Laundry Pubsy 20151104 - 3
Laundry Pubsy 20151104 - 3
Laundry Pubsy 20151104 - 3
2015
EUR 27380 EN
This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. It aims to
provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policy-making process.
The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.
JRC96846
EUR 27380 EN
How to cite: G. Medina, A. Boyano, R. Kaps, J. Arendorf, K. Bojczuk, E. Sims, R.Menkveld, L.Golsteijn, A. Gaasbeek; Revision of the European
Ecolabel Criteria for: Laundry detergents and industrial and institutional laundry detergents; EUR 27380 EN; doi:10.2791/0171
All images © European Union 2015, except: Cover image, shotsstudio, Fotolia.com
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
3.2 Market structure ................................................................................ 79
3.2.1 Product overview ........................................................................79
3.2.2 Market segmentation ..................................................................80
3.2.3 Manufacturers and market shares .................................................84
3.2.4 Structure of supply chain .............................................................85
3.3 Production and sales .......................................................................... 87
3.3.1 EU-28 sales ...............................................................................87
3.3.2 Market trends and projections ......................................................88
3.4 Market trends .................................................................................... 89
3.4.1 Washing machine ownership ........................................................89
3.4.2 Trade-offs in the laundry detergent market – product trends ............90
3.4.3 Sales trends ...............................................................................93
3.4.4 Labelling ....................................................................................93
3.5 Product and process innovation ........................................................... 96
3.5.1 Sustainability trends ...................................................................96
3.6 Consumer trends ............................................................................... 99
3.6.1 Product fragrance .......................................................................99
3.6.2 Sustainable cleaning products ......................................................99
3.6.3 Low temperature washing .......................................................... 100
3.7 Conclusions of the market analysis .................................................... 101
4. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 103
4.1 Technological aspects ....................................................................... 103
4.1.1 Supply chain for laundry detergent production ............................. 103
4.1.2 Description of the production processes ....................................... 104
4.1.3 Laundry detergents ingredients .................................................. 105
4.2 LCA review ...................................................................................... 105
4.2.1 Selection criteria ....................................................................... 106
4.2.2 Selection of reports ................................................................... 106
4.2.3 Detailed revision of selected reports ............................................ 111
4.3 LCA review: results .......................................................................... 113
4.3.1 Results of the selected studies.................................................... 113
4.3.2 Summary of findings ................................................................. 115
4.4 Opportunities for improvement .......................................................... 115
4.4.1 Compaction of detergents .......................................................... 116
4.4.2 Wash temperature .................................................................... 116
4.5 Overview of industrial laundry, auxiliaries and alternatives for laundry
washing .................................................................................................. 119
4.5.1 Industrial laundry ..................................................................... 119
4.5.2 Auxiliaries ................................................................................ 119
4
4.5.3 Laundry washing alternatives ..................................................... 120
4.6 Summary of the key environmental impacts of laundry detergents ........ 121
4.7 Non-LCA impacts ............................................................................. 122
4.7.1 Toxicity to aquatic organisms ..................................................... 122
4.7.2 Risk assessment of chemical release ........................................... 124
4.7.3 Human health .......................................................................... 124
4.7.4 Ecosystems .............................................................................. 125
4.7.5 Sustainable sourcing ................................................................. 125
4.8 In-house LCA studies ....................................................................... 125
4.8.1 Methodology ............................................................................ 126
4.8.2 Goal definition .......................................................................... 126
4.8.3 Scope of the study .................................................................... 126
4.8.4 Functional unit and reference flow .............................................. 127
4.8.5 System description and boundaries ............................................. 127
4.8.6 Life cycle inventory ................................................................... 128
4.8.7 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) .......................................... 132
4.9 Sensitivity analysis .......................................................................... 135
4.9.1 Washing program ..................................................................... 136
4.9.2 Energy source for heating the water ............................................ 136
4.9.3 Dosage .................................................................................... 137
4.9.4 Surfactant origin ....................................................................... 138
4.9.5 Toxicity impact of ingredients ..................................................... 138
4.9.6 Use of fabric softener ................................................................ 139
4.9.7 Sensitivity of the surfactant to the database used ......................... 141
4.10 Summary of findings ........................................................................ 143
5. PRODUCT INNOVATIONS AND IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL ................... 145
5.1 Introduction and approach ................................................................ 145
5.2 Laundry detergent product innovations ............................................... 145
5.2.1 Compaction.............................................................................. 145
5.2.2 Low-temperature wash performance ........................................... 145
5.2.3 Low/no harmful chemicals ......................................................... 146
5.2.4 Natural/renewable ingredients .................................................... 146
5.3 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 146
6. Conclusions and further steps .............................................................. 149
7. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................ 151
8. List of tables ......................................................................................... 154
9. List of Figues ........................................................................................ 156
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................ 157
5
ANNEX I: Stakeholder survey .................................................................... 157
ANNEX II: Laundry detergent ingredients ................................................... 181
ANNEX III: Market analysis data ................................................................ 183
ANNEX IV: Life cycle impact assessment .................................................... 186
ANNEX V: Contribution analysis of different life cycle stages ......................... 187
ANNEX VI: Sensitivity analysis .................................................................. 188
6
Executive summary
The Preliminary Report presents the research carried out on areas related to the product
groups covered by the EU Ecolabel on Laundry detergents and industrial and institutional
laundry detergents. The report provides background information that underpins to the
new criteria proposals.
Policy context
The EU Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy
(SCP/SIP) policy is an integral part of the Resource Efficiency flagship initiative of the
Europe 2020 Strategy. This policy aims to reduce the environmental impact of production
and consumption and contribute to the decoupling of the economic growth from
environmental degradation.
The EU Ecolabel is the main instrument included in this Plan aiming at promoting
products with the best environmental performance. The EU Ecolabel is a voluntary tool
awarded to a product through a process in which an applicant has to demonstrate that
the specified Ecolabel criteria for a particular product group are met. The criteria the
products must meet are being developed based on a life-cycle assessment of the most
important environmental impacts on a product group basis.
This study is being carried out by the Joint Research Centre's Institute for Prospective
Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS) together with Oakdene Hollins and Pre-consultants. The
work is being developed for the European Commission's Directorate General for the
Environment. The report will be used as a consultation document to gain feedback,
evidence and opinion from stakeholders and experts on the proposed changes and
significant environmental issues.
Key conclusions
This background document for the revision of the criteria for EU Ecolabel for Laundry
detergents and industrial and institutional laundry detergents is meant to provide a first
evaluation of likely areas for investigation as a result of stakeholder surveys, market
analysis and known concerns with existing criteria, including changes in hazardous
substance classification of commonly used ingredients. As policy-relevant
recommendations, it points out where there is scope for strengthening the EU Ecolabel
and which criteria could be removed, amended or further developed.
The information contained in this document provides an overview of changes to the
Laundry detergents and industrial and institutional laundry detergents market since the
last revision of the criteria in 2011, and a technical analysis to understand where the
greatest environmental impacts arise in their life cycle.
Main findings
The main findings of the Preliminary Report are:
The market analysis revealed that the laundry detergent market in Europe is dominated
by a few well-known brands, including Procter & Gamble, Henkel and Unilever. Laundry
detergents are available in a range of formats, but liquid laundry detergents account for
the largest market share in Europe, closely followed by powder laundry detergents.
Market trends show that sustainability is of growing importance to consumers of laundry
detergents, with an increase in concentrated/compacted products, use of plant-based
ingredients and minimisation of packaging.
The technical analysis revealed that the life cycle stage with the largest contribution to
the environmental impact profile of laundry detergents is the use phase, particularly the
energy needed to heat the water for the wash cycle. For some impact categories, the
sourcing of raw materials is also important. Based on the normalisation assessment, the
7
most significant impact categories for laundry detergents in Europe are Freshwater
Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Freshwater Ecotoxicity, Marine Ecotoxicity, and Natural
Land Transformation.
Impact contribution %
100
80
Ingredients
60
Manufacturing
40
Packaging
20
0 Transport
CC TA Use Phase
ME POF TTox
MTox ALO End of Life
NLT MD
Midpoint impact categories
These impacts are strongly correlated to each other via the energy use in the use phase
(with the exception of natural land transformation). The use phase dominates the impact
categories freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and marine ecotoxicity, and
ingredients sourcing dominates the freshwater ecotoxicity and natural land
transformation.
The key environmental performance indicators (KPIs), i.e. those variables that mainly
drive the results for laundry detergents in Europe, based on the results of this study are:
Wash temperature,
Amount of product used per application,
Choice of and amount of surfactant (although there are trade-offs between impact
categories),
Energy source used to heat the water,
Emissions to water.
Related and future JRC work
This preliminary report takes part of the revision for EU Ecolabel criteria for six detergent
product groups, namely: "Detergents for dishwasher", "Industrial and institutional
automatic dishwasher detergents", "Laundry detergents", "Industrial and institutional
laundry detergents", "All-purpose cleaners and sanitary cleaners" and "Hand dishwashing
detergents". The publication of this report is foreseen to be followed by continuous wide
consultation with experts and stakeholders, i.e. manufacturers, supply chain industry,
consumer organizations and NGOs. The progress of these discussions can be followed
through the official website http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/detergents/index.html.
8
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The EU Ecolabel initiative is a policy instrument designed to encourage the production
and use of more environmentally friendly products and services through the certification
and specification of products or services which have a reduced environmental footprint. It
forms part of the European Commission’s action plan on Sustainable Consumption and
Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy adopted on 16 July 2008.1
The EU Ecolabel is a voluntary scheme coordinated by the European Commission2 which
is used to distinguish environmentally beneficial products and services. The EU Ecolabel
is awarded through a process in which an applicant has to demonstrate that the specified
Ecolabel criteria for a particular product group are met. Successful applicants are then
allowed to use the EU Ecolabel logo and to advertise their product as having been
awarded the EU Ecolabel.
1
Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The
Committee of the Regions on the sustainable consumption and production and sustainable industrial policy action plan, Brussels 16.7.2008.
Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/pdf/com_2008_397.pdf
2
Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 25 November 2009 on the EU Ecolabel. Available from:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:027:0001:0019:en:PDF
3
Documents available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/products-groups-and-criteria.html
9
are due to expire in 2016. A breakdown of EU Ecolabel products for the LD and IILD
categories can be found in Section 2.2, "Scope and definition", of this report.
10
2. LEGAL REVIEW, SCOPE AND DEFINITION
2.1 Introduction
The aim of the first task is to conduct a review of the practicality of the existing product
group definition and scope. The areas where the existing criteria and scope are no longer
in line with current legislation or market conditions will be identified. The review will
consider: feedback from stakeholders, literature reviews, legal reviews and alternative
ecolabels. This first task has been divided into the following sub-tasks:
1) An introduction to the existing product scope and definition.
2) A summary of the feedback received from the stakeholder questionnaire.
3) A review of existing EU legislation that is likely to affect the criteria revision.
4) A review of alternative and national ecolabels for laundry detergents.
5) An investigation into the need for separate criteria for LD and IILD.
6) The proposed scope and definitions for the LD and IILD categories.
7) Recommendations for revision of existing criteria based on stakeholder feedback.
8) A summary of the proposed changes to the criteria which require further
investigation.
As a key element of this task a stakeholder survey has been conducted, a blank copy of
which can be found in Annex I. The survey has been used to gain viewpoints of the
successes and failings of the criteria and to guide the development of the criteria
revision. The survey addressed principal questions such as: the validity of the product
group, definition and scope, the potential for merging LD and IILD criteria, additional
technological or environmental matters that have arisen since the previous revision and
issues with specific criteria. Outputs from the stakeholder survey have been used
throughout this section of the report.
4
Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents. Available at http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:104:0001:0035:en:PDF
11
‘Laundry fabric-softener’ is intended to modify feel of fabrics in processes which
are to complement the washing of fabrics.
Before discussing in detail the classification of laundry detergents, it is important that
certain key concepts of their composition are described. Laundry detergent formulations
are made up of several components which include surfactants, builders,
biocides/preservatives, bleaches, enzymes, optical brighteners, fragrances, dyes,
solvents and fillers. As a result, the overall composition of detergents varies significantly
and this will affect the impact of the product on the environment, human health and
costs. A brief overview of the functions of the main ingredients can be found in Annex II.
5
Commission Decision of 28 April 2011 on establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the EU Ecolabel for laundry detergents
(notified under document C(2011) 2815), 2011/264/EU
6
Commission Decision of 14 November 2012 on establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the EU Ecolabel for Industrial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents, (notified under document C(2012) 8055). 2012/721/EU
12
2.3 Feedback from stakeholder consultation
To obtain feedback on the current EU Ecolabel product scope and definition for LD and
IILD, a questionnaire was sent to stakeholders (see blank copy in Annex I). The target
groups for the questionnaire were European Ecolabel competent bodies, industry,
technology institutes and trade associations. Eighteen stakeholders formally responded to
the consultation by returning the completed questionnaire. The respondents feature a
mixture of stakeholders, as summarised in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of respondents to questionnaire
Stakeholder Number of respondents
Competent bodies 3
Environment Agency 1
Industry 10 (5 IILD, 1 LD, 4 both)
Consulting agency 1
Research institute 1
The consultation invited comments on the proposal to merge LD and IILD criteria, as well
as feedback on existing criteria and proposed changes. The responses are summarised
for both LD and IILD in Table 2. Further detail of the respondents' suggestions can be
found later in this section.
Table 2: Summary of questionnaire analysis
Criterion No. of Summary of responses
responses
18/19 60 % of respondents agreed with the existing products in scope for LD, and over 80 %
of respondents agreed with the existing products in scope for IILD. For the LD
category, respondents called for the addition of fabric softeners and in-wash stain
removers. Seven of the respondents suggested that fabric softeners should be
included within scope. When asked if the product category should include other stain
removers in addition to pre-treatment ones, five of the stakeholders said that in-
Scope and definition
wash stain removers should be included. No specific reasons were given for why
fabric softeners should be included - or indeed excluded - from the criteria. For the
IILD category, three of the stakeholders suggested that the scope should be extended
to cover products for obtaining textile attributes such as water proofing. It was also
added that with the current definition for IILD it is unclear whether or not softeners,
rinsing aids and stain removers are covered by multi-component systems.
Some useful additional comments were made, such as: “Clearly describe in the
application that the product group covers complete powders and complete liquid
detergents as well as multi-component systems”.
requirements for LD are strict enough. Only 20 % of the respondents thought that
Dosage
additional dosage requirements, such as maximum dosage limits are needed for IILD.
In terms of water hardness, the general comments (for both LD and IILD) were that in
Europe there are significant differences in water hardness and the criteria should
take this into account.
16/19 Only 25 % of the respondents thought that the existing critical dilution volume (CDV)
aquatic organisms
values for LD are not effective in distinguishing the best environmentally performing
Toxicity to
products on the market. All 14 of the respondents to the question agreed that the
current CDV criteria for IILD are strict enough for promoting the best top
environmental performers
A general comment (for both LD and IILD) from the feedback was that the CDV values
should be recalculated in accordance with the revised DID list.
13
Criterion No. of Summary of responses
responses
18/19 30 % of respondents considered that there are additional ingredients which should be
Excluded or limited
set to further promote the use of recycled materials in packaging, with only 15 % of
Packaging
tests. The majority of respondents had no further comments to make and were
Washing
15/19 Almost 75 % of respondents thought that the points system effectively promotes cold
(LD only)
When asked about what further measures could be taken to promote low
temperature washing, stakeholders suggested that more information should be
provided to consumers.
14/19 Over 90 % of all respondents thought that the requirements for dosage instructions
information
consumer
in the existing criteria are efficient. In general few comments were received regarding
User/
criteria on user and consumer information. Two of the stakeholders suggested that
the consumer information should be up to the manufacturer to propose for LD.
7
Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 July 2000 on a revised Community eco-label award
scheme
14
increase its effectiveness and streamline its operation. A number of key changes,
relevant to this product group, were incorporated:
1) Criteria would be determined on a scientific basis (Ecolabel Regulation - Art. 6.3).
2) There would be a focus on the most significant environmental impacts over the
product life cycle (Ecolabel Regulation - Art. 6.3.a).
3) The substitution of hazardous substances with safer substances (Ecolabel
Regulation – Art. 6.3.b).
4) Any substances classified according to CLP8 as hazardous to the environment,
toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR) and referred to in
Art. 57 of Regulation EC/1907/2006 (REACH Regulation) would be restricted
(Ecolabel Regulation - Art. 6.6).
5) Derogations may be given in respect of the above, if substitution or use of
alternative materials is not technically feasible. However no derogations are
possible in respect of substances of very high concern (SVHC) identified in
accordance with the procedure set out in REACH - Art. 59 (Ecolabel Regulation -
Art. 6.7).
