Programming using C# .

NET [18MCA51, 16/17MCA52]

Module – 4: Graphical User Interface with Windows Forms and WPF

Chapter – 1: GUI with Windows Forms

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Windows Forms
1.3 Event Handling: A Simple Event-Driven GUI
1.4 Control Properties and Layout
1.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons
1.6 GroupBoxes and Panels
1.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons
1.8 ToolTips
1.9 Mouse-Event Handling
1.10 Keyboard-Event Handling
1.11 Menus
1.12 Month Calendar Control
1.13 DateTimePicker Control
1.14 LinkLabel Control
1.15 ListBox Control
1.16 ComboBox Control
1.17 TreeView Control
1.18 ListView Control
1.19 TabControl
1.20 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows.
Chapter - 2: WPF
2.1 New WPF Controls
2.2 WPF Architecture
2.3 Using XAML in WPF 4.0 Applications

Prepared by
Mrs. Suma M G
Assistant Professor
Department of MCA
RNSIT
Bengaluru – 98.
Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

Chapter – 1

Graphical User Interface with Windows Forms

1.1 Introduction:
A graphical user interface (GUI) allows a user to interact visually with a program gives a program a distinctive
“look” and “feel”.
GUIs are built from GUI controls which are sometimes called components or widgets (window gadgets). GUI
controls are objects that can display information on the screen or enable users to interact with an application via
the mouse, keyboard or some other form of input.
Several common GUI controls are listed in below table:
Table 1.1: Some basic GUI Controls
Control Description
Label Displays images or uneditable text.
Enables the user to enter data via the keyboard.
TextBox
It can also be used to display editable or uneditable text.
Button Triggers an event when clicked with the mouse.
CheckBox Specifies an option that can be selected (checked) or unselected (not checked).
Provides a drop-down list of items from which the user can make a selection
ComboBox
either by clicking an item in the list or by typing in a box.
Provides a list of items from which the user can make a selection by clicking one
ListBox
or more items.
Panel A container in which controls can be placed and organized.
NumericUpDown Enables the user to select from a range of numeric input values.

1.2 Windows Forms:

Windows Forms are used to create the GUIs for programs.
• A Form is a graphical element that appears on your computer’s desktop; it can be a dialog, a window or
an MDI window
• A component is an instance of a class that implements the Icomponent interface, which defines the
behaviors that components must implement, such as how the component is loaded.
• Controls (set their properties and implement event handlers) has a graphical representation at runtime.
• Each control or component is located in namespace System.Windows.Forms.
• The controls and components are organized into categories by functionality.
• Selecting the category All Windows Forms at the top of the Toolbox allows you to view all the controls
and components from the other tabs in one list.
• To add a control or component to a Form, select that control or component from the Toolbox drag it on
the Form.
• To deselect a control or component, select the Pointer item in the Toolbox.
• A Form is a container for controls and components.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

Figure 1.2: Components and controls for windows form

• When you drag items from the Toolbox onto the Form, Visual Studio generates code that creates the
object and sets its basic properties. This code is updated when the control or component’s properties are
modified in the IDE.
• Removing a control or component from the Form deletes the corresponding generated code.
• The IDE maintains the generated code in a separate file using partial classes – classes that are split among
multiple files and assembled into a single class by the compiler.
Active Windows:
When there are several windows on the screen, the active window
✓ is the frontmost and has a highlighted title bar.
✓ when the user clicks somewhere inside it, immediately that window have the focus.

Table 1.2: Some of common form properties, methods and an event

Form properties,
Description
methods & an event

AcceptButton Button that is clicked when Enter is pressed.

AutoScroll bool value that allows or disallows scrollbars when needed.
Properties

CancelButton Button that is clicked when the Escape key is pressed.

FormBorderStyle Border style (e.g., none, single, three-dimensional).
Font of text displayed on the Form, and the default font for controls
Font
added to the Form.
Text Text in the Form’s title bar.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

Form properties,
Description
methods & an event

Closes a Form and releases all resources, such as the memory used for
Close
Methods

the Form’s contents. A closed Form cannot be reopened.

Hide Hides a Form, but does not destroy the Form or release its resources.
Show Displays a hidden Form.
Occurs before a Form is displayed to the user. The handler for this event
Event

Load is displayed in the Visual Studio editor when you double click the Form
in the Visual Studio designer.

1.3 Event Handling:

GUIs are event driven. When the user interacts with a GUI component, the interaction — known as an event—
drives the program to perform a task.
• Common events that might cause an application to perform a task include clicking a Button, typing in a
TextBox, selecting an item from a menu, closing a window and moving the mouse. All GUI controls have
events associated with them.
• A method that performs a task in response to an event is called an event handler, and the overall process of
responding to events is known as event handling.
A Simple Event- Driven GUI:
Example: The Form shown below contains a Button that a user can click to display a MessageBox.
using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace WFormsDemo{
// Form that shows a simple event handler
public partial class SimpleEventExample : Form {
public SimpleEventExample () {
InitializeComponent();
}
// handles click event of Button button1
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
MessageBox.Show("Button was Clicked");
}
}
}

• By convention, the IDE names the event-handler method as objectName_eventName

(e.g., btton1_Click). The button1_Click event handler executes when the user clicks the button control.
• Each event handler receives two parameters when it’s called.
— The first — an object reference typically named sender is a reference to the object that generated
the event.
— The second — is a reference to an event arguments object of type EventArgs
/*private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
MessageBoxButtons
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DialogResult dgre= MessageBox.Show("Hello",
"Message",yesb,MessageBoxIcon.Warning);
if (dgre == DialogResult.Yes)
Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.4 Control Properties and Layout:
Properties that are common to many controls. Controls derive from class Control (namespace
System.Windows.Forms).
Table 1.3: lists some of class Control’s properties and methods.
Form properties,
Description
methods & an event

BackColor The control’s background color.

