 31.88
S(monoclinic) 0.30 0.10 32.55
SO2(g) 2296.4 2300.4 248.5
SO3(g) 2395.2 2370.4 256.2
SO232(aq) 2624.25 2497.06 43.5
SO242(aq) 2907.5 2741.99 17.15
H2S(g) 220.15 233.0 205.64
HSO2 3 (aq) 2627.98 2527.3 132.38
HSO2 4 (aq) 2885.75 2752.87 126.86
H2SO4(l ) 2811.3 ? ?
SF6(g) 21096.2 ? ?
Si(s) 0 0 18.70
SiO2(s) 2859.3 2805.0 41.84
Sr(s) 0 0 54.39
Sr21(aq) 2545.5 2557.3 239.33
SrCl2(s) 2828.4 2781.15 117.15
SrSO4(s) 21444.74 21334.28 121.75
SrCO3(s) 21218.38 21137.6 97.07
Zn(s) 0 0 41.6
Zn21(aq) 2152.4 2147.2 2106.48
ZnO(s) 2348.0 2318.2 43.9
ZnCl2(s) 2415.89 2369.26 108.37
ZnS(s) 2202.9 2198.3 57.7
ZnSO4(s) 2978.6 2871.6 124.7

Organic Substances

Substance Formula DH8f (kJ/mol) DG8f (kJ/mol) S8 (J/K ? mol)

Acetic acid(l) CH3COOH 2484.2 2389.45 159.8
Acetaldehyde(g) CH3CHO 2166.35 2139.08 264.2
Acetone(l) CH3COCH3 2246.8 2153.55 198.7
Acetylene(g) C2H2 226.6 209.2 200.8
Benzene(l) C6H6 49.04 124.5 172.8
Butane(g) C4H10 2124.7 215.7 310.0
Ethanol(l) C2H5OH 2276.98 2174.18 161.0
Ethanol(g) C2H5OH 2235.1 2168.5 282.7
Ethane(g) C2H6 284.7 232.89 229.5
Ethylene(g) C2H4 52.3 68.1 219.5
Formic acid(l) HCOOH 2409.2 2346.0 129.0
Glucose(s) C6H12O6 21274.5 2910.56 212.1
Methane(g) CH4 274.85 250.8 186.2
Methanol(l) CH3OH 2238.7 2166.3 126.8
Propane(g) C3H8 2103.9 223.5 269.9
Sucrose(s) C12H22O11 22221.7 21544.3 360.2
 Standard Enthalpies of Formation at 298.15 K

Substance Chemical Formula ∆ Ho f (kJ/mol)

ammonia NH 3 (g) -46.11
ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl(s) -314.43
carbon dioxide CO2 (g) -393.51
carbon monoxide CO(g) -110.53
hydrogen chloride HCl(g) -92.31
hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) -167.16
hydrogen bromide HBr(g) -36.40
nitric acid HNO3 (aq) -207.36
nitrogen monoxide NO(g) +90.25
nitrogen dioxide NO2 (g) +33.18
phosphoric acid H3 PO4 (aq) -1277
potassium carbonate K2 CO3 (s) -1151
potassium chloride KCl(s) -436.75
potassium hydroxide KOH(s) -424.76
potassium hydroxide KOH(aq) -482.37
potassium phosphate K3 PO4 (s) -1950
potassium superoxide KO2 (s) -284.9
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 (s) -950.9
sodium chloride NaCl(s) -411.15
sodium hydroxide NaOH(s) -425.61
sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq) -470.11
sodium sulfate Na2 SO4 (s) -1387
sulfuric acid H2 SO4 (aq) -909.27
tetraphosphorous decaoxide P4 O10 (s) -2984
water H2 O(l) -285.83
water H2 O(g) -241.82

methane CH4 (g) -74.81

ethane C2 H6 (g) -84.68
ethene C2 H4 (g) +52.26
propane C3 H8 (g) -103.85
propene C3 H6 (g) +20.42
butane C4 H10 (g) -126.15
pentane C5 H12 (g) -146.44
octane C8 H18 (l) -249.9
methanol CH3 OH(l) -238.86
ethanol C2 H5 OH(l) -277.69
propanol C3 H7 OH(l) -304
butanol C4 H9 OH(l) -327.1
ethanoic acid CH3 CO2 H(l) -484.5
propanoic acid C2 H5 CO2 H(l) -510.8
aminoethane C2 H5 NH 2 (g) -46.03
aminopropane C3 H7 NH 2 (g) -72.39
aminobutane C4 H9 NH 2 (l) -127.7
chloroethane C2 H5 Cl(g) -112.3
dichloroethane C2 H4 Cl2 (l) -165.2
chloropropane C3 H7 Cl(g) -130.1
dichloropropane C3 H6 Cl2 (g) -165.7
chlorobutane C4 H9 Cl(g) -147.3
bromoethane C2 H5 Br(l) -92.0
bromopropane C3 H7 Br(l) -87.87
glucose C6 H12 O6 (s) -1268 "carbohydrate"
hexadecanoic acid C15 H31 CO2 H(s) -892.5 "fat"
glutamic acid C5 H9 NO4 (s) -1009.7 "protein"