8
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and
packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No
1907/2006
9
Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents
10
Regulation (EU) No 259/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012 amending Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 as
regards the use of phosphates and other phosphorus compounds in consumer laundry detergents and consumer automatic dishwasher
detergents
15
standard washing machine load11 operating on a normal washing cycle. The producer
should also indicate different dosages for soft, medium, and hard water hardness, and
should also make provision for one- or two-cycle washing processes. The producer is also
required to indicate, in either millilitres or grams, the capacity of any provided measuring
cup. The provided measuring cup should also have markings to indicate the dosage of
detergent appropriate for a standard washing machine load at soft, medium and hard
water hardness levels.
The Revision also requires manufacturers of heavy-duty detergents (standard laundry
detergents) to indicate the number of standard washing machine loads of “normally
soiled” fabrics that can be washed using the contents of the laundry detergent package,
with water of medium hardness (2.5 millimoles of CaCO 3 per litre). Manufacturers of
light-duty detergents (detergents for delicate fabrics) are required to indicate the number
of standard washing machine loads of “lightly soiled” fabrics that can be washed using
the contents of the laundry detergent package, with water of medium hardness (2.5
millimoles of CaCO3 per litre).
11
Commission Decision 1999/476/EC establishing the Ecological Criteria for the award of the Community Eco-label to Laundry Detergents
defines a standard washing machine load as 4.5 kg of dry fabric for heavy-duty detergents and 2.5 kg of dry fabric for light-duty detergents.
Laundry detergents are generally considered to be heavy-duty detergents, unless the primary claim of the manufacturer is that the
detergent promotes fabric care (i.e. low temperature wash, delicate fibres and colours), in which case the detergent is classed as a light-
duty detergent.
12
Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of biocidal products on the
market
13
Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the
market and use of biocidal products.
16
documentation submitted in connection with applications for authorisation of biocidal
products.
14
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and
packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No
1907/2006
15
Directive 67/548/EEC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and
administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
16
Directive 1999/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 1999 concerning the approximation of the laws,
regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous
preparations.
17
Information on ecolabels on detergents, including laundry detergents can be found on the following website:
http://www.globalecolabelling.net/categories_7_criteria/list_by_product_category/1301.htm?xhighlightwords=detergents
17
Table 3: Alternative voluntary labelling schemes and standards
Labelling programs Region Product category Date of adoption/last
revision
Denmark, Laundry detergents and stain Version 7.6 – 15 December
18
Finland, Iceland, removers 2011 to 31 December 2017
Nordic Swan
Norway, Laundry detergents for professional Version 3.0 19 March 2014
19
Sweden. use – 31 March 2019
Blue Angel Germany No criteria for laundry detergents N/A
Austrian Ecolabel Austria No criteria for laundry detergents N/A
20
03-2012 Detergents Revised 2012
Czech Ecolabelling Czech Republic 72-2013 Detergents used in industry
21 Revised 2013
and institutions
Bra Miljöval (Good
22
Environmental Sweden Chemical products December 2006
Choice)
BP X30-323-2 Household Heavy
AFNOR-ADEME France 23 December 2012
Duty Laundry Detergents
No categories, only Procter &
P&G Future
UK Gamble products can be awarded Launched in the UK in 2007
Friendly
the label
24 Global (founded Natural detergents and Natural
Ecocert 25 Last revised May 2012
in France) detergents made with organic
GS-48 Laundry Care Products for
26 12 July 2013
Household Use
Green Seal USA
GS-51 Laundry Care Products for 12 July 2013
27
Industrial and Institutional Use
28
EC-02-14 Laundry Detergents January 2014
Environmental
New Zealand EC-38-14 Commercial and
Choice 29 January 2014
Institutional Laundry Detergents
18
Nordic Ecolabelling of Laundry detergents and stain removers, Version 7.6, 15 December 2011 – 31 December 2017. Available from:
http://www.nordic-ecolabel.org/criteria/product-groups/?p=2
19
Nordic Ecolabelling of Laundry detergents for professional use, Version 3.0, 19 March 2014 – 31 March 2019. Available from:
http://www.nordic-ecolabel.org/criteria/product-groups/?p=2
20
Technical Guidelines Detergents, V03, 2012, Ministry of Environment available from: http://www.cenia.cz/web/www/web-
pub2.nsf/$pid/MZPMSFHMV9DV/$FILE/032012.pdf
21
Technical Guidelines Detergents used in industry and institutions, V72, 2013, Ministry of Environment available from:
http://www1.cenia.cz/www/sites/default/files/722013.pdf
22
Good Environmental Choice criteria: Chemical products, Version 2006:4, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, available from:
http://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/sites/default/files/dokument-media/bra-miljoval-engelska/bmv-kem-chemical-crit.pdf
23
General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products: methodology for the environmental impacts
assessment of household heavy duty laundry detergents, BP X£)-323-2, ADEME, December 2012. Available from: http://www.base-
impacts.ademe.fr/documents/RG_detergents.pdf
24
Ecocert is a certification body and not a program labelling. However, they have also expertise in developing standards, especially related
to detergents that have no petrochemical ingredients. The standards is the result of a partnership between ECOCERT Greenlife, a
certification body in the environmental field, and certain detergent professionals who have long expressed the need to find a solution to
the detergent problems. http://www.ecocert.com/sites/default/files/u3/Natural-Detergents-made-with-Organic-Ecocert-Greenlife-
11.05.2012.pdf
25
Ecocert Standard: Natural detergents and natural detergents made with organic, May 2012, Ecocert Greenlife SAS, available from:
http://www.ecocert.com/sites/default/files/u3/Natural-Detergents-made-with-Organic-Ecocert-Greenlife-11.05.2012.pdf
26
Green Seal GS-48 Standard for Laundry Care Products for Household Use, Edition 1.1, July 2013. Available from:
http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards.aspx?vid=ViewStandardDetail&cid=0&sid=35
27
Green Seal GS-51 Standard for Laundry Care Products for Industrial and Institutional Use, Edition 1.2, March 2014. Available from:
http://www.greenseal.org/GreenBusiness/Standards.aspx?vid=ViewStandardDetail&cid=0&sid=43
28
The New Zealand Ecolabelling Trust Licence Criteria for Laundry Detergents, EC-02-14. Available from:
http://www.environmentalchoice.org.nz/docs/publishedspecifications/ec0214_laundry_detergents.pdf
29
The New Zealand Ecolabelling Trust Licence Criteria for Commercial and Institutional Laundry Detergents, EC-38-14. Available from:
http://www.environmentalchoice.org.nz/docs/publishedspecifications/ec3814_commercial__institutional_laundry.pdf
18
Labelling programs Region Product category Date of adoption/last
revision
30
EL307 Liquid Laundry Detergents 2008
31
Korea Eco-Label Korea EL 302 Powder laundry detergents 1998
32
EL306 Fabric Softeners 2008
Singapore Green 33 Launched in 1992. Criteria
Singapore Laundry Detergents
Label last issued May 2013
Greenmark 34
Chinese Taipei Laundry Detergents 1995 (revised 2013)
Program
Cradle to Cradle USA No product specific categories Last revised January 2013
Good
35
Environmental Australia Cleaning products Last revised November 2011
Choice Australia
Nordic Swan36: The Nordic Swan became the official ecolabel for the Nordic countries in
1989. It is a voluntary scheme that uses a life cycle based approach to evaluate a
product’s impact on the environment. At present there are 63 product categories covered
by the Nordic Swan; these include products and services. Each Nordic country has a
national office which is responsible for licensing, auditing, marketing and criteria
development. As per the EU Ecolabel, the Nordic Swan uses the same DID list for data on
ingredient ecotoxicity and degradability.
Czech Ecolabelling37: The Czech Ecolabel was launched in 1994 and is administered by
CENIA, the Czech Environmental Information Agency. The Czech Ecolabel covers a wide
range of products and services; for many of these it employs the EU Ecolabel criteria.
The criteria for product groups which exist in both labelling schemes are gradually being
unified. At present the Czech Ecolabel has published its own criteria for LD and IILD;
however, these will gradually become discontinued and the EU Ecolabel criteria for these
product groups will be used instead.
Bra Miljöval (Good Environmental Choice) 38: Good Environmental Choice (Bra
Miljöval in Swedish), is the ecolabelling system established by the Swedish Society for
Nature Conservation. A life-cycle analysis based approach is employed for the testing and
award procedure. At present the system covers 11 product areas including chemical
products. For detergents the criteria sets limits on aquatic toxicity and biodegradability.
The scheme sets limits by ingredient type, for instance solvents or complexing agents.
For biodegradability, OECD 301 or an equivalent test must be used; surfactants must be
anaerobically in accordance with ISO 11734. The toxicity of chemical substances to
aquatic organisms, where possible, should be specified in accordance with OECD 201-
203.
30
Korea Eco-Label: Liquid laundry detergents, EL307-2008. Available from: http://el.keiti.re.kr/enservice/enpage.do?mMenu=2&sMenu=1
31
Korea Eco-Label: Powder laundry detergents, EL307-1998. Available from:
http://el.keiti.re.kr/enservice/enpage.do?mMenu=2&sMenu=1
32
Korea Eco-Label: Fabric softeners, EL307-2008. Available from: http://el.keiti.re.kr/enservice/enpage.do?mMenu=2&sMenu=1
33
Singapore Green Labelling Scheme Certification Guide: Laundry Detergents, May 2013. Available from:
http://www.sec.org.sg/sgls/standards-criteria.php
34
Green Mark, Laundry Detergents, General No:24, Classified No: L-01, 1995. Available from:
http://greenliving.epa.gov.tw/GreenLife/uploadfiles/Criteria/24/02caeed6-847c-411b-9209-0f5823989625.pdf
35
Good Environmental Choice Australia, Environmental performance standard: Cleaning products, Standard no: CP V2.2-2012, issued
November 2013. Available from: http://www.geca.org.au/media/medialibrary/2013/11/CPv2.2-
2012_Cleaning_Products_Standard_Final.pdf
36
More information available at: http://www.nordic-ecolabel.org/
37
More information available at: http://www1.cenia.cz/www/ekoznaceni/ekologicky-setrne-vyrobky
38
More information available at: http://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/in-english
19
AFNOR-ADEME39: In France the General Directorate for Sustainable Development
manages the implementation of environmental impact labels for consumer goods. The
labels aim to target all products and not only those with the best environmental
characteristics; this is in order to make purchasing decisions easier for consumers.
P&G Future Friendly40: Future Friendly is a private label, in such that it can only be
awarded to Procter & Gamble products. It was established in 2007 by a partnership
between P&G and sustainability experts including Energy Saving Trust, Waste Watch and
Waterwise.
Ecocert41: Ecocert is an inspection and certification body founded in France in 1991,
their focus is on sustainable development and organic agricultural products. Ecocert
develops internationally recognised standards for products, systems and services. The
product categories include natural cleaning products, paintings and coatings from natural
origins and inputs eligible for use in organic farming. The basic principle of the scheme is
to protect our planet and its resources, to protect and inform the consumer and to reduce
unnecessary waste and discharges. In France Ecocert is accredited by the French
Accreditation Committee (Cofrac)
Green Seal42: Green Seal is an independent non-profit certification organisation that
operates in the USA and was established in 1989. Green Seal uses a lifecycle approach to
evaluate the environmental impacts of products, services and companies. It develops its
label with input from industry, government, academia and the public.
Environmental Choice (New Zealand): The Environmental Choice ecolabel is operated
by the New Zealand Ecolabelling Trust and is endorsed by the New Zealand government.
The ecolabel was launched in 1992 and has standards based on life cycle considerations
for a wide range of products, services and companies.
Korea Eco-Label 43: The Korean Eco-Label was launched by the government of the
Republic of Korea in 1992. The label uses a life cycle based approach and is verified by
an independent organisation. The Korea Eco-Label covers a wide range of products and
services.
Singapore Green Label: The Singapore Green Label Scheme was launched by the
Ministry of the Environment in 1992. Since 1995 the scheme has been run by the
Singapore Environment Council, which is an independently managed non-profit and non-
governmental organisation. The green label considers overall product environmental
impacts such as raw materials, manufacturing process, health impacts and disposal. The
label covers a wide range of products, but does not cover services and processes. In
addition there are five levels of certification: basic, bronze, silver, gold and platinum.
Products are scored across all five criteria categories and the overall certification level is
equal to the lowest score in any category.
Greenmark Program44: The Green Mark Program was founded in 1992 and is the
official voluntary Ecolabel in Chinese Taipei. The program is run by the Environmental
Protection Agency. It aims to promote recycling, pollution reduction and resource
conservation. The Green Mark Ecolabel covers 117 product categories including cleaning
products, office equipment and home appliances.
39
More information available at: http://www2.ademe.fr/
40
More information available at: http://www.pg.com/en_UK/sustainability/environmental-sustainability/pg-future-friendly.shtml
41
More information available at: http://www.ecocert.com/
For the detergent standards check: http://www.ecocert.com/sites/default/files/u3/Natural-Detergents-made-with-Organic-Ecocert-
Greenlife-11.05.2012.pdf
42
More information available at: http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx
43
More information available at: http://el.keiti.re.kr/enservice/enindex.do
44
More information available at: http://greenliving.epa.gov.tw/GreenLife/eng/english.aspx
20
Good Environmental Choice Australia: The Australian Good Environmental Choice
program was launched in November 2011 and is currently managed by a non-profit
organisation. The program is compliant with ISO 14024 and provides standards for a
wide range of products and services.45 The scheme aims to enable consumers to choose
certified products and standards and have confidence that they have a lower impact on
the environment, human health and address important social considerations.
The Charter for Sustainable Cleaning: This charter is a voluntary initiative of A.I.S.E,
the International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products.46
Although it is not a national labelling scheme it is relevant for the revision of the The
Charter aims to encourage both consumers and industry to adopt more sustainable
approaches to cleaning. The Charter is based on a lifecycle analysis and covers
initiatives and activities ranging from human and environmental safety of chemicals and
products to eco-efficiency, occupational health and safety, resource use and consumer
information. The Charter has advanced sustainability profiles (ASPs) for the following
categories of laundry detergent products: household solid laundry detergents, household
liquid laundry detergents and household fabric conditioners. The ASPs are sustainability
criteria which have been created for each A.I.S.E. product category using a life cycle
approach. However, there are no limits values set for environmental impacts such as
aquatic toxicity and biodegradability. The ASP for a given product category describes the
product group characteristics which the industry considers to represent a good
sustainability profile. For laundry detergents the ASPs have criteria covering the product
formulation, packaging, wash temperature, end user information and performance.
Applicant companies are assessed by independent verification in order to certify that the
company has the required Charter Sustainability Procedures (CSPs) in place, under
control and adequately applied. In addition, all ordinary company members of the charter
must report annually to A.I.S.E. on a set of key performance indicators (KPIs). The KPIs
report on the use of poorly biodegradable organics, the packaging used, water
consumed, waste and the percentage of production which is compliant with ASPs and
other indicators.
In addition to taking on board feedback from the stakeholders, the current scope and
definition of the different ecolabels in categories related to laundry detergents have been
reviewed as shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Product group definitions and scope of alternative voluntary labelling schemes
Labelling Product Definitions & scope
programs category
Laundry detergents and pre-treatment stain removers whether in powder, liquid or any
other form which are marketed and used for the washing of textiles principally in
Laundry detergents
household machines but not excluding their use in laundrettes and common laundries.
EU Ecolabel
Pre-treatment stain removers include stain removers used for direct spot treatment of
textiles (before washing in the machine) but do not include stain removers dosed in the
washing machine and stain removers dedicated to other uses besides pre-treatment.
This product group shall not comprise products that are dosed by carriers such as
sheets, cloths or other materials nor washing auxiliaries used without subsequent
washing such as stain removers for carpets and furniture upholstery.
45
ISO 14024:1999 Environmental labels and declarations – Type I environmental labelling – Principles and procedures. More information
available at: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=23145
46
More information available at: http://www.sustainable-cleaning.com/en.home.orb
21
Labelling Product Definitions & scope
programs category
Laundry detergent products performed by professional users in the industrial and
laundry detergents
constituting of more than one component used to build up a complete detergent or a
laundering program for automatic dosing system.
This product group shall not comprise products for obtaining textile attributes such as
water-repellent, waterproof or fire-proof, etc.
Furthermore, the product group shall not comprise products that are dosed by carriers
such as sheets, cloths or other materials, as well as washing auxiliaries used without
subsequent washing, such as stain removers for carpets and furniture upholstery.
Consumer laundry products are excluded from the scope of this product group.
The product group encompasses laundry detergents and stain removers in powder,
tablets, liquids, gel or any other form. The products shall be used for washing of
Laundry detergents and stain removers
textiles, and are intended to be used in household machines, but not excluding the use
in launderettes and common laundries. The ecolabel criteria distinguish between
heavy-duty detergents and low-duty detergents.