BackgroundImage The control’s background image.
Enabled Specifies whether the control is enabled
Focused Indicates whether the control has the focus.
Font The Font used to display the control’s text.
Properties

Text Text in the Form’s title bar.

The tab order of the control. When the Tab key is pressed, the focus transfers
TabIndex
between controls based on the tab order. You can set this order.
ForeColor This usually determines the color of the text in the Text property.
TabStop If true, then a user can give focus to this control via the Tab key.
The text associated with the control. The location and appearance of the
Text
text vary depending on the type of control.
Visible Indicates whether the control is visible.

Closes a Form and releases all resources, such as the memory used for the
Close
Methods

Form’s contents. A closed Form cannot be reopened.

Hide Hides a Form, but does not destroy the Form or release its resources.
Show Displays a hidden Form.

Anchoring and Docking:

Anchoring and Docking is used to specify the layout of controls inside a container(Form).
• Anchoring causes controls to remain at a fixed distance from the sides of the container even when the
container is resized.
✓ Anchoring enhances the user experience.
✓ By default, most controls are anchored to the top-left corner of the Form.
✓ Anchor one control
to the right and
bottom sides by
setting the Anchor
property as shown
in below figure.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
After set the anchor property to Bottom, Right, now execute the application and shown as below:

• Docking attaches a control to a container such that the control stretches across an entire side or fills an
entire area.
✓ Docking allows a control to span an entire side (left, right, top or bottom) of its parent container or
to fill the entire container.
✓ When the parent control is resized, the docked control resizes as well.
✓ When the Form is resized, the Button is resized to the Form’s new width.
✓ Forms have a Padding property that specifies the distance between the docked controls and the
Form edges. This property specifies four values (one for each side),and each value is set to 0 by
default.

Table 1.4: Control layout properties for Anchoring and Docking.

Control
Layout Description
Properties
Causes a control to remain at a fixed distance from the side(s) of the container
Anchor
even when the container is resized.
Allows a control to span one side of its container or to fill the remaining space in
Dock
the container.
Sets the space between a container’s edges and docked controls. The default is 0,
Padding
causing the control to appear flush with the container’s sides.
Specifies the location (as a set of coordinates) of the upper-left corner of the
Location
control, in relation to its container’s upper-left corner.
Specifies the size of the control in pixels as a Size object, which has properties
Size
Width and Height.
MinimumSize
Indicates the minimum and maximum size of a Control, respectively.
MaximumSize

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons:
Label:
➢ Labels provide text information as well as images and are defined with class Label.
➢ A Label displays text that the user cannot directly modify.
➢ A Label’s text can be changed programmatically by modifying the Label’s Text property.
Table 1.4: Common Label Properties
Common
Description
Properties
Font The font of the text on the Label.
Text The text on the Label.
The alignment of the Label’s text on the control —
➢ horizontally (left, center or right) and
TextAlign ➢ vertically (top, middle or bottom).
➢ The default is top, left.
TextBox:
➢ A textbox (class TextBox) is an area in which either text can be displayed by a program or the user can
type text via the keyboard.
➢ A password TextBox is a TextBox that hides the information entered by the user. As the user types
characters, the password TextBox masks the user input by displaying a password character.
➢ If you set the property UseSystemPasswordChar to true, the TextBox becomes a password TextBox.
Table 1.5: Common textboxes properties and an event
TextBox properties
Description
& an event

• If true in a multiline TextBox, pressing Enter in the TextBox

creates a new line.
• If false (the default), pressing Enter is the same as pressing the
AcceptReturn
default Button on the Form.
• The default Button is the one assigned to a Form’s
AcceptButton property.
Properties

If true, the TextBox has a gray background, and its text cannot be
ReadOnly
edited. The default value is false.
For multiline textboxes, this property indicates which scrollbars
ScrollBars
appear (None—the default, Horizontal, Vertical or Both).
When true, the TextBox becomes a password TextBox, and the
UseSystemPasswordChar
systemspecified character masks each character the user types.
Text Text in the Form’s title bar.
Generated when the text changes in a TextBox (i.e., when the user
Event

adds or deletes characters).

TextChanged
When you double click the TextBox control in Design mode, an
empty event handler for this event is generated.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Button:
➢ A button is a control that the user clicks to trigger a specific action or to select an option in a program.
➢ can use several types of buttons, such as checkboxes and radio buttons.
➢ All the b\utton classes derive from class ButtonBase (namespace System.Windows.Forms), which
defines common button features.
Table 1.6: Common button properties:
Common
Description
Properties
Text Specifies the text displayed on the Button face.
Modifies a Button’s appearance—attribute Flat, Popup, Standard and System, where
FlatStyle the Button’s appearance is controlled by the operating system. The default value is
Standard.
Generated when the user clicks the Button.
Event:
➢ When you double click a Button in design view, an empty event handler for
Click this event is created.

Example: Display hidden text in a password textbox

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace LabelTextBoxButtonTest{
public partial class LabelTextBoxButtonTestForm : Form{
public LabelTextBoxButtonTestForm(){
InitializeComponent();
} // end constructor
private void displayPasswordButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
displayPasswordLabel.Text = inputPasswordTextBox.Text;
}
}
}

1.6 GroupBoxes and Panels:

GroupBoxes and Panels arrange controls on a GUI.
❖ GroupBoxes and Panels are typically used to group several controls of similar functionality or several
controls that are related in a GUI.
❖ All of the controls in a GroupBox or Panel move together when the GroupBox or Panel is moved.
❖ Furthermore, a GroupBoxes and Panels can also be used to show or hide a set of controls at once. When
you modify a container’s visible property, it toggles the visibility of all the controls within it.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
The primary difference between these two controls:

Group Box Panel

▪ can display a caption (i.e., text) and do not ▪ can include scrollbars and do not include a
include scrollbars. caption.
▪ have thin borders by default. ▪ can be set the borders by changing their
BorderStyle property.