Heavy-duty detergents are defined as detergents used for regular washing of white and
(domestic use)
washing and products that are dosed via carriers such as sheets, cloths or other
materials. The product group does not comprise multiple function detergents such as
“2 in 1” products with both detergent and fabric softening effects/claims.
Products intended for laundering textiles in water, and that are intended for use by
large-scale consumers and professional users. The criteria apply to both complete
Laundry detergents for professional use
powders and complete liquid detergents, and multi-component systems (where rinsing
agent and stain remover may also be included). Fabric softeners and stain removing
agents may also be Nordic Ecolabelled when they are constituents of a multi-
component system.
Multi-component systems are detergent systems based on the use of various
components to form a complete detergent, a stock solution, or a wash programme for
automatic dosing. This type of system may include several products, such as pre-wash
agent, main detergent, wash booster, bleaching agent, fabric conditioner, disinfectants,
neutralizing agents and detergent for delicate fabrics.
The criteria apply to all products that come into contact with the laundry during
washing, but do not apply to special impregnating agents that have, for example, a
water-repelling or flame-retardant function. Dyes for colouring textiles are not covered
by this product group. Products with specifically added microorganisms are also not
included in the product group definition.
Household laundry detergents category includes concentrated and ultra-concentrated
Heavy Duty LD
BP X30-323-2
laundry washing liquid, regular laundry washing liquid and regular laundry washing
Household
47
AFNOR-
ADEME
47
General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products: methodology for the environmental impacts
assessment of household heavy duty laundry detergents, BP X£)-323-2, ADEME, December 2012.
22
Labelling Product Definitions & scope
programs category
Refers to EU Ecolabel criteria (Commission Decision 2011/264/EU) for category
Detergents
definition.
48
Czech Ecolabelling
definition.
II
Laundry detergents - products that are used for hand washing and machine washing of
Bra Miljöval
Env Choice)
Chemical
products
textiles.
(Good
Fabric softeners: products that are added to textiles to make them softer and to reduce
static.
Stain removers: Products that remove stains or discolouration from textiles.
Products that can be certified: laundry pre-wash, everyday laundry detergents (and
GS-48 Laundry
for Household
Care Products
detergents sold in Laundromat dispensers, fabric softeners (liquids and single-use dryer
sheets), anti-static products (liquids and single use sheets), anti-wrinkle products, fabric
Green Seal (USA)
style machine in the industrial and institutional market), spot removers, stain
removers, bleaches, antimicrobial pesticide products used in I&I laundries for health
care and food service, builders (water conditioners), alkali boosters, laundry sours,
antichlor products, fabric softeners (liquids & single-use dryer sheets), anti-static
products, anti-wrinkle products, fabric protectants, fabric refreshers, starch, sizing,
fabric finish.
All laundry detergent, soaps, bleaches; in powder, liquid or any other form; for washing
Detergents
EC-02-14
Laundry
textiles; and which are intended to be used principally in household machines, but not
excluding the use in laundrettes and common laundries.
Env Choice New Zealand
like institutional/industrial users and other large-scale consumers. The product group
covers complete powders and complete liquid detergents as well as a multi-component
system, Softeners, rinsing agents and stain removers are also covered by these criteria.
EC-38-14 Commercial and
48
Technical Guidelines Detergents used in industry and institutions, V72, 2013, Ministry of Environment available from:
http://www1.cenia.cz/www/sites/default/files/722013.pdf
23
Labelling Product Definitions & scope
programs category
This category establishes criteria for all laundry detergents in powder and liquid/gel
Detergents
Singapore
form, for washing textiles; and which are intended to be used principally in household
Green
Label
Laundry machines, but not excluding the use in laundrettes and common laundries.
Laundry detergents for household washers, which include powder type, small particle
Powder LD
Fabric softeners used to soften fabric in the final phase of rinse and to prevent the
softeners
generation of static electricity when fabric products, such as clothes are washed at
general households.
Fabric
EL306
The products included in the scope and definition of the different ecolabels varies
considerably. The Green Seal Ecolabel covers all categories and types of laundry care
products and so, in defining the scope, takes a different approach to the EU Ecolabel. A
better comparison is the Nordic Swan Ecolabel. For LD the main difference in product
scope is that the Nordic Swan covers stain removers in any form, whereas EU Ecolabel
only covers pre-wash stain removers. The New Zealand Environmental Choice label for
LD also has a wider product scope.
For IILD the EU Ecolabel has a similar product group definition to both the Nordic Swan
and the Environmental Choice ecolabels. The definitions used in the other ecolabels are
more detailed which is likely to help avoid confusion over which products are covered.
For instance the Environmental Choice label defines a multi-component system as “… a
detergent system based on components used to build up a complete detergent, stock
solution or a laundering programme for automatic dosing. This system may incorporate a
number of products such as pre-wash agents, basic detergents, washing strengtheners,
bleaching agents, rinsing agents and special detergents for laundering delicates”. In
addition, like the EU Ecolabel these ecolabels exclude special impregnating agents from
their scope.
An overview of the requirements of the criteria documents for different ecolabels for LD is
given in Table 5 and Table 6, for DD and IILD respectively. The excluded substances for
different ecolabels are compared in Table 7. All of the criteria documents for the
ecolabels listed in Table 4 were examined, however, only those which have a similar
scope to the EU Ecolabel were included. Please note that for ease of comparison, some
details of environmental criteria for LDs have been excluded. The criteria for the Czech
Ecolabel have been excluded based on their similarity to the EU Ecolabel.
49
http://el.keiti.re.kr/enservice/enpage.do?mMenu=2&sMenu=1
24
Table 5: Overview of the requirements of different ecolabels for consumer laundry detergents
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Limited substances
Fragrances: any ingredients added to the Fragrances: Fragrances encompassed by Fragrances: Fragrances must be Fragrances: No more than 0.50 % by Fragrances: all
product as a fragrance shall be the declaration requirement in the produced and used in accordance weight fragrance content is fragrances
manufactured and handled following the Detergents Regulation 648/2004/EEC with the code of practice compiled by permitted in the product. This limit synthesised and
code of practice of the International and its subsequent amendments must IFRA. also applies to concentrated products included in the final
Fragrance Association (IFRA). not be present in quantities >100 ppm that are diluted before use. product must comply
Biocides and preservatives: The
(0.010 %) per substance. Fragrances must be used in with IFRA’s code of
Biocides: the product may only include product may only include biocides in
accordance with the practice.
biocides in order to preserve the Fragrance substances classified with order to preserve the product, and in
recommendations drawn up by IFRA.
product, and in the appropriate dosage H317/R43 and/or H334/R42 can be the appropriate dosage for this Phosphorus:
Nitromusk compounds and polycyclic
for this purpose alone. This does not included, the amounts have to be <0.010 purpose alone. phosphonates are
musk compounds are not permitted
refer to surfactants which may also have % (100 ppm). prohibited from the
This criterion does not apply to in fragrances.
biocidal properties. product. The total
Any ingredients added to the product as ingredients (e.g. quaternary
Phosphorus: Ingredients that contain amount of
a fragrance shall have been ammonium salts) added for other
phosphorus must not be added to the phosphorus shall be
manufactured and/or handled following functions but which may also have
product intentionally. <0.5 %.
the IFRA code of practice. biocidal properties.
Enzymes are approved in products Enzymes: no micro-
Phosphorus: The total content of Enzymes: The enzyme production
that bear the Bra Miljöval label. organism should be
phosphorus in the product is limited to: micro-organism shall be absent from
present in the
the final enzyme preparation. Colouring agents are not permitted.
Product type P (g/kg wash) concluding step of
Heavy-duty LD 0.030 In other products, enzymes must be Complexing agents: Organic any enzyme
(normally soiled) present in liquid form or as a dust- complexing agents must be readily production process.
Low-duty LD 0.030 free granulate. biodegradable according to OECD or Enzymes used in the
(lightly soiled) equivalent test. Product may contain product must be in
Colorants: Colouring agents may be liquid state or anti-
Stain-removers 0.010 a maximum of 2.0 % by weight of
added to liquid products only, dust particulate state.
(in-wash) complexing agent that does not meet
provided they have been approved a
Stain-removers 0.0050 requirement 3.1, but is potentially
food additive or are not bio- Colorants: only dyes
(pre-treatment) biodegradable according to
accumulative. accepted for use in
OECD 302.
food colouring and
Complexing agents: The maximum non-bioaccumulative
Colouring agents: Colouring agents may Solvents: Solvents must be readily
concentration of complexing agents dyes may be used in
be added to liquid products provided biodegradable according to OECD 301
in the product must not exceed 10 the product.
that the colouring agent has been or an equivalent test.
g/kg laundry (dry weight). Citrate
approved for use in foodstuffs or is not shall not be included in this amount. Solvents, preservatives, thickening Heavy metals:
bioaccumulable. agents/ dissolving agents, bleaching specified substances
25
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Sensitizing substances: Substances The product must not contain > 0.15 agents must have a bioconcentration are prohibited:
classified as respiratory sensitizers with g phosphonates which are not readily factor (BCF) < 100 according to OECD arsenic, cadmium,
H334/R42 and/or H317/R43 may not be biodegradable per kg laundry (dry 305. If no BCF data is available, log chromium, lead,
used in products. The following are weight) KOW < 3 according to OECD 107 or mercury and zinc.
exempt to this requirement: enzymes 117. Unless found in trace
Heavy metals: Laundry detergents
(added as liquid or encapsulated amounts (under 0.1 %
shall not be formula-ted or Bleaching agents: Hydrogen peroxide
granulates, bleach-catalysts and by weight).
manufactured with compounds or and percarbonate may be stabilised
fragrance.
substances that contain toxic metals, with no more than 0.2 % by weight of Chemical dyes: shall
including arsenic, cadmium, complexing agents that do not meet be within the
chromium, lead or mercury. the requirements for bleaching specified limit of
agents. <0.05 %.
Palm oil and palm kernel oil: the
licence applicant must have an Nitrogen: The nitrogen content of the Optical brighteners:
effective purchasing policy for all product must not exceed 1.0 % by shall be within the
palm oil, palm kernel oil (or weight. specified limit of
derivatives) or raw materials that are <0.05 %.
Fillers must meet the requirements
manufactured from palm kernel oil to
for other additives. For laundry The pH value of the
maximise the use of palm oil and
detergents filler content must not detergent shall be
palm kernel oil from sustainable
exceed 0.5 % by weight. <11.
sources.
reproductive toxins
the aquatic
26
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
H341 R68 H300 Xn with
H350 R45 H301 R20, R21,
H350i R49 H302 R22, R65
H351 R40 H304 T with R23,
H360F R60 H310 R24, R25
Acute toxicity
H360D R61 H311 T+ with
H360FD R60/61/60-61 H312 R26, R27,
H360Fd R60/63 H330 R28
H360Df R61/62 H331
H361f R62 H332
H314 C with R34
H361d R63
or R35
corrosion
H361fd R62-63
H362 R64
Skin
H370 R39/23/24/25/26/27/28
H371 R68/20/21/22
H317 Xi with R43
H372 R48/25/24/23
sensitisation
H334 Xn with
respiratory
H373 R48/20/21/22
R42
H400 R50
Skin or
H410 R50-53
H411 R51-53
H412 R52-53 H370 Xn with
H413 R53 H371 R48/20
EUH059 R59 H372 R48/21
Specific target organ toxicity/ repeated
27
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Surfactants H400 R50 Substances in the product must not be
(in conc < 25 classified according to the classifications
% wt) in the table below:
Biocides for H401 R50-53
Classifi- Hazard EU Risk
preservation
H411 R51-52 cation statemt Phrase
purposes
(CLP Reg)
H412 R52-53 H350 Carc with
Carcinogenic
H350i R40, R45
Fragrance H412 R52-53 H351 and/or R49
Enzymes H334 R42
H317 R43
Nitrilo tri- H351 R40
H340 Mut with
acetic acid mutagen-
Germ cell
MGDA and
GLDA H360F Repr with
Bleach H317 R43 H360D R60, R61,
Toxic for
catalysts
duction
28
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Surfactants
All surfactants must be aerobically and All surfactants must be readily Surfactants must be readily A biodegradability
anaerobically biodegradable. biodegradable and anaerobically biodegradable according to OECD 301 test for anionic
degradable. or an equivalent test. surface active agents/
surfactants is
Surfactants must be 60 %
required:
anaerobically biodegradable in
accordance with ISO 11734 or an If anionic surfactant
equivalent test. content is more
than 5 % by weight
Surfactants must have a very low
in the product, the
residual content of organo-halogen
biodegradability
compounds – below 100 mg/kg TOX
test needs to be
Surfactants must not be very toxic to performed on the
aquatic organisms (LC50, EC50 and surfactant and it
IC50> 1mg/L). Surfactants must not must be > 90 %
be classified as R50, very toxic to biodegradable.
aquatic organisms.
If anionic surfactant
If palm oil is used as a raw material in content is below
surfactant production, the surfactant 5 % by weight in the
manufacturer or the palm oil supplier product, it is not
must be a member of the Roundtable necessary to do the
on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) or be biodegradability
able to show that the palm oil used to test.
produce the surfactants comes from
If cationic or non-
a plantation that is certified in
ionic surfactants are
accordance with RSPO’s sustainable
used, it is not
cultivation rules.
necessary to do the
biodegradability
test.
Biodegradability of
anionic surfactants
should be measured
according to
ISO 7827, 9439,
10707, 10708, 9408,
29
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
14593 or OECD
methods 310A – F.
30
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
the maximum dosage level.
Water hardness for the recommended
dosage must be stated in German
degrees of hardness (°dH). Water
hardness must be expressed in ranges
that are relevant to the geographic areas
in which the product is on sale.
31
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
EC50 and IC50 > 1 mg/L).
Acids must not be toxic to aquatic
organisms (LC50, EC50 and IC50 >
10 mg/L).
Biodegradability of organics
The content of organic substances in the The content of organic substances that Organic ingredients must be readily
product that are aerobically non- are aerobically non- bio-degradable in accordance with
biodegradable (aNBO) or anaerobically biodegradable(aNBO) and/or OECD 301 or an equivalent test.
non-biodegradable (anNBO) shall not anaerobically non-biodegradable
Organic ingredients must be 60 %
exceed the following limits: (anNBO) must not exceed the following
anaerobically biodegradable in
Product type aNBO limits:
accordance with ISO 11734 or an
(g/kg wash)
Product type aNBO equivalent test.
Heavy-duty LD - 1.00
(g/kg wash)
Powder Ingredients that are not fully
Heavy-duty LD 1.00
Heavy-duty LD - 0.55 biodegradable in accordance with
(normally soiled)
Liquid OECD 302 must not exceed a total
Low-duty LD 0.50 concentration of 2 % by weight.
Low-duty LD - 0.55
(lightly soiled)
Powder (additional requirement for laundry
Stain-removers (in- 0.20 detergents)
Low-duty LD - 0.30
wash)
Liquid
Stain-removers 0.10 Preservatives, thickening agents/
Stain-remover 0.10 dissolving agents, bleaching agents
(pre-treatment)
pre-treatment - and acids must be readily
powder biodegradable according to OECD 301
Stain-remover 0.10 Product type anNBO or an equivalent test.
pre-treatment - (g/kg wash)
liquid Heavy-duty LD 1.00
(normally soiled)
Low-duty LD (lightly 0.50
Product type anNBO
soiled)
(g/kg wash)
Stain-removers (in- 0.20
Heavy-duty LD - 1.30
wash)
Powder
Stain-removers 0.10
Heavy-duty LD - 0.70
(pre-treatment)
Liquid
Low-duty LD - 0.55
Powder
32
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Low-duty LD - 0.30
Liquid
Stain-remover 0.10
pre-treatment -
powder
Stain-remover 0.10
pre-treatment -
liquid
Origin and traceability of vegetable raw materials
For fatty acids, soap and oils consisting
of ≥ 75% vegetable based materials and
which are present in the final product in
concentrations > 1.0 % (by weight).The
following should be fulfilled:
The name and geographical origin of
the type of plant species used to
extract the vegetable raw materials
must be specified
The detergent manufacturer must
furthermore have a written routine
for purchasing of vegetable raw
materials to ensure that it does not
come from environments with a large
need for protection for biological
and/or social reasons and must have
a written policy documenting this.
The vegetable raw materials must
not come from:
a) Protected areas or areas that are
under evaluation for protection
b) Areas with uncertain ownership
or user rights
c) Illegally harvested vegetable raw
materials
33
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
d) Genetically modified vegetable
raw materials/plans (enzymes and
other GMO use in closed systems
are not included)
Packaging
The weight/utility ratio (WUR) must not The weight/utility ratio of the product For primary packaging the Packaging must be made of
exceed the following values: and its packaging must not exceed the weight/utility ratio must be less than components that are easy to take
following values: or equal to: apart, and each component must
Product WUR consist of a single type of material.
type (g/kg wash) Powders: 1.2 g/kg wash Prod type WUR
Refill packaging that weighs no more
Powders 1.2 (g/kg wash) than 30 % of the weight of the
Others (liquids, tables, gels, etc.): 1.5
Others (liquids, 1.5 Powders – soft 1.50 original packaging is exempted from
g/kg wash.
gels, tablets, water this rule.
capsules) Halogenated plastic must not form part Powders – medium 2.0
of the packaging including the label. water Plastic packaging must be made from
Powders – hard 2.5 polyethylene, polypropylene (PP),
Plastic/paper/cardboard packaging Primary packaging consisting of plastic polyethylene terephthalate or an
water
containing more than 80 % recycled must be labelled according to equivalent plastic. Polyvinyl chloride
Liquids – soft 2.0
material is exempt from this Commission Decision 97/129/EC of 28 (PVC) is not permitted. Plastic
water
requirement. January 1997 or ISO 11469:200 Plastics – packaging must be marked in
Generic identification and marking of Liquids – medium 2.5
water accordance with DIN 6120 or
plastics products or similar. American SPI. It is not necessary to
Liquids – hard 3.0
water mark small parts, such as stoppers, in
this way.
34
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
The use of refillable containers methods may be used.
Consumer information
The following washing The label/packaging must clearly The laundry detergents shall be Instructions guiding
recommendations shall appear on the indicate the temperature at which the accompanied by instructions for the appropriate use
packaging: product has been performance tested, proper use so as to maximise product of the product to
• Wash at the lowest possible e.g. “Efficient at 40 °C” performance and minimise waste. enhance performance
50
This criterion is only applicable to Sweden, REPA now FTI, for more information see http://www.ftiab.se/
35
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
temperature. The following washing advices (or These instructions shall include and generate lesser
• Always wash with full load. equivalent) shall appear on the information on reuse, recycling waste (e.g. reuse/
• Dose according to soil and water packaging of laundry detergents (not and/or correct disposal of packaging. recycle and disposal
hardness; follow the dosing instructions. applicable for stain removers). The methods) should be
The applicant shall take suitable steps
• If you are allergic to house dust, always washing advices may be present either available to
to help the consumer respect the
wash bedding at 60 °C. Increase wash as text or symbols. consumers.
recommended dosage, for example
temperature to 60 °C in case of
infectious diseases. Preferably wash with full load by making available a dosage device Product ingredients
• Using this EU Ecolabel product Dose correctly according to soil and (for powdered or liquid products), must be clearly visible
water hardness. Overdosing does not and/or by indicating the on the product
according to the dosage instructions will
make the laundry cleaner and is recommended dosage at least in ml packaging in
contribute to the reduction of water
harmful for the environment (for powdered or liquid products). accordance with the
pollution, waste production and energy
consumption. Reduce the temperature of your labelling criteria
A recommendation shall appear on
normal wash programmes to stated in Article 11 of
the packaging for the consumer to
safeguard the environment 648/2004/EC and the
contact their water supplier or local
Information appearing on the EU If you are allergic to house dust, authority in order to find out the
amended version in
51 52
Ecolabel: always wash bedding at 60 °C or 907/2006/EC.
degree of hardness of their tap
The logo should be visible and legible. above water.
The use of the EU Ecolabel logo is Run a 60 °C wash now and again with
a bleach containing detergent (white All laundry detergents must display
protected in primary EU law. The EU
wash powder detergent) and follow on the container a list of product
Ecolabel registration/license number
the machine manufacturer’s ingredients that complies with the
must appear on the product, it must be
recommendations regarding labelling requirements of Article 11 of
legible and clearly visible.
maintenance Regulation (EC) No. 648/2004 of the
The optional label with text box shall Leave the machine open between European Parliament and of the
contain the following text: washes Council of 31 March 2004 on
Detergents, as amended by
• Reduced impact on aquatic
Regulation (EC) No 907/2006 of 20
ecosystems.
June 2006.
• Limited hazardous substances.
• Performance tested. The following or equivalent words
should be clearly displayed on the
51
Detergents Regulation 648/2004/EC available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:104:0001:0035:en:PDF
52
Amendment 907/2006/EC to Directive 648.2004 available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:168:0005:0010:en:PDF
36
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
packaging:
“All Laundry Detergents have an
effect on the environment. Always
use the correct dose for maximum
efficiency and minimum
environmental impact. Use the lowest
recommended temperature”
Any proposed changes/ alterations to
this wording must be submitted to
and approved by The Trust.
All labelling shall comply with the
requirements of the HSNO legislation
or the appropriate hazardous
substance legislation for the country
where the product is sold.
All packaging shall include a website
reference where a copy of the
product data sheet can be obtained.
Product claims
Claims on the packaging: Products marketed as cold water No claim or suggestion, on the
In general the claims on the packaging products should pass the performance packaging or by any other means,
shall be documented through test at the lowest indicated temperature shall be made that the product has an
performance testing (e.g. claims of where the effect of the product is stated antimicrobial action.
efficiency at low temperatures, of - but maximum at 20 °C. Reference is still
If the licence holder includes claims
removal of certain stain types, of washed at 40 °C.
relating to the product being ‘natural’
benefits for certain types or colours of
A stain remover must always pass the or ‘plant based’ the licence holder
textiles, or other claims of specific
performance requirements for any shall provide evidence to support the
properties/benefits of the product)
specific stain type for which the product claim, including but not limited to:
claims to be effective.
the definition used by the licence
If claims are made regarding the content holder to support the ‘natural’ or
of certified raw materials (e.g. ‘plant based’ claim;
organically grown ingredients), the total the source of all ingredients
content in weight % of these ingredients including whether they are
37
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
must be clearly stated on the pack. synthetic versions of the chemicals;
and
evidence of chain of custody where
synthetic versions exist and the
ingredients are non-synthetic
versions
Fitness for use
The product shall comply with the The fitness for use shall be documented The product shall be fit for its
performance requirements as specified by use of the Nordic Ecolabelling intended use and conform as
in the EU Ecolabel laundry detergents Performance Test for laundry detergents appropriate to relevant product
performance test’s latest version. and stain removers. performance standards. Performance
of the product with respect to both
For detergents for white wash and for
cleaning ability (ability to remove
stain removers the performance of the
soil) and cleaning performance (the
products must by the recommended
total amount of soil removed per
dosage on normally soiled clothing be
wash) must be assessed.
satisfactory at 40 °C compared to the
reference detergent tested at 40 °C.
For detergents for delicates the
performance must be satisfactory at the
recommended dosage to lightly soiled.
Further information on the performance
test can be found in the criteria
documents.
38
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
effective waste management policies
and procedures and/or a waste
management programme. In addition
licence holders must report annually
to The Trust on waste management.
Energy management
The licence applicant/holder and Effective energy
product manufacturer must have management policies
effective energy management and procedures
policies and procedures and/or an and/or an energy
energy management programme. In management
addition licence holders must report program must be in
annually to The Trust on energy existence or
management. proposed.
39
EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Bra Miljöval (Good Singapore Green
(laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) (laundry detergents) Environmental Choice) Label Scheme
(laundry detergents)
Water content
For heavy-duty and liquid laundry
detergents water content must not
exceed 75 % by weight. For stain
removers and bleach the water
content must not exceed 81 % by
weight. For fabric softeners the water
content must not exceed 85 % by
weight.
40
- Consumer information: For powder (and tablets) and liquid - Fitness for use: Evidence has to be provided (in case of
products, ability to wash at≤ 30° C indicated on pack. external verification organised by A.I.S.E.) that the product has
End user information on Cleanright and Safe Use tips must be been performance tested and reached a level acceptable to
displayed on pack. consumers consistent with claims made.
Biocides: the product may only include biocides in order to Complexing agents, phosphonates/phosphonic acids: Biocides and preservatives: The product may only
preserve the product, and in the appropriate dosage for this Phosphonates/phosphonic acids may, in total, be present in include biocides in order to preserve the product, and in
purpose alone. This does not refer to surfactants which may quantities of no more than 0.15 g/kg of articles to be washed. the appropriate dosage for this purpose alone.
also have biocidal properties. This criterion does not apply to ingredients (e.g.
Phosphorus: The total content of phosphorus in the product is quaternary ammonium salts) added for other functions
limited to: but which may also have biocidal properties.
Light soiling: 0.50 g/kg laundry
Medium soiling:1.00 g/kg laundry Colorants: Colouring agents may be added to liquid
Heavy soiling: 1.50 g/kg laundry products only, provided they have been approved a food
additive or are not bioaccumulative.
41
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
Heavy metals: Laundry detergents shall not be
formulated or manufactured with compounds or
substances that contain toxic metals, including arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, lead or mercury.
Palm oil and palm kernel oil: the licence applicant must
have an effective purchasing policy for all palm oil, palm
kernel oil (or derivatives) or raw materials that are
manufactured from palm kernel oil to maximise the use
of palm oil and palm kernel oil from sustainable sources.
42
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
H311 R24 Acute toxicity specific H330 T+ with R26, R27, Any raw ingredient that is classified as 9.1A (aquatic
H330 R23/26 target organ toxicity – H300 R28 and/or R39 ecotoxin) must be readily biodegradable and not
H331 R23 single exposure H370 potentially bioaccumulative.
H340 R46 Acute toxicity specific H301 T with R23, R24,
H341 R68 target organ toxicity – H330 R25, R39 and/or The limits by weight of substances classified 6.5
H350 R45 single and repeated H331 R48 (respiratory and contact sensitisers) shall not exceed 0.1
H350i R49 H370 %.
H351 R40 H372
H360F R60 Harmful to health H332 Xn with R20, R21,
H360D R61 H312 R48, R65 and/or
H360FD R60/61/60-61 H373 R68
H371
H360Fd R60/63
H304
H360Df R61/62
Carcinogenic properties Carc. 1A, T with R45 and/or
H361f R62
1B, 2A, 2B, R49 (Carc1 or
H361d R63
2: H350, Carc2) or Xn with
H361fd R62-63
H350i, R40 (Carc3)
H362 R64 H351
H370 R39/23/24/25/26/27/28
Skin or respiratory H317 Xi with R43 Xn with
H371 R68/20/21/22 sensitisation H334 R42
H372 R48/25/24/23 Mutagenic H340 T with R46 (Mut1 or
H373 R48/20/21/22 H341 Mut2) or Xn with
H400 R50 R68 (Mut3)
H410 R50-53 Toxic for reproduction H360FD T with R60, R61,
H411 R51-53 H361fd R64 and/or R33
H412 R52-53 H373 (Rep1 or Rep2) or
H413 R53 H362 Xn with R62, R63,
EUH059 R59 R64 and/or R33
EUH029 R29
EUH031 R31 Substances in the product must not be classified according to the
EUH032 R32 classifications in the table below:
EUH070 R39-41
H334 R42 Classification Hazard statement EU Risk Phrase
H317 R43 (CLP reg)
Carcinogenic H350 Carc with R40, R45
Derogations: the following substances or mixtures are H350i and/or R49
specifically exempted from this requirement: H351
Allergenic H334 Xn R42 or Xi R43
43
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
Sub-stance /mixture GHS Hazard EU Risk H317
statement Phrase Mutagenic H340 Mut with R46 and/or
Surfactants (in H341 R68
concentration < 25 % in H400 R50 Toxic for H360F Repr with R60, R61,
the product) reproduction H360D R62, R63 and/or R64
Biocides used for H331 R23 H361f
preservation purposes H334 R42 H361d
H317 R43 H362
H400 R50
Enzymes H334 R42
H317 R43
H400 R50
Bleach catalysts H400 R50
NTA as in impurity in
H351 R40
MGDA and GLDA
Toxicity to aquatic environments
The critical dilution volume of the product must not exceed The CDVchronic and CDVacute values must not exceed the following
the following limits (CDVchronic): limits:
Soft water (0-6 °dH) CDVchronic (L/kg laundry) L/kg laundry Level of soiling
Product type/ Light Medium Heavy Light Medium Heavy
Degree of soiling CDVchronic 140,000 200,000 300,000
Powder 30,000 40,000 50,000 CDVacute 70,000 100,000 150,000
Liquid 50,000 60,000 70,000
Multi-component- 50,000 70,000 90,000
system (MCS)
44
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
Degree of soiling m
Powder 50,000 75,000 90,000
Liquid 75,000 90,000 120,00
0
MCS 75,000 100,00 120,00
0 0
Biodegradability of organics
The content of organic substances in the product that are The total quantity of substances that that are aerobically non-
aerobically non-biodegradable (aNBO) or anaerobically non- biodegradable (aNBO) and/or anaerobically non-biodegradable
biodegradable (anNBO) shall not exceed the following limits: (anNBO) must not exceed the following limits:
anNBO:
Soft water (0-6 °dH) anNBO (g/kg laundry)
Product type/ Light Medium Heavy
45
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
Degree of soiling
Powder 0.70 1.10 1.40
Liquid 0.50 0.60 0.70
MCS 1.25 1.75 2.50
46
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
packaging.
Washing performance
The primary laundering effects of the detergent, such as dirt The primary laundering effects of the detergent such as dirt The product must be fit for its intended use and
and stain removal, must be documented by the removal and stain removal capacity must be documented by the conform, as appropriate, to relevant product
producer/applicant with the aid of artificially soiled test manufacturer/applicant with the aid of artificially soiled test performance standards. Performance of the product
clothes which are washed in the process. The test may be clothes which are washed in the process. with respect to both cleaning ability (ability to remove
conducted by an external or internal laboratory fulfilling the The test must be conducted by a laboratory fulfilling the soil) and cleaning performance (the total amount of soil
requirements in Appendix II(a). The test must be conducted requirements in annex 4. The test must be conducted with soft removed per dish wash) must be assessed.
with the recommended dosage and at the corresponding water (0-6d°H). The measurements must be performed on
water hardness and the degree of soiling at the lowest unlaundered and laundered test clothes. Evaluation of the test
recommend wash temperature. The measurements must be results shall be made by the laboratory and it shall be clearly
performed on unlaundered and laundered test clothes. The stated in the report.
laboratory’s evaluation of the test results shall be clearly The measurements of the secondary effects such as bleaching
stated in the report. effect, bleaching factor, ash content, greying and fluidity increase
The measurements of secondary effects such as bleaching, shall be made with multi wash test clothes and analysed according
bleaching/damage factor, ash content, greying and fluidity to ISO 4312.
increase can be made with multi wash test clothes and
analysed according to ISO 4312.
Automatic dosing systems
The existing criteria state that multi-component systems shall Customer visits to customers who use automatic dosing systems
be offered to the customer together with an automatic and must be incorporated as a normal routine at
controlled dosing system. This must incorporate customer manufacturers/suppliers. Customer visits must be performed
visits which: ensure correct dosage; are performed at during the term of the licence in accordance with the suppliers’
customers’ premises; take place at least once a year during the routines and in accordance with agreements with the customer in
license period; as a minimum must include calibration of question. Customer visits can also be made by a third party.
dosage equipment; can be performed by a third party.
User information
Under the existing criteria, the following washing The detergent must be accompanied by instructions for
recommendations shall appear on the packaging: proper use so as to maximise product performance and
Wash at the lowest possible temperature. minimise waste. These instructions shall include
Always wash with full load. information on reuse, recycling and/or correct disposal
Dose according to soil and water hardness; follow the dosing of packaging.
instructions. The label, or an accompanying technical product data
If you are allergic to house dust, always wash bedding at 60 sheet, must include details of the recommended dosage
°C. Increase wash temperature to 60 °C in case of infectious (in ml or g) for one kg of laundry to be washed for
diseases. different levels of soiling and for different water
Using this EU Ecolabel product according to the dosage hardness.
The following or equivalent words should be clearly
47
EU Ecolabel Industrial and institutional laundry detergents Nordic Swan Laundry detergents for professional use Environmental Choice New Zealand Commercial and
Institutional Laundry Detergents
instructions will contribute to the reduction of water displayed on the packaging:
pollution, waste production and energy consumption. “All detergents have an effect on the environment.
Always use the correct dose for maximum efficiency and
minimum environmental impact.”