Table 1.7: The common properties of GroupBoxes and Panels

GroupBox Properties Descriptions
Controls The set of controls that the GroupBox contains.
Text Specifies the caption text displayed at the top of the GroupBox.
Panel Properties Descriptions
AutoScroll Indicates whether scrollbars appear when the Panel is too small todisplay
all of its controls. The default value is false.
BorderStyle Sets the border of the Panel. The default value is None; other options are
Fixed3D and FixedSingle.
Controls The set of controls that the Panel contains.

Example:

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace GroupBoxPanelExample {
public partial class GroupBoxPanelExampleForm : Form{
public GroupBoxPanelExampleForm()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
// event handler for Hi Button
private void hiButton_Click( object sender, EventArgs e )
{// change text in Label
messageLabel.Text = "Hi pressed";
}
}
}

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons:
C# has two types of state buttons that can be in the on/off or true/false states
— CheckBoxes — RadioButtons.
These classes CheckBox and RadioButton are derived from class ButtonBase.

CheckBox:
• A CheckBox is a small square that either is blank or contains a check mark.
• When the user clicks a CheckBox to select it, a check mark appears in the box.
• If the user clicks the CheckBox again to deselect it, the check mark is removed.
• You can also configure a CheckBox to toggle between three states (checked, unchecked and
indeterminate) by setting its ThreeState property to true.
• Any number of CheckBoxes can be selected at a time.
Table 1.8: A list of common checkbox properties and events appears
Common
Description
Properties
By default, this property is set to Normal, and the CheckBox displays as a traditional
Appearance checkbox. If it’s set to Button, the CheckBox displays as a Button that looks pressed
when the CheckBox is checked.

Checked Indicates whether the CheckBox is checked (contains a check mark) or unchecked
(blank). This property returns a bool value. The default is false (unchecked).
Indicates whether the CheckBox is checked or unchecked with a value from the
CheckState CheckState enumeration (Checked, Unchecked or Indeterminate)
Text Specifies the text displayed to the right of the CheckBox.
When this property is true, the CheckBox has three states—checked, unchecked and
indeterminate.
ThreeState
By default, this property is false and the CheckBox has only two states—checked and
unchecked.
Common Events
✓ Generated when the Checked property changes.
✓ This is a CheckBox’s default event.
CheckedChanged
✓ When a user double clicks the CheckBox control in design view, an empty event
handler for this event is generated.
CheckStateChanged Generated when the CheckState property changes.

RadioButton:
✓ Radio buttons (defined with class RadioButton) are similar to CheckBoxes in that they also have two
states—selected and not selected (also called deselected).
✓ However, RadioButtons normally appear as a group, in which only one RadioButton can be selected at
a time.
✓ Selecting one RadioButton in the group forces all the others to be deselected.
✓ Therefore, RadioButtons are used to represent a set of mutually exclusive options (i.e., a set in which
multiple options cannot be selected at the same time).

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Table 1.8: A list of common radiobutton properties and events appears
Common
Description
Properties
Checked Indicates whether the RadioButton is checked.
Text Specifies the text displayed to the right of the RadioButton.
Common Events
✓ Generated every time the RadioButton is checked or unchecked.
CheckedChanged ✓ When a user double clicks a RadioButton control in design view, an empty event
handler for this event is generated.

1.8 ToolTips:
ToolTips serve as useful reminders for each toolbar icon’s functionality. ToolTips is used to remind users of
each control’s purpose.
Example: Microsoft Word has tooltips that help users determine the purpose of the application’s icons.
Table 1.9: Common properties and a common event of class ToolTip described below
Properties and Events Description
AutoPopDelay The amount of time (in milliseconds) that the tool tip appears while the
mouse is over a control.
InitialDelay The amount of time (in milliseconds) that a mouse must hover over a
control before a tool tip appears.
ReshowDelay The amount of time (in milliseconds) between which two different tool
tips appear (when the mouse is moved from one control to another).
Common Event Raised when the tool tip is displayed. This event allows programmers to
Draw modify the appearance of the tool tip.

The following figures shows how to create and set the tooltips controls:
i. We named the ToolTip component labelsToolTip.

ii. We set the tool tip text for the first

Label to "First Label" and the tool
tip text for the second Label to
"Second Label”.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
iii. Demonstrates the ToolTip component.

1.9 Mouse-Event Handling:

❖ Mouse events can be handled for any control that derives from class
System.Windows.Forms.Control.
❖ For most mouse events, information about the event is passed to the event-handling method through
an object of class MouseEventArgs, and the delegate used to create the mouse event handlers is
MouseEventHandler.
❖ Each mouse-event-handling method for these events requires an object and a MouseEventArgs object
as arguments.
❖ Class MouseEventArgs contains information related to the mouse event, such as the mouse pointer’s
x- and y-coordinates, the mouse button pressed (Right, Left or Middle) and the number of times the
mouse was clicked.
Table 1.10: List of mouse events and event arguments:
Mouse Events with Event Argument of Type EventArgs
MouseEnter Occurs when the mouse cursor enters the control’s boundaries.
MouseHover Occurs when the mouse cursor hovers within the control’s boundaries.
MouseLeave Occurs when the mouse cursor leaves the control’s boundaries.
Mouse Events with Event Argument of Type MouseEventArgs
Occurs when a mouse button is pressed while the mouse cursor is within a control’s
MouseDown
boundaries.
MouseMove Occurs when the mouse cursor is moved while in the control’s boundaries.
Occurs when a mouse button is released when the cursor is over the control’s
MouseUp
boundaries.
Class MouseEventArgs Properties
Button Specifies which mouse button was pressed (Left, Right, Middle or None).
Clicks The number of times that the mouse button was clicked.
X The x-coordinate within the control where the event occurred.
Y The y-coordinate within the control where the event occurred.

Example:
using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

namespace Painter{
public partial class PainterForm : Form{
bool shouldPaint = false;
public PainterForm(){
InitailaizeComponnent();
}
private void PainterForm_MouseDown (object sender, MouseEventArgs e ){
shouldPaint = true;
}
private void PainterForm_MouseUp( object sender, MouseEventArgs e ){
shouldPaint = false;
}
private void PainterForm_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e ){
if ( shouldPaint ) {
using ( Graphics graphics = CreateGraphics() ){
graphics.FillEllipse(new SolidBrush(Color.BlueViolet), e.X,
e.Y, 4, 4 );
}
}
} }

1.10 Keyboard-Event Handling:

Key events occur when keyboard keys are pressed and released. Such events can be handled for any control that
inherits from System.Windows.Forms.Control.
There are three key events — KeyPress, KeyUp and KeyDown.
Table 1.11: List of keyboard events and event arguments:

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.11 Menus:
➢ Menus are an integral part of GUIs, because they organize commands without “cluttering” the GUI.
➢ Menus provide groups of related commands for Windows applications.
➢ The top-level menus appear in the left portion of the figure, whereas any submenus or menu items are
displayed to the right.
➢ The menu that contains a menu item is called that menu item’s parent menu.
➢ A menu item that contains a submenu is considered to be the parent of that submenu.
➢ Menus can have Alt key shortcuts (also called access shortcuts, keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys), which
are accessed by pressing Alt and the underlined letter (Ex. F, F1, F2, P……).

Figures 1.2: Menus, Submenus, and menu items.

To create a menu,
➢ open the Toolbox and drag a MenuStrip control onto the Form. This creates a menu bar across the top
of the Form (below the title bar) and places a MenuStrip icon in the component tray.
➢ To select the MenuStrip, click this icon. You can now use Design mode to create and edit menus for
your application.
➢ Menus, like other controls, have
properties and events, which can
be accessed through the Properties
window.
➢ To add menu items to the menu,
click the Type Here TextBox and
type the menu item’s name. This
action adds an entry to the menu of
type ToolStripMenuItem.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
To create an access shortcut,
➢ type an ampersand (&) before the character to be underlined.
➢ For example, to create the File menu item with the letter F underlined, type &File.
➢ To display an ampersand, type &&.
➢ To add other shortcut keys (e.g., <Ctrl> F9) for menu items, set the ShortcutKeys property of the
appropriate ToolStripMenuItems.
To do this, select the down arrow to the right of this property in the Properties window.

Table 1.12: MenuStrip and ToolStripMenuItem properties and an event.

MenuStrip Properties
Causes text to display from right to left. This is useful for languages that are read
RightToLeft
from right to left.
ToolStripMenuItem Properties
Indicates whether a menu item is checked. The default value is false, meaning that
Checked
the menu item is unchecked.
CheckOnClick Indicates that a menu item should appear checked or unchecked asit is clicked.
Specifies text that should appear beside a menu item for a shortcut key.
ShortcutKey-
If left blank, the key names are displayed. Otherwise, the text in this property is
DisplayString
displayed for the shortcut key.
Specifies the shortcut key for the menu item (e.g., <Ctrl>-F9 is equivalent to
ShortcutKeys
clicking a specific item).
Indicates whether a shortcut key is shown beside menu item text. The default is
ShowShortcutKeys
true, which displays the shortcut key.
Specifies the menu item’s text. To create an Alt access shortcut, precede a
Text
character with &.
Common ToolStripMenuItem Event
Generated when an item is clicked or a shortcut key is used. This is the default
Click
event when the menu is double clicked in the designer.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.12 Month Calendar Control:
The MonthCalendar control “displays a monthly calendar on the Form”. The user can select a date from the
currently displayed month or can use the provided arrows to navigate to another month.

• The user can select a date from the currently displayed month or can use the provided arrows to navigate
to another month. When a date is selected, it is highlighted.
• Multiple dates can be selected by clicking dates on the calendar while holding down the Shift key.
• The default event for this control is the DateChanged event, which is generated when a new date is
selected.
• Properties are provided that allow you to modify the appearance of the calendar, how many dates can be
selected at once, and the minimum date and maximum date that may be selected.
Table 1.13: MonthCalendar properties and a common MonthCalendar event

Properties and Event Descriptions

Sets which day of the week is the first displayed for each week in
FirstDayOfWeek
the calendar
MaxDate The last date that can be selected.
MaxSelectionCount The maximum number of dates that can be selected at once
MinDate The first date that can be selected.
MonthlyBoldedDates An array of dates that will displayed in bold in the calendar.
SelectionEnd The last of the dates selected by the user.
SelectionRange The dates selected by the user.
SelectionStart The first of the dates selected by the user.
Common MonthCalendar Event
DateChanged Generated when a date is selected in the calendar.