48
LD IILD LD Professional LD LD Commercial and LD
Institutional LD
Separate criterion Separate criterion Separate criterion on
Phosphates X X on phosphorus on phosphorus X phosphorus compounds
compounds compounds
APEO and ADP derivatives X X X X X
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid X
X X X X X X
(EDTA)
Nitro-musks and polycyclic musks X X X X X X
Reactive chlorine compounds X X X
Chlorine-based bleach X X
Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate X
diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
X
(DADMAC)
Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated
X
alkylated compounds (PFAS)
Boric acid and borates X
Derogations
Optical brighteners X X X X
apply
Derogations Derogations
Nitrilo tri-acetic acid (NTA) X X X
apply apply
Special Special
Special exemptions
Fragrances exemptions exemptions X
apply
apply apply
Triclosan X
Persistent, bio-accumulable and
toxic (PBT) substances – X X
Annex XIII of REACH
Very persistent and very bio-
accumulable (vPvB) – Annex XIII or X X
REACH
Substances on the EU’s list of 118
substances documented to cause X X X X
endocrine disruption
Halogenated flame retardants X
Nanoparticles compromising metal,
X
carbon or fluorine compounds
49
Substance EU Ecolabel Nordic Swan Environmental Choice New Zealand Singapore Green Label
LD IILD LD Professional LD LD Commercial and LD
Institutional LD
Quaternary ammonium salts that
X X
are not readily biodegradable
Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg) X X
Formaldehyde
Benzophenone UV adsorbers
Opacifiers X
Perborates X
50
2.6 The need for separate criteria for LD and IILD
53
Euromonitor International, cited on A.I.S.E website http://www.aise.eu/our-industry/market-and-economic-data.aspx
51
often automatic dosing systems are used. This not only cuts down on product wastage
and therefore cost but also impacts on the environmental performance of textile washing.
In contrast, users of household detergents are more likely to over-dose with laundry
detergent. As a consequence, more stringent user information and dosage requirements
are needed for the Ecolabel criteria for LD compared to IILD.
To further characterise the differences between LD and IILD, the typical users, wash
performance requirements and washing processes and equipment are outlined below.
54
Industrial and Institutional: Environmental dossier on professional laundry, A.I.S.E., October 2000
55
Calender: a machine used for pressing and ironing textiles used in industrial laundry operations
52
2.6.2.2 Differences in product formulation
Due to the confidentiality of manufacturer product formulations, limited information has
been found regarding the key differences in product formulation between laundry
products intended for household and commercial use. In general IILDs are more
concentrated and highly alkaline compared to their household equivalents. Alkaline
substances are used to improve the performance of detergents; commonly used alkalis
include silicates and sodium hydroxide. Many of the same substances are used in IILDs
and LDs but in varying concentrations. The use of optical brighteners is discouraged in
household laundry detergents, by the existing ecolabels, for instance Nordic Swan and EU
Ecolabel. However, reasons why they are required in professional laundry detergents
include:56
Improved degree of whiteness, leading to a longer life span – this is especially
important for hotel linen.
Demand by some institutions for a certain level of whiteness before certifying
laundries.
New textiles which already have optical brighteners embedded in them may
require a wash process with optical brighteners to maintain their original
whiteness level.
Most large industrial laundries have central water softening equipment, reducing the
need for builders57 in the detergent formulation. Thus, IILDs may contain substantially
lower amounts of builders compared to household equivalents. Some laundries may also
have wastewater treatment facilities which minimise the release of wastewater products.
Due to better sorting, equipment and dosage optimisation systems, professional
laundries use detergents more efficiently than households; they use an estimated
80-90 % less detergent per kg of washing.58 Often modular systems are employed for
professional laundry detergents, where the detergent system consists of an alkali
booster, a sequestrant builder, a surfactant blend, an enzymatic additive and a per-oxy-
bleach, mixed to achieve the optimal wash performance for a specific task.
2.6.2.3 Differences in washing processes and equipment
In general, professional laundering takes place at higher temperatures and uses more
efficient washing machines than domestic laundering.59 The washing machine used will
depend on the type of industry or institution and the wash load volume. Washer
extractors of various sizes, washer dryers and continuous batch tunnel machines are all
used.
The differences in wash load volume, wash programme duration and wash temperature
for different types of washing machine are summarised in Table 8.
60
Table 8: Summary of wash processes by washing machine type
Type of appliance Main customer segment Wash load Duration of Typical temp of
volume typical wash wash programme
programme
Household Household 6 kg 120 min 40 °C
washing machine
Semi-professional Coin & card laundry and 6 kg 35-55 min 40 °C
56
Ecolabel Criteria for Laundry Detergents for Professional Use – Technical report, version 3. Ecolabelling Denmark, 2011
57
The function of builders in laundry detergents is to bind calcium in the water and in the soil on the clothing. Examples of builders include
zeolite, citrate, polycarboxylates, silicates and carbonates.
58
Environmental assessment of laundry detergents, European Textiles Services Association, 2013; from http://www.eco-
forum.dk/detergents/index.htm
59
Nordic Ecolabelling of Laundry detergents for professional use, proposal for consultation, version 3, Nordic Ecolabelling, June 2013
60
Preparatory Studies for Eco-design Requirements of Energy-using Products: Lot24: Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and
Dishwashers, Oeko Institute and BIO Intelligence Service, May 2011
53
washer extractor apartment household laundry
Professional Coin & card laundry and <15 kg 35-55 min 40 °C
washer extractor apartment household laundry
Professional Hospitality laundry 15-40 kg 50 min 60 °C
washer extractor
Professional Commercial industrial laundry >40 kg 30 min 60 °C
washer extractor
Professional Hospitality laundry 6 kg 50-70 min 60 °C
washer dryer
Professional Healthcare hospital laundry 30 kg 45 min >60 °C
barrier washer
Washing tunnel Commercial industrial laundry 1,000-2,000 30 min Pre-rinse 40 °C,
machine kg per hour main wash 70-80 °C,
rinse zone 40 °C
2.6.3 Conclusions
Compared to household users, professional users have different requirements and often
higher expectations of laundry detergents. The evidence presented above suggests that
the washing processes employed are different for professional and household laundry.
Almost 80 % of stakeholders were in agreement with the proposal for the LD and IILD
criteria to remain as two separate criteria. This proposal is in line with the separate
criteria for LD and IILD undertaken by, for example Nordic Swan and New Zealand’s
Environmental Choice.
54
Industrial and Institutional laundry detergents: The product group ‘Industrial
and Institutional Laundry Detergents’ shall comprise: laundry detergent products
performed by professional users in the industrial and institutional sector.
Included in this product group are multi-component-systems constituting of more
than one component used to build up a complete detergent or a laundering program
for automatic dosing system. Multi-component systems may incorporate a number of
products including fabric softeners, stain removers and rinsing agents.
This product group shall not comprise products for obtaining textile attributes such
as water-repellent, waterproof or fire-proof, etc. Furthermore, the product group
shall not comprise products that are dosed by carriers such as sheets, cloths or other
materials, as well as washing auxiliaries used without subsequent washing, such as
stain removers for carpets and furniture upholstery.
Consumer laundry products are excluded from the scope of this product group.
55
Criterion description LD IILD GPP (core) GPP
(comprehensive)
Automatic dosing systems X
61
Revision of Ecolabel Criteria for Laundry Detergents: Background Report, Ecolabelling Denmark, 2009.
56
To uphold the environmental credentials of the EU Ecolabel, it is proposed that the
threshold should remain at 0.01 %. No issues have been raised by the stakeholders with
regard to the technical feasibility of this requirement. However, there is an argument for
a variable threshold, whereby stricter limits are applied when necessary. Employing a
variable threshold would further complicate the criteria and application process, which
may deter and hinder applicants. Moreover, other national ecolabelling schemes use the
0.01 % threshold and it would be detrimental for the EU Ecolabel to appear less strict on
ecological criteria. At this stage we recommend that the measurement threshold imposed
on ingredient concentrations for ecological requirements is not changed.
62
Maximum dosage criterion for Nordic Swan
Product type Water hardness Dosage
Heavy-duty laundry detergent (normally soiled) Soft 14.0 g/kg wash
Low-duty laundry detergent Soft 14.0 g/kg
Stain-removers (pre-treatment) All 2.7 g/kg
57
Instead of changing the dosage requirements, further clarification in the criteria
documents is required. This could be achieved by simplifying the wording or
including a table of water hardness.
2) Criteria could be One respondent pointed out that liquids and hydro-soluble liquids are different
stricter for liquids and products to powder detergents and have different requirements. Stricter dosage
hydro-soluble capsules requirements could be proposed for these products types, to keep pace with the
current trend for product compaction. The following limits have been suggested
by one of the EU Ecolabel competent bodies: 10 ml/kg wash for liquids and
7 ml/kg wash for capsules. None of the other ecolabels examined in this report
have specific dosage limits for hydro-soluble capsules. Potentially different
dosage requirements could also be implemented for concentrated liquids.
Further investigation and stakeholder input is required.
3) Dosage requirements The criteria for maximum dosage should take into account water hardness as
should be dependent the amount of product required will depend on the level of water hardness
on water hardness which varies significantly by country and region. Clarification is first required
over what level of water hardness is implied by the current criteria; at present it
is stated as “for a water hardness of 2.5 mmol CaCO3/l”, however, it would be
simpler to state soft/medium/hard water. The A.I.S.E. requirements state that
dosage limits must be set according to the level of water hardness.
This criterion should be revised so that different levels of water hardness are
taken into consideration. For the maximum dosage criteria it will be simpler to
set the criteria at a specified level of water hardness, for example medium hard
water. The dosage information on the packaging should also be described
according to water hardness, and this should be addressed in the criteria for
consumer information.
63
http://joutsenmerkki.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/DID-list-Final-report-english.pdf
64
For further information on REACH see http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/reach/index_en.htm
58
risk assessment of the consumer’s / environment’s exposure is required, taking
65
into account the way the chemicals (and products) are actually used.
As little information was provided on this approach, further investigation and
stakeholder input are required
3) Consider different CDV Fewer than 40% of the respondents consider that different CDV levels should be
levels for different set for different product types/forms. It was pointed out that the release of
product types/forms active ingredients is different and ingredients are different for each form or
product.
The CDV limits for the current criteria do not depend on the form of the product
(e.g. the limit for liquids and powders is the same). This may not be the most
realistic approach; for example, water soluble films contribute significantly to
CDV levels and therefore should have stricter limits. The IILD criteria set CDV
limits by product type and form as well as by water hardness. Further
harmonisation can be achieved by taking the same approach with LD. Other
ecolabels examined in this report, when considering aquatic toxicity, do not
employ CDV limits set by product form.
To assess this requirement it may be necessary to acquire anonymised product
formulations from existing licence holders via CBs. In order to propose new
values for the revised EU Ecolabel criteria competent bodies and other
stakeholders will be contacted and asked for information on CDV values of
EU Ecolabel laundry detergents. The results of this investigation will be
presented in the technical report.
66
4) Consider using USEtox USEtox is a model which can be used to calculate characterisation factors for
for assessing toxicity to human and ecotoxicity impact categories for life cycle assessment. The French
aquatic environment environmental labelling standard, under development by ADEME-AFNOR, has
67
chosen to employ USEtox instead of CDV. Studies have been conducted to
68 69
compare the environmental scores from USEtox and CDV. They have found
that the scores obtained from both for the same detergent may give different
ingredient rankings. However, the general conclusion from the studies is that
both methods are relevant for calculating product environmental impact scores
related to their hazard.
Switching from CDV to USEtox for assessing the environmental scores of
detergent products for the EU Ecolabel would be far from trivial. For instance, it
will not be possible to calculate the USEtox of a detergent using the DID list,
instead a USEtox database is required.
The criterion on toxicity to the aquatic environment is very important for laundry
detergents as they are released into water during use and after use, any changes
to this criterion require careful consideration and thorough investigation.
65
Position of the European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic) on the Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, The
Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions. Public procurement for a better environment,
Brussels, August 2013. From http://www.cefic.org/Documents/PolicyCentre/CEFIC-POSITION_on_GPP_final.pdf
66
USEtox DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-008-0038-4
67
General Principles for an Environmental Communication on Mass Market Products, Methodology for the Environmental Impacts
Assessment of Household Heavy Duty Laundry Detergents, Ademe, 2012
68
Comparing chemical environmental scores using USEtox and CDV from the European Ecolabel, E.G. Saouter, C. Perazzolo, L.D. Steiner,
Int.J.Life Cycle Assess., p795-802, 2011
69
Ecotoxicity impact assessment of laundry products: a comparison of USEtox and critical dilution volume approaches, Van Hoof, G.,
Schowanek, D., Franceschini, H., Munoz, I., Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., p803-818, 2011.
59
For aerobically non-biodegradable organics (aNBO):
Product type aNBO, powder aNBO, liquid
Heavy-duty laundry detergent, colour-safe detergent 1.0 g/kg wash 0.55 g/kg wash
Low-duty detergent 0.55 g/kg wash 0.30 g/kg wash
Stain remover (pre-treatment only) 0.10 g/kg wash 0.10 g/kg wash
According to Article 6(6) of Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 on the EU Ecolabel, the product or any component of it
70
Guidelines on the implementation of the Detergents Regulation v2, A.I.S.E., June 2013.
60
shall not contain substances meeting criteria for classification with the hazard statements or risk phrases
specified in the criteria document.
71
Summary of the meeting of the Regulatory Committee established under Article 16 of Regulation (EC)66/2010 of November 2009 of the
European Parliament and of the Council on the EU Ecolabel. Brussels, 29 June 2012.
72
Derogation for surfactants with H412 classification has been introduced through a posterior amendment. The comment is kept because
it was the stakeholder feedback.
73
Commission Decision 2014/313/EU, available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014D0313&from=EN
74
These chemicals are already restricted though the Hazardous Chemical substances criterion. The text is kept as it is feedback from the
stakeholders.
75
Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 of The European Parliament and of The Council 0f 25 November 2009 on the EU Ecolabel. Available from:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:027:0001:0019:en:PDF
61
4) Exclude phosphonates One of the stakeholders from industry suggested that phosphonates should be
from EU Ecolabel excluded from both LD and IILD products.
laundry detergents Phosphonates are chelating agents and limescale inhibitors which are used as
alternatives to phosphates in laundry detergents. Phosphonates are not readily
biodegradable and concerns have been raised over their use in laundry
detergents. Phosphonates do not release phosphorus to aquatic systems as
readily as phosphates do as they are only photo-degradable and so release
phosphorus to aquatic systems under certain conditions only. According to the
European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (UEAPME),
the use of phosphonates is fundamental to laundry detergents to achieve good
76
washing performance and therefore their use should not be reduced.
The HERA report on phosphonates concluded that the use of the phosphonates
aminotris (methylene phosphonic acid, ATMP), 1-hydroxy-ethylidene
diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and diethylene-triamine-penta-methylene-
phosphonic-acid (DTPMP) in household laundry and cleaning detergents is safe
77
and does not cause concern with regard to consumer use.
Other national ecolabels take a different approach to phosphorus and, instead
of exclusions, limits are set for the total content of phosphorus in the product.
Given all evidence gathered, total exclusion for phosphonates would seem
inappropriate. A more considered approach would be to set a maximum limit for
phosphorus substances in the product formulation. A criterion on the maximum
limit of phosphorus will be proposed for consideration.
5) Additional derogation Stakeholders requested that a derogation should be added for peracetic acid
for peracetic acid classified as H400. The reasoning provided by industry stakeholders is that
(classified H400) bleaching agents such as peracetic acid are necessary for both domestic and I&I
laundry detergent formulation.
However, substances classified with H400 are very toxic with long-lasting
effects. Further work is required to establish whether or not such substances
are essential to the formulation of laundry detergents and whether or not
suitable alternatives exist.
Further investigation into the use of bleaching agents and peracetic acid
classified with H400 will be presented in the technical report.
6) Exclude specific An exclusion of specific nanomaterials was not suggested by stakeholders during
nanomaterials of the survey but instead the review of national ecolabels found that the Nordic
concern Swan has banned nanoparticles compromising metal, carbon or fluorine
compounds from professional laundry detergents. Some nanomaterials, for
example nanosilver, are already used in laundry detergents and their use is
forecast to rise. Nanomaterials represent a significant problem with regard to
testing as current available analytical test methods require modification in order
to deal with nanoparticles.
Further investigation is required; this will include a literature search on specific
nanomaterials used in laundry detergents and their environmental impacts.
76
UEAPME’s opinion on the revision of Eco-label criteria for laundry and dishwashing detergents, August 2008. Available from
http://www.ueapme.com/docs/pos_papers/2008/0808_pp_ecolabel_laundry_and_dishwashing.pdf
77
HERA Human & Environmental Risk Assessment on ingredients of European household cleaning products: Phosphonates, 2009
62
Plastic/paper/cardboard packaging containing more than 80 % recycled material is exempt from this requirement.
The following feedback was given by stakeholders regarding the washing performance
test:
“Performance requirements are too easy to fulfil.”
“Each chosen stain must have interest about the laundry performance. Some
stains don’t have significant results with the laundry detergent; therefore they
don’t have significant results.”
“With the IEC A reference detergent, there are no optical brighteners in the
formulation stated in the commission decision, but in reality some manufacturers
use optical brighteners in their IEC A reference detergent.”
63
“Please update the reference to the latest A.I.S.E. protocol.”
“Must the performance be checked on two different levels of water hardness?”
“Dye transfer test for concentrated liquid CSD is unattainable and should be
reviewed. PVI-VI is not soluble in concentrated liquid CSD. So the benchmark has
to be with a soluble PVP.”
If revision of this criterion is required then further stakeholder input will be needed.