1.13 DateTimePicker Control:

The DateTimePicker control is similar to the MonthCalendar control but “displays the calendar when a
down arrow is selected”.
• The DateTimePicker can be used to retrieve date and time information from the user.
• The DateTimePicker is also more customizable than a MonthCalendar control — more properties are
provided to edit the look and feel of the drop-down calendar.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Table 1.14: DateTimePicker properties and a common event
Properties and Event Descriptions
CalendarForeColor Sets the text color for the calendar.
CalendarMonthBackground Sets the calendar’s background color.
CustomFormat Sets the custom format string for the user’s options.
Format Sets the format of the date and/or time used for the user’s options.
The values are enumeration type, that are:
— Long (displays the date in long format, as in Thursday, July 10, 2010)
— Short (displays the date in short format, as in 7/10/2010),
— Time (displays a time value, as in 5:31:02 PM)
— Custom (indicates that a custom format will be used).
MaxDate and MinDate The maximum and minimum date and time that can be selected.
Indicates if a CheckBox should be displayed to the left of the selected
ShowCheckBox
date and time.
ShowUpDown Indicates whether the control displays up and down Buttons.
stores a DateTime object, which always contains both date and time
information which is selected by user.
— Retrieve the date information from the DateTime object by using
Value property Date,
— Retrieve only the time information by using the TimeOfDay
property.
Common DateTimePicker
Event Generated when the Value property changes, including when the user
ValueChanged selects a new date or time.

1.14 LinkLabel Control:

➢ The LinkLabel control displays links to other resources, such as files or web pages.
➢ A LinkLabel appears as underlined text (colored blue by default).
➢ When the mouse moves over the link, the pointer changes to a hand; this is similar to the behaviour of a
hyperlink in a web page.
➢ The link can change color to indicate whether it is not yet visited, previously visited or active.
➢ When clicked, the LinkLabel generates a LinkClicked event.
➢ Class LinkLabel is derived from class Label and therefore inherits all of class Label’s functionality.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Table 1.15: List of common properties and Even of LinkLabel:
properties and an event Description
Specifies the color of the active link when the user is in the process
ActiveLinkColor of clicking the link. The default color (typically red) is set by the
system
LinkArea Specifies which portion of text in the LinkLabel is part of the link.
Specifies the link’s behavior, such as how the link appears when the
LinkBehavior
mouse is placed over it.
LinkColor Specifies the original color of the link before it’s been visited.
The default color (typically blue) is set by the system.
LinkVisited If true, the link appears as though it has been visited (its color is
changed to that specified by property VisitedLinkColor).
The default value is false.
Text Specifies the control’s text.
UseMnemonic If true, the & character in the Text property acts as a shortcut (similar
to the Alt shortcut in menus).
VisitedLinkColo Specifies the color of a visited link. The default color (typically
purple) is set by the system.
(Event arguments LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs)
Common Event
Generated when the link is clicked. This is the default event when
LinkClicked
the control is double clicked in Design mode.
Example:

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace LinkLabelTest{
public partial class LinkLabelTestForm : Form{
public LinkLabelTestForm(){
InitializeComponent();
}
private void cDriveLinkLabel_LinkClicked( object sender,
LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e) {
driveLinkLabel.LinkVisited = true;
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start( @"C:\" );
}
private void displaylabel_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
// display the text that the user typed
displayPasswordLabel.Text = inputTextBox.Text;
}
}
}

1.15 ListBox Control:

The ListBox control allows the user to view and select from multiple items in a list.
➢ ListBoxes are static GUI entities, which means that users cannot directly edit the list of items.
➢ The user can be provided with TextBoxes and Buttons with which to specify items to be added to the
list, but the actual additions must be performed in code.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
➢ The CheckedListBox control extends a ListBox by including CheckBoxes next to each item in the list.
This allows users to place checks on multiple items at once, as is possible with CheckBox controls.

Table 1.16: List of common properties and Event of ListBox:

Properties and an event Description
Items The collection of items in the ListBox.
Indicates whether the ListBox can display multiple columns. Multiple
MultiColumn
columns eliminate vertical scrollbars from the display.
➢ Returns the index of the selected item.
➢ If no items have been selected, the property returns -1.
SelectedIndex ➢ If the user selects multiple items, this property returns only one of
the selected indices.
➢ If multiple items are selected, use property SelectedIndices.
SelectedIndices Returns a collection containing the indices for all selected items.
Returns a reference to the selected item. If multiple items are selected,
SelectedItem
it returns the item with the lowest index number.
SelectedItems Returns a collection of the selected item(s).
Determines the number of items that can be selected and the means
through which multiple items can be selected.
SelectionMode Values None, One (the default), MultiSimple (multiple selection
allowed) or MultiExtended (multiple selection allowed using a
combination of arrow keys or mouse clicks and Shift and Ctrl keys).
Indicates whether items are sorted alphabetically. Setting this
Sorted
property’s value to true sorts the items. The default value is false.
Common Methods
Deselects every item.
ClearSelected
GetSelected Returns true if the item at the specified index is selected.
Common Event Generated when the selected index changes. This is the default event
SelectedIndexChanged when the control is double clicked in the designer.
Example:

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace ListBoxTest {
public partial class ListBoxTestForm : Form{
public ListBoxTestForm (){
InitializeComponent();
}

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

private void addButton_Click( object sender, EventArgs e ){

displayListBox.Items.Add( inputTextBox.Text );
inputTextBox.Clear();
}
private void removeButton_Click ( object sender, EventArgs e ){
if ( displayListBox.SelectedIndex != -1 )
displayListBox.Items.RemoveAt(displayListBox.SelectedIndex);
}
private void clearButton_Click ( object sender, EventArgs e ){
displayListBox.Items.Clear();
}
private void exitButton_Click ( object sender, EventArgs e ){
Application.Exit();
}
}
}

1.16 ComboBox Control:

➢ The ComboBox control combines TextBox features with a drop-down list — a GUI component that
contains a list from which a value can be selected.
➢ A ComboBox usually appears as a TextBox with a down arrow to its right.
➢ By default, the user can enter text into the TextBox or click the down arrow to display a list of predefined
items.
➢ If a user chooses an element from this list, that element is displayed in the TextBox.
➢ If the list contains more elements than can be displayed in the drop-down list, a scrollbar appears.
➢ The maximum number of items that a drop-down list can display at one time is set by property
MaxDropDownItems.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF

Table 1.17: List of common properties and Event of ComboBox:

properties and an event Description
✓ Determines the type of ComboBox.
✓ Value DropDown (the default) means that the text portion is
editable but the user must click an arrow button to see the list
DropDownStyle portion.
✓ Value DropDownList means that the text portion is not editable
and the user must click the arrow button to see the list portion.
Items The collection of items in the ComboBox control.
Specifies the maximum number of items (between 1 and 100) that the
drop-down list can display.
MaxDropDownItems
If the number of items exceeds the maximum number of items to
display, a scrollbar appears.
➢ Returns the index of the selected item.
SelectedIndex
➢ If no items have been selected, the property returns -1.
SelectedItem Returns a reference to the selected item.
SelectedItems Returns a collection of the selected item(s).
Indicates whether items are sorted alphabetically. Setting this
Sorted
property’s value to true sorts the items. The default value is false.
Common Event Generated when the selected index changes. This is the default event
SelectedIndexChanged when the control is double clicked in the designer.

1.17 TreeView Control:

➢ The TreeView control displays nodes hierarchically in a tree such as the file structure.
➢ Nodes are objects that contain values and can refer to other nodes.
➢ A parent node contains child nodes, and the child nodes can be parents to other nodes.
➢ Two child nodes that have the same parent node are considered sibling nodes.
➢ A tree is a collection of nodes, usually organized in a hierarchical manner.
➢ The nodes in a TreeView are instances of class TreeNode.
➢ Each TreeNode has a Nodes collection, which contains a list of other TreeNodes — known as its
children.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Table 1.18: List of common properties and Event of TreeView and TreeNodes:
TreeView properties
Description
and an event
✓ Indicates whether CheckBoxes appear next to nodes.
CheckBoxes ✓ A value of true displays CheckBoxes.
✓ The default value is false.
Specifies an ImageList object containing the node icons.
ImageList An ImageList object is a collection that contains Image objects.
✓ Returns the collection of TreeNodes in the control as a
TreeNodeCollection.
Nodes ✓ It contains methods Add (adds a TreeNode object), Clear (deletes the
entire collection) and Remove (deletes a specific node).
✓ Removing a parent node deletes all of its children.
SelectedNode The selected node.
Common Event ( Event arguments TreeViewEventArgs)
✓ Generated after selected node changes.
AfterSelect
✓ This is the default event when the control is double clicked in the designer.
TreeNode properties
Description
and an event
Checked Indicates whether the TreeNode is checked
FirstNode Specifies the first node in the Nodes collection
FullPath Indicates the path of the node, starting at the root of the tree.
Specifies the index in the TreeView’s ImageList of the image shown when
ImageIndex
the node is deselected.
LastNode Specifies the last node in the Nodes collection
NextNode Next sibling node.
✓ Collection of TreeNodes contained in the current node.
Nodes ✓ It contains methods Add, Clear and Remove.
✓ Removing a parent node deletes all of its children.
PrevNode Previous sibling node.
Specifies the index in the TreeView’s ImageList of the image to use when
SelectedImageIndex
the node is selected.
Text Specifies the TreeNode’s text .
Common Methods:
Collapse Collapses a node.
Expand Expands a node.
ExpandAll Expands all the children of a node.
GetNodeCount Returns the number of child nodes.

1.18 ListView Control:

✓ The ListView control is similar to a ListBox in that both display lists from which the user can select one
or more items.
✓ ListView is more versatile and can display items in different formats.
✓ ListView allows you to define the images used as icons for ListView items.
✓ To display images, an ImageList component is required.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Table 1.19: List of common properties and Event of ListView:
Properties and event Description
✓ Determines how the user activates an item.
Activation ✓ This property takes a value in the ItemActivation enumeration. Possible
values are OneClick, TwoClick and Standard.
CheckBoxes The collection of items in the ComboBox control.
Specifies the maximum number of items (between 1 and 100) that the drop-
down list can display.
LargeImageList
If the number of items exceeds the maximum number of items to display, a
scrollbar appears.
➢ Returns the index of the selected item.
Items
➢ If no items have been selected, the property returns -1.
MultiSelect Returns a reference to the selected item.
Returns the collection of selected items as a ListView.
SelectedItems
SelectedListViewItemCollection.
SmallImageList Specifies the ImageList containing small icons for display.
View Determines appearance of ListViewItems.
Common Event Generated when an item is clicked. This is the default event.
Click
Generated when an item in the ListView is activated.
ItemActivate
Does not contain the specifics of which item is activated.

1.19 TabControl:
✓ The TabControl creates tabbed windows.
✓ This enables you to specify more information in the same space
on a Form and group displayed data logically.
✓ TabControls contain TabPage objects, which are similar to
Panels and GroupBoxes in that TabPages also can contain
controls.
✓ You first add controls to the TabPage objects, then add the
TabPages to the TabControl.
myTabPage.Controls.Add( myControl );
✓ Only one TabPage is displayed at a time. myTabControl.TabPages.Add( myTabPage );
Table 1.20: List of common properties and Event of TabControl:
properties & event Description
ImageList Specifies images to be displayed on tabs.
ItemSize Specifies the tab size.
Multiline Indicates whether multiple rows of tabs can be displayed.
SelectedIndex Index of the selected TabPage.
SelectedTab The selected TabPage.
TabCount Returns the number of tab pages.
Returns the collection of TabPages within the TabControl as a
TabPages
TabControl.TabPageCollection.
Common Event
SelectedIndexChanged Generated when SelectedIndex changes

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
1.20 Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows:
We have built only single document interface (SDI) applications. SDI applications usually have limited
abilities — Paint and Notepad:
For example: have limited image and text-editing features.
To edit multiple documents, the user must execute another instance of the SDI application.
➢ Many complex applications are multiple document
interface (MDI) programs, which allow users to edit
multiple documents at once.
➢ An MDI program’s main window is called the parent
window, and each window inside the application is
referred to as a child window.
➢ Although an MDI application can have many child
windows, each has only one parent window.
➢ Child windows cannot be parents themselves and
cannot be moved outside their parent.
➢ To create an MDI Form, create a new Form and set its IsMdiContainer
property to true.