2.8.3.7 Criterion 7: Points
Current criteria:
The points scoring system (max=8, min=3) has the objective of 1) promoting cold water and low-temperature
products and 2) promoting products with very low emissions of hazardous substances to the environment. The
points available for heavy-duty and low-duty laundry detergents are:
64
2.8.3.8 Criterion 8: Consumer information
Current criteria:
Dosage instructions
Under the existing criteria, dosage instructions shall be specified for ‘normally’ and ‘heavily’ soiled textiles as
well as various water hardness ranges relevant to the countries concerned. The difference between the dosage
recommendations for the lowest water hardness range for normally soiled textiles and the highest water range
for heavily soiled textiles may not differ by more than a factor of 2.
65
2.8.4 Criteria for IILD product category
2.8.4.1 Criterion 1: Product and dosage information
Current criteria:
The recommended total dosage for 1 kg of laundry according to the degree of soiling and water hardness shall
be given in g/kg laundry or ml/kg laundry. For multi-component systems all products have to be included with
the worst-case dosage for assessments of the criteria.
Biocides, colouring agents and fragrances present in the product must also be included in the CDV calculation
even if the concentration is lower than 0.01 % (100 ppm). Because of degradation in the wash process,
separate rules apply to the following substances:
1. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) – not to be included in the calculation of CDV.
2. Peracetic acid – to be included in the calculation as acetic acid.
66
example in mmol/l provided in the technical report. A clarification will be drafted and presented in
the technical report.
67
and contribute to a reduced overall environmental impact of these products.
As only one stakeholder responded that the criteria should be stricter, it is
proposed to keep the current valid criterion.
According to Article 6(6) of Regulation (EC) No 66/2010 on the EU Ecolabel, the product or any component of it
shall not contain substances meeting criteria for classification with the hazard statements or risk phrases
specified in the criteria document.
68
Powders 1.5 2.0 2.5
Liquids 2.0 2.5 3.0
Plastic/paper/cardboard packaging containing more than 80 % recycled material or more than 80 % plastic from renewable origin is exempt
from this requirement.
Only phthalates that at the time of application have been risk assessed and have not been classified according
to criterion 4(b) may be used in any plastic packaging. To allow for identification of different parts for recycling,
the primary packaging must be market in accordance with DIN 6120, Part 2 or the equivalent. Caps and pumps
are exempted from this requirement.
The measurements of secondary effects such as bleaching, bleaching/damage factor, ash content, greying and
fluidity increase can be made with multi wash test clothes and analysed according to standard ISO 4312.
As an alternative to the above laboratory test, a user test may be used to document efficiency. The user test
should then meet the requirements stated in Appendix II(b) of the Commission Decision (2012/721/EU).
For both laboratory test and user test the following apply:
The test product must be tested against a reference product. The reference product may be a well-established
product on the market or – in the case of a user test – the product normally used by the user. The test product
must show efficiency equal to or better than the reference product
Most respondents agreed with the current criterion. However, it was commented that the
‘fitness for use’ test is hardly applicable to products for the I&I market because of the
wide range of washing parameters in Europe (water hardness, types of soil, customer
habits, and different types of machines).
The following comments were received from stakeholders:
“How many wash cycles can be investigated? The required test material for
measuring the washing performance is very different and can lead to different
results.”
69
“It is very difficult and expensive to prove efficacy for the nine levels of water
hardness and soils in external or internal tests.”
“The criterion on fitness for use is hardly applicable on the I&I market because of
the wide range of washing parameters in Europe: water hardness, type of soils,
customer habits, and different types of machine. This has to be fully described
and organised.”
“In the consumer test the user has to answer a question on how satisfied he is
with customer visiting arrangements. But how can they do this if it is a new
product and the applicant starts with this?”
70
Provide further guidance on the use of optical brighteners.
Introduce a criterion on the use of sustainably sourced ingredients.
Promote the use of products containing a certain % of renewable carbon in
formulations (bioproducts).
The impact of these suggestions for new criteria should be further investigated before
deciding whether or not they are suitable for inclusion in the EU Ecolabel.
The review of alternative ecolabels and voluntary schemes for laundry detergents found
that the following issues which are not currently covered by the EU Ecolabel:
Different approaches to limiting phosphonates and phosphates. Nordic Swan has
limits on the total amounts of phosphorus in the product. New Zealand
Environmental Choice has states that the product must not contain more than
0.15 g/kg laundry of phosphonates.
Requirement that all surfactants must be readily aerobically and anaerobically
biodegradable. This is the approach taken by Nordic Swan and New Zealand
Environmental Choice for LD.
Ingredients from palm oil derivatives must be from sustainable palm oil sources.
This is a requirement in Sweden’s Good Environmental Choice and New Zealand
Environmental Choice.
The Nordic Swan Ecolabel for laundry detergents and stain removers has a
criterion for ‘origin and traceability of vegetable raw materials’, which is described
in the box below.
Origin and traceability of vegetable raw materials
This requirement includes fatty acids, soap and oils consisting of ≥75 % vegetable based materials and which
are present in the final product in concentrations >1.0 % (by weight).
The following should be fulfilled:
1) The name and geographical origin of the type of plant species used to extract the vegetable raw
materials must be specified.
2) The detergent manufacturer must furthermore have a written routine for purchasing of vegetable raw
materials to ensure that it does not come from environments with a large need for protection for
biological and/or social reasons and must have a written policy documenting this. The vegetable raw
materials must not come from:
Protected areas of areas that are under evaluation for protection.
Areas with uncertain ownership or user rights.
Illegally harvested vegetable raw materials.
Genetically modified vegetable raw materials/plants (enzymes and other GMO used in closed
systems are not included).
At this point the environmental benefits of such criteria are unclear but, as many
surfactants are derived from palm oil and palm kernel oil, a requirement for the
sustainability of these ingredients should be considered. The market analysis (see
Section 3.5.1.1) conducted in this report has shown that the use of plant-derived
chemicals in cleaning products including laundry detergents is set to increase as many
chemicals companies have pledged to increase their use.
71
Table 10: Summary of suggested criteria changes for household laundry detergents
Criterion Suggested Change Further Action
Dosage Clarification on water hardness Draft a clarification for the water hardness level at
requirements level for maximum dosage limits which this requirement is assessed.
Set dosage limits for Further investigation and stakeholder input is required
concentrated detergents in order to determine sensible limits for concentrated
detergents.
Toxicity to Recalculate the CDV limits Examination of new DID list and revision of CDV limits
aquatic according to new DID list accordingly.
organisms CDV limits for different product Further input is required to propose new values.
types/forms
USEtox instead of CDV Further investigation is ongoing. Input from CBs and
stakeholders required.
Biodegradability Requirement for all surfactants Further information on scientific argument needs to be
of organics to be readily biodegradable and gathered. Results for LCA will also be taken into
anaerobically biodegradable. account.
Criteria for anNBO should be less Further investigation and stakeholder input is required.
strict If possible an analysis of aNBO and anNBO values of
EU Ecolabel products will be conducted.
Excluded or Harmonise with IILD excluded The lists of excluded or limited substances for LD and
limited substance list IILD will be updated in parallel.
substances Consider derogations for Further assessment is required into the uses of these
surfactants with H412 and substances in detergents and their environmental
78
peracetic acid with H400 effects.
Exclude specific nanomaterials of Further investigation on the use of specific
concern nanomaterials and their environmental relevance in
laundry detergents is required.
Consider excluding phosphonates Further scientific evidence is required on the
or limit amount of phosphorus in environmental impacts of using phosphonates in
formulations laundry detergents.
Packaging Encourage disassembly and Aligning disassembly and design for recycling with other
requirements design for recycling existing EU Ecolabel criteria.
Promote use of sustainably Further evidence is needed to assess a requirement on
sourced wood fibres the percentage of virgin wood fibres used in packaging
to be from sustainable sources.
Points Remove points criterion and try Efficacy of points criterion needs further assessment.
to substitute it with another Stakeholder input is required.
criterion on effectiveness of the
product at low temperature
Consumer Additional phrase on importance Prepare proposals for wording to include statement on
information of correct dosage dosing.
Additional Sustainable sourcing of palm oil Further information to assess the relevance of a
criteria derivatives criterion for sustainable sourcing of palm oil derivatives
is needed.
Table 11: Summary of suggested criteria changes for industrial and institutional laundry detergents
Criterion Suggested Change Further Action
Product and Further requirements depending Proposal of new requirements and further discussion
dosage inf. on level of water hardness with stakeholders is required.
Toxicity to Update CDV limits Examination of new DID list and revision of CDV limits
aquatic accordingly. If possible an analysis of CDV values from
78
See previous comments
72
organisms EU Ecolabel products will be conducted.
USEtox instead of CDV Further investigation is ongoing. Input from CBs and
stakeholders required.
Biodegradability No suggested changes
of organics
Excluded or Harmonise with LD excluded list The lists of excluded or limited substances for DD and
limited IIDD will be updated in parallel.
substances Consider derogations for See LD for further information
surfactants with H412 and
peracetic acid with H400
Exclude nanomaterials See LD for further information
Consider excluding phosphonates See LD for further information
or limit amount of phosphorus in
formulations
Packaging Encourage disassembly and See LD for further information
requirements design for recycling
Promote use of sustainably See LD for further information
sourced wood fibres
Additional Sustainable sourcing of palm oil See LD for further information
criteria derivatives
73
3. MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
In order to characterise the relevant European market for the product group under study,
a market analysis has been conducted. The objective of the market analysis is to identify
significant changes in the market for laundry detergents since the last revision of the EU
Ecolabel criteria and investigate whether any such changes need to be reflected in the
criteria so that the 10-20 % best environmentally performing products will be selected in
accordance with Annex 1 of the EU Ecolabel Regulation.
The research in this section consists of a desktop study using a variety of available
literature and statistical databases such as Datamonitor, Mintel and Euromonitor data
and reports. The market analysis covers the period 2010-14 and includes a market
forecast to 2015-16, data permitting.
Data and information have also been collated on market structure, public procurement,
innovation, supply of raw materials and environmental labelling.
74
Source: Eurostat PRODCOM
Table 13: Comparison of the categorisation criteria for PRODCOM categories (cleaning product-type) and
EU Ecolabel for laundry detergents
PRODCOM categories (cleaning product-type) EU Ecolabel for laundry detergents product
classification (application)
Anionic surface-active agents (excluding soap) This product group includes laundry detergents
Cationic surface-active agents (excluding soap) and pre-treatment stain removers whether in
Non-ionic surface-active agents (excluding soap) powder, liquid or any other form which are
Organic surface-active agents (excluding soap, marketed and used for the washing of textiles
anionic, cationic, non-ionic) principally in household machines but not
Soap and organic surface-active products in bars, excluding their use in launderettes and common
etc., n.e.c. laundries.
Soap in the form of flakes, wafers, granules or Pre-treatment stain removers include stain
powders removers used for direct spot treatment of
Soap in forms excluding bars, cakes or moulded textiles (before washing in the machine) but do
shapes, paper, wadding, felt and non-wovens not include stain removers dosed in the washing
impregnated or coated with soap/detergent, machine and stain removers dedicated to other
flakes, granules or powders uses besides pre-treatment.
Surface-active preparations, whether or not This product group shall not comprise products
containing soap, p.r.s. (excluding those for use as that are dosed by carriers such as sheets, cloths
soap) or other materials nor washing auxiliaries used
Washing preparations and cleaning preparations, without subsequent washing, such as stain
with or without soap, p.r.s. including auxiliary removers for carpets and furniture upholstery.
washing preparations excluding those for use as
soap, surface-active preparations
Surface-active preparations, whether or not
containing soap, n.p.r.s. (excluding those for use
as soap)
Washing preparations and cleaning preparations,
with or without soap, n.p.r.s. including auxiliary
washing preparations excluding those for use as
soap, surface-active preparations
75
Country Value (€000s) Sold volume (t)
France* 1,300,489 1,701,172
Germany* 4,164,537 3,010,155
Greece* 108,892 84,428
Hungary* 213,368 212,220
Ireland* 15,338 18,657
Italy 2,738,689 3,038,504
Latvia* 0 0
Lithuania 7,338 10,451
Luxemburg 0 0
Malta 0 0
Poland* 800,855 862,263
Portugal* 163,083 242,051
Romania* 150,122 229,815
Slovakia* 6,104 6,811
Slovenia* 6,357 5,503
Spain 2,020,008 2,341,911
Sweden* 52,148 31,463
The Netherlands* 711,337 307,391
UK 1,856,748 486,743
Croatia 97,529 104,690
Value EU 27 17,099,313 16,090,515
Total EU 28 17,196,842 16,195,204
* Estimates only – excludes some data which is anonymous. ‘Value EU27’ includes all data.
Source: PRODCOM
In the same way that PRODCOM data is not reconcilable with current EU Ecolabel
definitions for laundry detergents, COMEXT data (international trade data) also consists
of different categories which do not clearly match. Table 15 shows the COMEXT codes
and description for categories which include detergents. It can also be seen that these do
not directly relate to the PRODCOM categories indicated above. Even so, this data can be
used to give an overall indication of both intra and extra- EU trade for detergent
products.79
Table 15: COMEXT detergent code and description
Product Code Description
34012090 Soap in paste form "soft soap" or in aqueous solution "liquid soap"
34012010 Soap in the form of flakes, granules or powders
34011100 Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of bars, cakes,
moulded pieces or shapes, and paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or
covered with soap or detergent, for toilet use, incl. medicated products
34011900 Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of bars, cakes,
moulded pieces or shapes, and paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or
covered with soap or detergent (excl. those for toilet use, incl. medicated products)
Table 16 shows the value and volume of intra-EU trade of detergents for 2013. Overall,
this totals:
an import value of €1,090 million
an export value of €1,150 million
imports of 623,793 tonnes
exports of 690,659 tonnes.
79
Intra-EU trade refers to the trade between the Member States of the European Union, while extra-EU trade refers to the trade between
Member States and partner countries that are not members of the European Union.
76
Table 17 shows the value and volume of extra-EU trade of detergents for 2013. Overall,
this totals:
an import value of €302 million
an export value of €487 million
imports of 215,796 tonnes
exports of 219,224 tonnes.
77
Extra EU trade Import Export
Country Value (€million) Quantity (100kg) Value (€million) Quantity (100kg)
Germany* 44 350,637 117 587,966
Greece* 2 17,530 2 12,174
Hungary* 2 13,344 3 17,159
Ireland* 0 2,457 0 118
Italy 13 113,920 37 189,006
Latvia* 1 5,787 3 10,013
Lithuania 1 6,756 5 26,754
Luxemburg 0 1 0 1
Malta 0 2,141 0 768
The Netherlands* 29 186,073 44 178,489
Poland* 19 141,489 30 140,824
Portugal* 2 19,172 12 97,462
Romania* 9 73,520 3 11,029
Slovakia* 2 11,646 0 1,766
Slovenia* 1 3,913 2 11,956
Spain 12 82,408 19 108,681
Sweden* 5 33,695 20 75,432
UK 73 422,331 104 426,456
Total EU 28 302 2,157,968 487 2,192,247
* Estimates only – excludes some data which is anonymous.
Source: COMEXT trade data. See Annex III for original data
80
Includes: laundry detergents (powder, liquid and tablets), stain removers and additives, fabric conditioners, laundry bleach and carpet
cleaners.
81
Datamonitor Consumer, Household Products Market in Western Europe to 2014 - Market Databook, 24 January 2011 and Datamonitor
Consumer, Household Products Market in Eastern Europe to 2014 - Market Databook, November 2010.
82
CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate - average growth rate over a period of several years, taking into account the effect of annual
compounding.
83
Chemical Week, Soaps and Detergents: Consumers Remain Cautious, 17 January 2014,
http://www.chemweek.com/sections/cover_story/Soaps-and-detergents-Consumers-remain-cautious_58079.html
84
e.g. in 2012, Procter & Gamble (a multinational detergents manufacturer) announced that it planned to add around 20 manufacturing
plants between 2010 and 2015 in countries such as Brazil and China. Source: P&G to Build Huge Plant in China, Zacks Equity Research, 19
March 2012, http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/71529/P&G+to+Build+Huge+Plant+in+China
78
However, as the BRIC countries’ growth rates start to decelerate from recent peaks,
detergent manufacturers are expected to see longer-term growth rates stabilise in these
markets.83
In mature markets, such as Western Europe, Japan and North America, higher quality,
cost-effective laundry detergent products (including more environmentally-friendly
detergents) are in greatest demand. 85 Laundry detergent consumption in these countries
is linked to standard of living and lower quality laundry detergents see higher demand in
areas with lower quality of life. The state of the laundry detergent market in these areas
generally correlates positively with the health of the economy.
Currently, consumer incomes within the EU-28, which provide much of the impetus
behind consumer laundry detergent sales in the EU, are stagnating. In some Member
States, average consumer income has declined, both in absolute and in real terms. 86
This explains the current low to stagnant growth rate in laundry detergent sales across
the EU.