ChildFormClass childForm = New ChildFormClass();

childForm.MdiParent = parentForm;
childForm.Show();

Table 1.21: List of common properties and Event of MDI:

properties & event Description
Common MDI Child Properties
IsMdiChild Indicates whether the Form is an MDI child. If true, Form is a MDI child.
MdiParent Specifies the MDI parent Form of the child.
Common MDI Parent Properties
Returns the Form that is the currently active MDI child.
ActiveMdiChild
Return null if no children are active.
Indicates whether a Form can be an MDI parent.
IsMdiContainer If true, the Form can be an MDI parent.
The default value is false.
MdiChildren Returns the MDI children as an array of Forms.
Common Methods
Determines the display of child forms on an MDI parent.
LayoutMdi The method takes as a parameter an MdiLayout enumeration with possible
values ArrangeIcons, Cascade, TileHorizontal and TileVertical.
Common Methods

MdiChildActivate Generated when an MDI child is closed or activated.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Chapter - 2

Windows Presentation Foundation ( WPF )

Introduction:
WPF is a UI framework, which helps you to create interactive client applications.
❖ It supports various application development features, such as controls, graphics, layout, and data
binding.
❖ WPF uses XAML language for application programming.
❖ Can use WPF for creating both standalone and browser-hosted applications.

Let’s explore these features of WPF 4.0 in detail:

2.1 New WPF Controls

WPF 4.0 has several improvements and enhancements over its previous version, WPF 3.5. Some new features
of WPF 4.0 includes following:

➢ New WPF controls to develop business applications

➢ Support for development of touch-enabled application
➢ Easing functions for enhancing animations
➢ Visual State Manager(VSM)
➢ Selection and Caret brushes
➢ New WPF text rendering stack
➢ Improvement in XAML browser Applications(SBAPs)
New WPF Controls:
There are three new controls:
i. DataGrid ii. Calendar iii. DatePicker
Let’s look the brief description for these:
i. DataGrid controls:
A DataGrid is a control that displays data in a customizable grid. It provides a flexible way to display a collection
of data in rows and columns.
➢ It generates columns automatically, on the basis of the type of the data stored in them, by setting the
ItemSource property.
➢ Can perform various operations, such as grouping, sorting, and filtering on the data stored in the DataGrid
control.
➢ Enables to perform validation on the cell and row levels.
▪ Cell – validate the properties of a bound data object when another user updates the value.
▪ Row – validate the entire data object when another user modifies the data in a row.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
ii. Calendar Controls:
Calendar is a control that enables you to select a date from a visual calendar. It can be used as a separate control
of the drop-down part of the DatePicker control.

The default view of the Calendar control We can change the Display mode to Year and Decade
looks generates by setting the property DisplayModes.

Year Decades

2.2 WPF Architecture

The architecture of WPF is a multilayered architecture. It has mainly three layers, the WPF Managed Layer,
the WPF Unmanaged Layer or Integration Layer and the Core operating system element, basically these
layers are a set of assemblies that provide the entire framework.
Managed layer contains WindowsBase, Presentation Framework and Presentation Core assembly. Media
Integration Layer contains Milcore(Media Integration
Library Core) and WindowsCodecs modules and both are
unmanaged code. Media Integration Layer interacts with
Direct3D and Direct3D interacts with Device Driver and
Kernel.
Presentation Framework – Holds top level WPF types
includes Window, Controls, Styles, and Layout Panels
etc. The code and controls written in WPF Application is
mostly interacting with this layer.
Presentation Core – Holds base types such as UI
Element and Visual. Almost all the controls you are
directly interacting with are derived from these types.
Presentation Framework uses most of the types defined in
this layer.
MilCore – Media Integration Library is core rendering
system. MIL is unmanaged code. This layer converts
WPF elements into the format that Direct3D expects.
Windows7 and Windows Vista uses this assembly to
render its Desktop. Figure 2.1: Architecture of WPF 4.0
WindowsCodecs – provides supports for imaging like image processing, image displaying and scaling etc.
Direct3D – This layer is used to render graphics created using WPF Applications.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
2.3 Using XAML in WPF 4.0 Applications:
One of the first things you will encounter while working with WPF is XAML. XAML stands for Extensible
Application Markup Language. It is a simple and declarative language based on XML
Let us learn the following in the context of XAML and WPF applications:
• XAML Elements • XAML property syntax
• Namespaces and XAML • Markup extensions

XAML Elements:

XAML based on XML, makes use of markup tags, elements, and attributes to define the UI of WPF applications.
The XAML elements directly correspond to various managed WPF classes, while the XAML attributes
correspond to the properties and events of the classes.
In WPF, the XAML elements are represented as a logical tree with several element nodes. Each element
corresponds to a tree node while attributes of the elements become the properties of the nodes. When you add
an XAML element within an existing element, it becomes the child element of the existing node. This kind of
hierarchical tree-like content model makes WPF applications extensible and easy to render.
When you create your new WPF project, you will encounter some of the XAML code by default in
MainWindow.xaml as shown below.