Other drivers affecting the EU laundry detergents market include a broad range of
factors: while general economic drivers such as gross domestic product (GDP) growth
and changes in consumer income have an important impact on the market, there are
other factors such as general changes in consumer habits and preferences to consider.85
An example may be consumers switching towards buying more cost-effective or more
environmentally-friendly laundry products, in place of traditional laundry detergents.
These changes in consumer habit and consumer demand will also have a direct effect on
the type of laundry detergent products that are produced and sold within the EU (both by
multinational companies, and by smaller, private-label companies).
85
Key Note Ltd - Household Detergents and Cleaners – Market Definition - 2012
86
According to Eurostat, ‘Real adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita’ has remained stagnant across the EU-28 in
recent years, and had even declined in Greece, Spain and Cyprus. Source: Eurostat :
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tec00113
79
followed by liquid detergents (23 % by value). Detergent tablets make up a relatively
small proportion of the market in comparison (5 % by value) with other detergents
accounting for 3 % of the total market for laundry care products.
Other laundry care products include fabric conditioner (18 % of the market by value),
stain removers and other additives (11 % by value) and fabric fresheners (1 % by
value).
Figure 1: Value and volume of Western Europe laundry care products, 2012
The value of the total laundry care market across Europe in 2012 (EU-27 + CH + NO)
was €14.4 billion. Of this, household laundry care represents 96 % or €13.8 billion. Table
18 shows how this is broken down by product. Of the household products, liquid and
powder detergents represent the products with the highest market value, followed by
laundry aids and fabric conditioners.
Table 18: Market value of laundry care, 2012 (EU-27 + CH + NO)
Type of laundry care € million % of total laundry care market value
Household:
Powder detergents € 3,548 25 %
Liquid detergents € 4,054 28 %
Unit doses € 946 7%
80
Type of laundry care € million % of total laundry care market value
Fabric conditioners € 2,284 16 %
Laundry aids & others € 2,923 20 %
Total household € 13,755 96 %
Total I&I € 642 4%
Total laundry care market value € 14,397
Source: Euromonitor International, cited on A.I.S.E website http://www.aise.eu/our-industry/market-and-economic-data.aspx
In comparison to household laundry products, the value of the I&I market is a relatively
small, €642 million (4 % of the total market), as shown in Figure 2 below.
87
N.B. Data on the total value of the laundry market are not readily available, but throughout this analysis the most recent figure for
market size has been used; a 2013 figure of €13,203 million. This figure includes the EU-28 minus Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta, for which
there is no data. This figure is also assumed to include the total laundry care market, both household and I&I products.
88
Passport data, Market Sizes (2008-2018) N.B. this excludes Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta as no data is available.
81
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 3: Sales of laundry care products by category, value (€m) 2012
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 4: Split of laundry care products by category, ( %) 2012
82
Detergent tablets show a variable sales value across the five countries analysed.
Notably, there are no sales of detergent tablets in Denmark. In Poland, detergent
tablets represent only 0.4% of the total sales value of all detergents and in
Germany only 2%. Italy and the UK do, however, show a higher sales value for
this product type with detergent tables representing 13% of the total sales value
in Italy and 22% in the UK.
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 5: Sales of laundry detergents by category, value (€m) 2012
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 6: Split of laundry detergents by category, (%) 2012
83
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 7: Split of laundry detergents, standard vs concentrated, (%) 2012
There is a high presence of big private labels manufacturers (14 % of market share);
these typically produce products for retail chains and supermarkets under their own
brand names. Supermarkets, which sell most laundry care products in Western Europe,
are able to control the amount of product on shelves and often price promotions in store,
and are therefore an important part of the supply chain for laundry detergent
manufacturers (see Table 20).
Table 20: Laundry care products, value by distribution channel (€m), Western Europe, 2009
Channel €m* %
Supermarket 8,941 63
Independent retailers 2,939 21
Pharmacies 843 6
Convenience stores 763 5
Cash & Carry 106 1
Department stores 43 0.3
Others 591 4
Total 14,226 100 %
84
* Converted from US Dollars ($) at a rate of €0.74 to the Dollar (conversion rate as of 11/06/14)
Source: Datamonitor (2011) Household products market in Western Europe
The laundry care market is dominated by a small number of large manufacturers and has
changed little over the past five years. For example, between 2008 and 2013, P&G has
consistently held the greatest share of the retail market with between 25 % and 26 % of
the market.
Table 21 shows the breakdown of each of the largest organisations, by common brands.
The largest brand is Tide/Ariel (owned by P&G) which represents 11 % of the total retail
market for laundry care across Europe. The next largest brands are Dash/Daz (P&G) and
Persil (Henkel AG) both with 5 % of the market. This shows that not only are a small
number of organisations dominating the market, but a very small number of brands
within these organisations hold the greatest market share.
Table 21: Common brand name laundry care products, Europe, 2013
Procter & Gamble Co Henkel AG Unilever Group Reckitt Benckiser Plc
% of the EU retail market 26 % 18 % 14 % 8%
Common brands Name share* Name share* Name share* Name share*
Tide/Ariel 11 % Persil 5% Skip 3% Vanish 3%
Dash/Daz 5% Dixan 3% Persil 3% Calgon 2%
Lenor 4% Vernel 1% Comfort 2% Sole 1%
Bold 2% Le Chat 1% Surf 2% 2%
Fairy 1% Omo 1%
Others 4% Others 8% Others 3% Others
Source: Euromonitor International, Data used in Passport report, Brand share by global brand name (2013)
* figure rounded to the nearest 1 %
89
This includes: fabric washing and care; hard surface cleaners; car interior and upholstery cleaners; furniture, shoe and leather polishes;
and dishwashing products.
85
market is also characterised by an increasing degree of consolidation, altering the
number of competing organisations.
Table 22 shows the percentage revenues for each of the key ingredients in the home and
fabric care speciality ingredients market. In 2009 the largest market share in terms of
revenue was speciality surfactants with 34.4 % of the market, followed by fabric
enhancing chemicals (23.2 %), functional polymers (22.6 %) and rheology modifiers
(14.1 %). Active ingredients - comprising disinfectants, bactericides and preservatives -
held the smallest market share amongst the speciality chemicals with only 6.1 % of the
market.90
Table 22: Home and fabric care speciality ingredients market: % of revenues by chemical type, Europe, 2009
Speciality Functional polymers Fabric enhancing Active ingredients Rheology
surfactants chemicals modifiers
33.9 % 22.6 % 23.2 % 6.1 % 14.1 %
Source: Adapted from Frost & Sullivan (2009) Strategic analysis of the home and fabric care speciality ingredients market in Europe
The specialist chemical market for home and fabric care is facing a number of challenges
over the next decade which may alter current business practises. Table 23 ranks the top
eight challenges which the industry is expected to face, along with an indication of the
impact that this may have on organisations. According to the literature, the top challenge
('volatility in oil prices') relates directly to the manufacture of raw materials. This is
something which many organisations are now adapting to, and has helped to drive the
increasing innovation and research in the use of plant-based chemicals. The use of ‘green
chemicals’ is also a trend driven which had been driven supported by consumers who are
focusing on the use of more natural products.
Table 23: Impact of industry challenges on European home and fabric care speciality ingredients market
Rank Challenge Expected impact
5-7 years
1 Volatility in crude oil prices affects the costs across the supply chain High
2 REACH creates scepticism in the home and fabric care speciality chemicals market High
3 The trend for ultra-concentrates lowers substantially the amount of carriers and High
other chemicals used
4 The super-buyers exert pressure backwards in the supply chain High
5 Consolidation in the industry alters the market dynamics High
6 Product switching due to price shortens the life cycle of products High
7 Increase in multifunctional products that cater for more than one ‘job’ Medium
8 Increase in the use of natural proteins as fabric enhancers Medium
Source: Adapted from Frost & Sullivan (2009) Strategic analysis of the home and fabric care speciality ingredients market in Europe
Note: this table was produced in 2009
A number of other chemical manufacturers have adapted their offers as a result of these
trends, in particular the increased demand for plant-based chemicals and shift toward
liquid based detergents:
Dow Chemical has reported that it has had to adapt to meet the needs of its
customers who are launching detergent capsules, the use of which has led to a
number of technical challenges for chemical providers. One example of this is Dow
offering dispersant polymers in granulated and spray-dried forms, as those sold as
water-based solutions are not compatible with the water-soluble films used in
detergent ‘pods‘. The company reports that, in general, those ingredients that
90
Frost & Sullivan (2009) Strategic analysis of the home and fabric care speciality ingredients market in Europe.
86
provide multiple benefits are in high demand, as these can be used widely by
manufacturers of single-dose detergents91.
The Arkema Group has also recognised the challenge of responding to
environmental concerns, and the shift away from the use of non-renewable fossil
fuels, by focusing on innovations in plant chemistry and specifically developing raw
materials of plant origin. To emphasise this, the Arkema Renewable label is
awarded to those products from the company which are made from raw materials
of renewable origin (over 20 % non-fossil based carbon). These products currently
account for an estimated 12 % of Arkema's sales, with a predicted rise to 15 % by
2016.92
BASF is also showing its commitment to reducing the use of fossil fuels as raw
materials and is using renewable materials where possible. The organisation
estimates that of total chemical production, approximately 10 % currently, uses
renewable raw materials.93
As an output of these commitments we should expect to see a wider range of detergent
products with ingredients derived from plant-based sources appearing on the market in
the near future.
91
Chemical & Engineering news (2012) Selling detergents one load at a time. Available at: http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i4/Selling-
Detergents-One-Load-Time.html [Accessed 7 April 2014]
92
Arkema, Products made from renewable raw materials. Available at: http://www.arkema.com/en/innovation/responses-to-global-
trends/renewable-raw-materials/ [Accessed 7 April 2014]
93
BASF, Renewable raw materials. Available at: http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/sustainability/dialogue/in-dialogue-with-
politics/renewable-raw-materials/index [Accessed 7 April 2014]
87
Figure 8 shows the retail value of the laundry care market in Europe, by country. The
total retail value of the EU-28 market in 2013 is an estimated €13 billion94.
As shown in Figure 8, there are five countries with a retail value over €1 billion
(combined, these account for 70 % of the market, or €9.3 billion). These countries
include the United Kingdom (16 %), France (16 %), Germany (15 %), Italy (14 %) and
Spain (9 %). The remainder of the market accounts for just 29 %, or €3.9 billion
Within Europe, five countries account for a large percentage of the total market size, and
so changes to retail values in these countries will have a large impact on overall
European trends. Figure 10 shows the trends for these countries.
94
N.B. this excludes Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta as no data is available.
88
Source: Adapted from Passport data, Market Sizes (2008-2018)
Figure 10: Actual and projected retail value (€m) for countries with top 5 market share (% share, by retail
value) across Europe, 2008-18
Overall, each country shows an upward trend in terms of retail value for laundry care
products. The UK - currently the largest market for detergents - is expected to see the
steepest increase, reflecting the importance for manufacturers to continue trying to
develop brand loyalty in this mature market.
89
Source: Euromonitor International, Data used in Passport report, Possession rates (2013)
Figure 11: Washing machine possession rates (%), EU-28, 2013 by country
Source: Euromonitor International, Data used in Passport report, Possession rates (2013)
Figure 12: Washing machine possession rates (%) EU-28 Average, by year (2008-13)
95
These 5 countries account for a combined retail value of €6,669 million = 50 % of the total retail value of €13,203 (see Figure 8).
90
* EU Average calculated from data from Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 13: Sales of laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12
Although trends can be seen in overall detergent categories (i.e. liquid, powder and
tablet), it is important to understand sales of different product types within each
category. The figures below outline the sales split between standard and concentrated
products for both powder and liquid detergents.
* EU Average calculated from data from Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland.
Figure 14: Sales of powder laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12
91
* EU Average calculated from data from Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 15: Sales of liquid laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12
For liquid detergents:
Sales of standard liquid detergents decreased by € 42 million between 2007 and
2012, a decrease of 20 % or a CAGR of -3.58 %.
Sales of concentrated liquid detergents increased by €183 million between 2007
and 2012, an increase of 228 % or a CAGR of 21.94 %.
Both the powder and liquid detergents categories have shown a similar trend in product
sales. Sales of concentrated products have shown a steady increase with sales of
standard detergents subsequently falling. This shows a direct trade-off between product
types and also highlights the increasing popularity of concentrated products (see Section
3.5.1 for more information).
Alongside liquid and powder detergents, the availability of laundry detergent tablets is
also increasing across Europe. As with the other laundry detergent categories, there is a
clear trade-off between product types: an increase in sales of liquid tablets (193 %
increase 2007-2012, CAGR 20.09 %) is mirrored by a decrease in sales of compacted
powder tablets (59 % decrease 2007-2012, CAGR -13.58 %).
* EU Average calculated from data from Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Source: Euromonitor, summarised from 2013 Passport reports for Laundry Care in: Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland
Figure 16: Sales of tablet laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12
Trends in the laundry detergent market can therefore be summarised as:
A significant overall increase in liquid detergents (+47 % 2007-2012, CAGR
6.61 %).
An overall decrease in the use of powder detergents (-17 % 2007-2012, CAGR -
8.46 %).
92
An increase in the use of concentrated products, most significantly concentrated
liquid detergent (228 % increase in sales of concentrated liquid detergents 2007-
2012, CAGR 21.94 %).
An increase in liquid tablet detergents (193 % increase 2007-2012, CAGR
20.09 %).
3.4.4 Labelling
Table 24 provides an estimate of the number of EU Ecolabel LD products manufactured
and sold in Europe. The first column (country) indicates the country which awarded the
EU Ecolabel to various manufacturers and products; this is also the country in which the
product is manufactured. 24 manufacturers have been awarded the EU Ecolabel for a
total of 180 products.
Table 24: EU Ecolabel consumer LD products manufactured and sold, by country (EU-28)
Country No. of manu- No. of Countries where products are sold (Europe only)
facturers products
awarded the awarded the
EU Ecolabel EU Ecolabel
Belgium 2 44 Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
Denmark 4 24 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, UK
Spain 3 6 Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
96
Frost & Sullivan (2009) Strategic analysis of the home and fabric care speciality ingredients market in Europe.
93
Country No. of manu- No. of Countries where products are sold (Europe only)
facturers products
awarded the awarded the
EU Ecolabel EU Ecolabel
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK
France 9 63 France
Italy 2 30 Italy
Netherlands 3 11 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK
Sweden 1 2 Sweden
TOTAL 24 180
Source: EU Ecolabel E-Cat (last viewed on 26/02/2014) - http://ec.europa.eu/ecat/
Availability of these products across Europe is varied – 63 EU Ecolabel products are both
manufactured and sold in France suggesting high availability. However, only 7 of 28
European countries manufacture any products which have been awarded the EU Ecolabel
and all other countries rely on import of EU Ecolabel products. Table 25 indicates how
many EU Ecolabel products are available in each EU country. Again, France has the
highest number of products available (106), followed by Italy (40).
Table 25: EU Ecolabel consumer LD products on the EU-28 market
EU Member State No. of EU Ecolabel consumer EU Member State No. of EU Ecolabel consumer
laundry detergent products on laundry detergent products on
the market the market
Austria 3 Italy 40
Belgium 10 Latvia 3
Bulgaria 2 Lithuania 3
Croatia 3 Luxembourg 2
Cyprus 1 Malta 2
Czech Republic 3 Netherlands 15
Denmark 21 Poland 3
Estonia 2 Portugal 8
Finland 3 Romania 3
France 106 Slovakia 3
Germany 9 Slovenia 3
Greece 2 Spain 13
Hungary 3 Sweden 5
Ireland 3 United Kingdom 7
Source: EU Ecolabel E-Cat (last viewed on 26/02/2014) - http://ec.europa.eu/ecat/
There are significantly fewer EU Ecolabel IILDs on the EU market. As shown in Table 26,
only one manufacturer in Spain has been awarded the EU Ecolabel for this product
category, for a total of three products. The respective criteria are in force since 2012.
Table 26: EU Ecolabel IILD manufactured and sold, by country (EU-28)
Country No. of manufacturers No. of products awarded Countries where products
awarded the EU Ecolabel the EU Ecolabel are sold (Europe only)
Spain 1 3 France, Portugal, Spain
TOTAL 1 3
Source: EU Ecolabel E-Cat (last viewed on 26/02/2014) - http://ec.europa.eu/ecat/
Across Europe, these products are available in France, Portugal and Spain only, with all
three products available on each market. It is important to note, however, that some
laundry detergents used for I&I purposes may have been awarded the EU Ecolabel under
the ‘consumer laundry detergent’ category. Therefore, although there is a limited number
94
of EU Ecolabel IILD, this does not mean there is a limited supply of, or demand for,
EU Ecolabel products for I&I purposes.