<Window x:Class = "Resources.MainWindow"

xmlns=http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title = "MainWindow" Height = "350" Width = "525">
<Grid>
<Button - - > </Button>
</Grid>
</Window>

There are four XAML elements, namely

Window. The Window and Grid elements exist in
the WPF application by default, while the Button
and Label elements are added by dragging and
dropping the respective controls from the
Toolbox. These elements can be represented in a
hierarchical manner as a tree that is shown in
Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2: Representing the XAML Elements as a Tree

Namespaces and XAML:

A XAML namespace is really an extension of the concept of an XML namespace. The techniques of specifying
a XAML namespace rely on the XML namespace syntax, the convention of using URIs as namespace identifiers,
using prefixes to provide a means to reference multiple namespaces from the same markup source, and so on.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
The primary concept that is added to the XAML definition of the XML namespace is that a XAML namespace
implies both a scope of uniqueness for the markup usages, and influences how markup entities are potentially
backed by specific CLR namespaces and referenced assemblies.

By default, there are two namespaces that are included in WPF applications. The namespaces are added by
using the xmlns declarations, which are provided through the xmlns attribute of the window or page elements
that as shown below:
▪ Maps the default XAML namespace for WPF client/framework
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
▪ XAML namespace for XAML language which maps it to x: prefix
xmlns:x = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/w infx/2006/xaml"
In WPF, you can also create your own namespace and use it in XAML files by adding an xmlns declaration in
the root element of these files.
Syntax:
xmlns:custom_prefix="clr-namespace:namespace_name;
assembly=assembly_name"
It shows how custom prefixes work in XAML markup. The prefix custom is defined in the root element tag,
and mapped to a specific assembly that is packaged and available with the app.

XAML property syntax:

The syntax rules for XAML is almost similar to XML. If you look at an XAML document, then you will
notice that it is a valid XML file, but an XML file is not necessarily an XAML file. It is because in XML, the
value of the attributes must be a string while in XAML, it can be a different object which is known as Property
element syntax.
❖ The syntax of an Object element starts with a left angle bracket (<) followed by the name of an object,
e.g. Button.
❖ Define some Properties and attributes of that object element.
❖ The Object element must be closed by a forward slash (/) followed immediately by a right angle
bracket (>).
Syntax:
<element_name.property_name [attribute_name=“value1”
attribute_name=“value2” . . attribute_name=“valueN”] >
property_value</element_name.property_name>

Markup Extension:
A markup extension is a means of setting the value of a property to an object reference. It also allows you to
delay the assignment of a value to a property until the runtime or bind a property to some value.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Markup Extensions gives the flexibility to create custom objects into your XAML attributes. Every markup
extension is enclosed within a {} braces. Thus, anything written within the Curl braces will be taken as Markup
Extension. Thus, XAML parser treats anything within the curl braces not as literal string and rather it tries to
find the actual MarkupExtension corresponding to the name specified within the Curl braces.

The Markup Extension classes inherit the System.Windows.Markup.MarkupExtension class and

extend different types of markup extensions that are listed below:
Table 2.1: List of Markup Extension Classes:
Markup Extension Classes Description
BindingBase Allows you to specify a data bound value for a given property
Allows you to specify the property value of a control, which is specified
TemplateBindingExtension
to its control template.
Allows you to specify an existing resource that helps in determining
StaticResourceExtension
the value of a property.
Allows you to set the property value by delaying the reference to
DynamicResourceExtension
a given resource till runtime.
RelativeSource Allows you to specify a relative source for binding the property.
ArrayExtension Allows you to create arrays of XAML objects.
NullExtension Allows you to set a null value to a property.
StaticExtension Allows you to specify a static data member as the value of a property.
TypeExtension Allows you to specify a type object for the specified data type.

The markup extension classes are derived from the MarkupExtension class, which contains the
ProvideValue() method. This method is responsible for returning the object that is to be assigned to the
property after the evaluation of the markup extension. The object that is returned by the ProvideValue()
method depends on the input that you provide to the markup extension.

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Programming using C# Module – 4 GUI with Windows Forms and WPF
Questions List
1. What is GUI? List and Explain the basic GUI Controls. 10
2. Mention windows form properties, events and method with description. 10
3. Explain the event handling in GUI with an example. 06
4. List the Control Layout properties and methods, with description of each. 08
5. Explain differences among anchoring and docking. 06
6. List out any six properties and their purpose of TextBox. 06
7. Write a program to display hidden text in a password box. 06
8. What is the purpose of using GourpBox and panels? List out their properties. 06
9. What are the differences between the GroupBox and Panel. Explain with an example. 10
10. Design a window application, to demonstrate the usage of GroupBox and RadioButton. 06
11. Illustrate working the checkbox, RadioButton, and GroupBox Controls with a windows form
10
application example.
12. What are the use of tooltip? List out the properties and events. 05
13. Explain how to handle mouse events with example. 08
14. What are the properties of mouse events and event arguments? 06
15. What are the properties of Keyboard events and event arguments. 06
16. Define: menus, menu item, submenus 03
17. What is monthcalendar control and DateTimePicker control used for? List out its properties. 10
18. What are the difference between label and linklabel control. Give an example. 06
19. Write a short notes on:
i. Anchoring and Docking
ii. Windows Forms
iii. NumericUpDown Control
iv. MDI Windows
v. Event Driven GUI
20. Explain the implementation of combobox control, GroupBox control and menus with respect
10
to windows forms
21. Develop a program for addition of two numbers from TextBoxes display the result in form
8
using button click event.
22. Explain the steps involved in creating MDI form. 06
23. Discuss the properties, events of checked textbox control. Write a C# program and illustrate
10
checkedbox
24. Explain the WPF architecture with a neat diagram. 10
25. Explain XAML elements and Markup extension classes in XAML. 10
26. Discuss new features of WPF 4.0 Controls. 10
27. Explain the following:
i. XAML Elements ii. Namespaces and XAML
iii. XAML property syntax iv. Markup extensions

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