In addition to the EU Ecolabel, which operates across the EU-28, the Nordic Council has a
Nordic Swan ecolabel that is also used on laundry detergents which are produced and
marketed in its five Member States, i.e. Sweden, Denmark, Finland (also EU Member
States), Norway and Iceland (EEA States) (see Table 27).
Table 27: Nordic Swan consumer laundry detergent products & stain removers on the EU-28 market
Nordic No. of Nordic Swan- No. of No. of Nordic Swan- No. of
Swan labelled consumer manufacturers/ labelled stain manufacturers/
Country laundry detergent brands removers on market brands
products on market
Denmark 238 49 30 7
Norway 40 6 13 1
Sweden 88 7 18 1
97
Finland N/A N/A N/A N/A
Iceland N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total 366 61
Source: Danish Ecolabelling website/product catalogue98, Norwegian Ecolabelling website/product catalogue99, Swedish Ecolabelling
website/product catalogue100 - last viewed on 26/02/2014
For many small Scandinavian producers of laundry detergents (private labels), it may be
that the local market is more vital than the European market, and so the Nordic Swan
label may be more familiar and accepted by producers and consumers alike. This may
result in a lack of incentive for smaller producers to acquire both a regional label (Nordic
Swan) and an EU Ecolabel.
Even though Nordic Swan products are more prevalent there is, nonetheless, a high
uptake for EU Ecolabel LD products. The rate of producer uptake of the EU Ecolabel is
particularly high in France (106 products), with quite a good uptake in Italy (31
products), Denmark (21 products), the Netherlands (15 products) and Spain (13
products). However, the number of Nordic Swan labelled I&I, or “professional laundry
detergents”, is significantly higher than the number of EU Ecolabel I&I LD products
(Table 28).
Table 28: Number of Nordic Swan I&I laundry detergent products on the EU-28 market
Country No. of Nordic Swan-labelled IILD products on market No. of manufacturers/brands
Denmark 360 46
Norway 35 11
Sweden 16 2
97
Finland N/A N/A
Iceland N/A N/A
Total 411
Source: Danish Ecolabelling website/product catalogue, Norwegian Ecolabelling website/product catalogue99, Swedish Ecolabelling
website/product catalogue - last viewed on 26/02/2014
A number of labels are also used elsewhere in the world, including the ‘Green Seal’ (USA)
labels for “laundry care products for household use” and “laundry care products for
industrial and institutional use”, as well as the ‘Environmental Choice’ (New Zealand)
labels for “laundry detergents” and “commercial and institutional laundry detergents.”
97
Data not available on relevant websites (Ecolabelling Finland and Ecolabelling Iceland)
98
http://www.ecolabel.dk/da/produkter/rengoering-og-vask/midler-til-husholdning
99
http://www.svanemerket.no/produkter/producttype/?m1=300005&m2=310053&pt=299109#prodList
100
http://www.svanen.se/en/Buy-Svanenmarkt/Ecolabelled_products/?categoryID=347&p=5
95
3.5 Product and process innovation
3.5.1 Sustainability trends
Innovation for sustainability is a concept that has gained significant ground with the
detergents industry. A recent report on consumer and innovation trends in laundry care
noted that manufacturers are continually increasing their efforts to provide greener
solutions and are developing more formulas and packages based on sustainable
ingredients.101 Figure 17 shows the rapid increase in laundry products launched with
environmentally friendly or fair trade claims between 2009 and 2011.
101
Consumer and Innovation Trends in Laundry Care, Datamonitor Consumer, December 2012
102
P&G, Working to reduce environmental impacts. Available at:
http://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/environmental_sustainability/renewable_resources/renewable_resources.shtml
96
eradication of phosphate use in its leading detergent brands.103 Henkel also states that it
uses natural materials where possible in laundry detergents – specifically, using a
mixture of different surfactants, many of which are based on renewable raw materials.
Henkel states that the proportion of renewable raw materials in surfactants for detergent
is currently about 30 %.104
This trend can also be seen by the emergence of new laundry detergent manufacturers,
such as Ecover, that only produce plant-based cleaners under a ‘green laundry’ brand.
* Average taken from Denmark, Italy, Germany, UK, Poland – represent 51 % of the market
Figure 18: Sales of laundry detergents (concentrated vs standard), €m, EU average* 2007-12
Consumers are increasingly becoming aware of the environmental benefits of
concentrated products and are paying more attention to information about the number of
103
GreenBiz (2014) P&G is washing phosphate out of tide. Available at: http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/01/28/pg-aims-remove-
phosphates-leading-detergent-brands
104
Henkel sustainability report; responsible use of raw materials. Available at: http://sustainabilityreport2012.henkel.com/sustainability-
stewardship/raw-materials.html?print=1
97
washes being offered per package. Manufacturers of concentrated products are
increasingly providing information on packaging to outline environmental and potential
cost saving benefit to consumers.
In France (the second biggest market in Europe by retail value) the move to
concentrated detergents has been boosted by recommendation from AFISE, the main
French trade association for household care. AFISE has encouraged a move from 3 litre
bottles to 2 litre bottles for laundry detergents, which has been followed by most of the
key players in the market.105 Many manufacturers have taken this further by offering
double concentrated formats instead of standard concentrated products. The increase in
these ‘super-concentrated’ products can be seen across Europe.
However, the move towards more concentrated products needs to be accompanied by a
greater amount of information on packaging aimed at consumers. Without proper
information, consumers continue to dose as with non-concentrated products and
therefore overdose these concentrated detergents. For example, a 2 litre bottle of
concentrated detergent may provide the same number of ‘washes’ as a 3 litre bottle, but
consumers are measuring out the same amount regardless of bottle size. Manufacturers
are benefiting from this added value as a result of over-dosing.105
105
Passport (2013) Laundry care in France
106
P&G (2013) Sustainability report. Available at: http://www.pg.com/de_DE/downloads/PG_2013_Sustainability_Report.pdf
107
Information available at: http://methodhome.com/shop/method-laundry-detergent-refill-85-loads/
108
Information available at: http://www.ecoverdirect.com/products/non-bio-laundry-liquid-15l-bag-in-
box/eliquidbagbox15l.aspx?productid=eliquidbagbox15l
109
Mintel (2012) Laundry Detergents and Fabric Conditioners - UK
98
innovation in the laundry market. These consist of a liquid detergent in a water-soluble
and (typically) biodegradable film capsule. This prevents the user from over-dosing the
laundry detergent, a common problem with liquid or powder detergents. Interestingly,
this innovation is thought to have had a negative effect on the laundry market as a
whole. Consumers using too much detergent with every laundry load results in greater
sales and unit dose products prevent this. Indeed, a high uptake of unit dose detergents
is thought to potentially lead to reduced LD purchases.110,111
110
The Wall Street Journal (2013) Is Innovation Killing the Soap Business, Published April 3, 2013. Available at:
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323916304578400521297972496
111
HAPPI (2013) Where’s the Bounce? Published January 21, 2012. Available at: http://www.happi.com/issues/2013-
01/view_features/wheres-the-bounce/
112
Datamonitor (2012) Consumer and Innovation Trends in Laundry Care. available at:
http://www.datamonitor.com/store/Product/consumer_and_innovation_trends_in_laundry_care?productid=CM00198-019
113
Passport (2012) Laundry Care, UK available at: http://www.euromonitor.com/laundry-care-in-the-united-kingdom/report
114
Henkel (2011) The world of fragrances; how washing and cleaning can affect the senses. Available at: http://www.henkel.com/henkel-
headlines/news-2011-20111024-the-world-of-fragrances-34010.htm
115
Consumer and Innovation Trends in Laundry Care, Datamonitor Consumer, December 2012
116
A.I.S.E. (2013) The Case for the “A.I.S.E Low Temperature Washing” Initiative: Substantiation Dossier June 2013 available at:
http://www.iprefer30.eu/component/attachments/attachments?task=download&id=244
99
their products. Consideration of sustainability is essentially becoming one way of
differentiating laundry care products in an increasingly competitive market. There is little
evidence to suggest, however, that price does not remain the most significant factor at
the time of purchase.
Importantly, the drive towards a more sustainable cleaning product includes all aspects
of a laundry care product, not just the chemical make-up of the detergent. A.I.S.E. has
been particularly active in promoting sustainable design of cleaning products, including
laundry detergents. In 2010, the organisation added product assessment to its on-going
Charter for Sustainable Cleaning, allowing Advanced Sustainability Profiles (ASPs) to be
awarded to products which meet set sustainability criteria. These criteria have been
defined based on a life cycle analysis, and for laundry products include product
formulation, packaging weight per job, packaging recycled content and provision of end
user information on pack (to include tips for safe use and an indication of the ability to
wash at 30 °C).117
117
A.I.S.E. (2013) Activity and sustainability report available at: http://www.aise.eu/documents/document/aise_asr_2012_2013.pdf
100
Advertising from major brands, and information on packaging to encourage lower
temperature washing where appropriate. For example P&G, the largest laundry
detergent supplier in Europe, has recently launched a number of communication
programs aimed at ‘washing at 30°’. In addition, all versions of Ariel, the leading
laundry detergent in Europe, now carry a ‘30°C’ icon to encourage consumers to
wash in cold water.118 P&G estimates that its cold-water washing
campaigns (including 'Ariel Turn To 30°C') have helped reduce 58,000 tonnes of
CO2 emissions by educating consumers to save energy.119
118
P&G (2013) Sustainability report. Available at: http://www.pg.com/de_DE/downloads/PG_2013_Sustainability_Report.pdf
119
Ariel Sustainable Commitment. Available at: https://www.ariel.co.uk/AboutAriel/Ariel_Sustainable_Commitment.aspx
120
N.B. Data on the total value of the laundry market are not readily available, but throughout this analysis the most recent figure for
market size has been used; a 2013 figure of €13,203 million. This figure includes the EU-28 minus Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta, for which
there is no data. This figure is also assumed to include the total laundry care market, both household and I&I products.
121
Euromonitor International, cited on A.I.S.E website http://www.aise.eu/our-industry/market-and-economic-data.aspx
101
detergents (e.g. a preference for liquid or powder detergents), and the approach
to dosing of detergents).
Within Europe, France and the Nordic countries have the highest penetration of
ecolabelled laundry products (Nordic Swan and EU Ecolabel).
Sustainability is growing in importance for consumers of laundry detergents, with
an increase in concentrated/compacted products, use of plant-based ingredients,
minimisation of packaging, the introduction of reuseable bottles and an increase in
the availability of unit dose products. Another market trend - closely linked to
sustainability – is the development and widespread marketing of laundry
detergents which clean at lower temperatures, saving the consumer energy when
using a washing machine.
102
4. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Figure 20: Supply chain for home and fabric care products
The raw materials used for the production of detergent ingredients are obtained either
from oleochemical or petrochemical sources. Oleochemical raw materials are derived
from plants and animal fats, including coconut oil, tallow, palm kernel oil and palm oil.
122
Strategic Analysis of the Home and Fabric Care Speciality Ingredients Markets in Europe, Frost & Sullivan, July 2009.
103
These raw materials are often referred to as ‘renewable’ raw materials. Petrochemical
raw materials are derived from crude oil or natural gas, these materials are often termed
‘synthetic’. According to the American Cleaning Institute, there is no inherent
environmental advantage to using surfactants from one source or the other and there are
environmental trade-offs associated with both oleochemical and petrochemical
sources.123 This will be discussed in further detail in the technical background report.
Companies active in the European market for detergent speciality ingredients include
Clariant, Rhodia, Solvay, Rohm & Hass, Cognis, Croda, Dow Corning, Elementis, Alco
Chemical and BASF. Within the home and fabric care ingredients sector, speciality
surfactants hold the largest market share in Europe.100
123
Sustainability resources from the American Cleaning Institute, available from:
http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/sustainability/some_facts_about_4.aspx
124
For more information http://www.scjohnson.com/en/commitment/focus-on/greener-products/greenlist.aspx
125
S.C. Johnson’s Greenlist Program for raw material selection: pushing the sustainability frontier, presentation by Dr Pat Guiney, S.C.
Johnson & Son Inc. at Minnesota Green Chemistry Conference, January 2012. Available from:
http://www.greenchemistrymn.org/sites/greenchemistrymn.org/files/presentations/Pat%20Guiney.pdf
126
Soaps & Detergents: Manufacturing, American Cleaning Institute. Available from:
http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/clean_living/soaps__detergents_manufacturing.aspx
127
Handbook of Detergents, Part F: Production, Surfactant Science Series Volume 142, Uri Zoller and Paul Sosis, CRC Press, 2009.
104
The final stage in the manufacturing process for all laundry detergents is packaging.
Liquid and gel laundry detergents are typically packed in bottles, whereas powders are
packaged in boxes. During the selection process for packaging materials, product
compatibility, product stability, cost, safety, solid waste impact, ease of use and shelf
appeal are all taken into consideration.
128
Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. 2012. Laundry Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products
129
The function of builders is to support detergent action and soften water, i.e., eliminating calcium and magnesium ions, which arise from
the water and from soil.
105
This screening has enabled the main environmental hotspots for this product group to be
identified, and the need to perform additional studies to be evaluated. The results of this
review will aid the revision of the EU Ecolabel criteria for the LD and IILD product groups,
since they allow for the identification of the environmental hot spots and their
alternatives in terms of criteria and restrictions.
130
LCA of Clothes Washing Options for City West Water’s Residential Customers: Life Cycle Assessment – Final Technical Report, EPA Victoria
and City West Water, May 2010
131
Product Category Life Cycle Assessment (PCLCA) Laundry Detergent: Sustainability Measurement and Reporting System pilot project, The
Sustainability Consortium, 2011
106
Nielsen et al. (2013)132. Even though the study by The Sustainability Consortium (2011)
focussed on only three impact categories, it was selected for further revision because of
the limited availability of studies and because this study was well documented. Table 30
lists the studies which were disregarded for further analysis and the reasons for their
non-inclusion.
132
Compact detergents in China – a step towards more sustainable laundry a Life Cycle Assessment of four typical Chinese detergents,
Nielsen A.M., Li H., Zhang H., 2013
107
Table 29: Overview of studies on laundry detergents
Source Saouter et al. 2001 Saouter et al. 2002 Van Hoof et al. 2003 Eberle et al. 2007 Henkel AG & CO, A.I.S.E., 2010 EPA Victoria and City The Sustainability Nielsen et al. 2013
2008 West Water, 2010 Consortium, 2011
The effect of compact The effect of compact Comparative Life- LCA study and Case study Persil Charter for The life cycle Product Category Compact detergents
formulations on the formulations on the Cycle Assessment of environmental megapearls Sustainable Cleaning assessment of LCA (PCLCA) in China – a step
environmental profile environmental profile Laundry Detergent benefits for low – ASPs for Liquid clothes washing laundry detergent: towards more
of northern European of northern European Formulations in the temperature Laundry Detergents options for city west sustainability sustainable laundry
Title
granular laundry granular laundry UK disinfection process Substantiation water’s residential measurement and a Life Cycle
detergents. Part I: detergents. Part II: life in commercial Dossier customers reporting system Assessment of four
environmental risk cycle assessment laundry pilot project typical Chinese
assessment detergents
Regular (1988) and Regular (1988) and The environmental This study aims to Powder laundry Liquid laundry Top loader powder Powder and liquid To study the
compact granular compact granular profiles of five compare the detergent. Gain detergents. Get an concentrate. laundry environmental
(1992, 1998) (1992, 1998) different laundry energy further knowledge understanding of Quantify the level of detergents: worst- impacts of two
laundry detergents laundry detergents detergents on the UK requirements and and deeper insight the environmental water consumption, case market-typical typical compaction
were compared on the were compared on the market in 2001 are potential on the carbon impacts of the other environmental product. cases where two
basis of two distinct, basis of two distinct, analysed using LCA. environmental footprint of our various stages of a impacts, and the Identify hotspots Chinese detergents
complementary complementary Products analysed impacts associated detergents. liquid detergent’s environmental and characterize – one powder and
approaches: approaches: are: regular powder with three different Furthermore, the life cycle. benefits of changes the uncertainty one liquid – are
Environmental Risk Environmental Risk (RP), compact commercial laundry objective was to in key variables inherent in the life replaced with a
Subject of the study and goal
Assessment and Assessment and powder (CP), powder processes for create transparency within the life cycle cycle assessment. compacted version.
Life-Cycle Assessment. Life-Cycle Assessment. tablet (PT), compact washing of the greenhouse of clothes washing
liquid (CL) and liquid microbiologically gas (GHG) and drying;
unit-dose system contaminated emissions along the understand the
(LT). hospital and care value chain and to dependent
home laundry. find potential relationships
leverages for between each of the
process key variables;
optimizations and understand the
product optimum time within
improvement. the life of a washing
machine at which to
replace it; and
prioritize strategies
and actions for
communicating the
preferred approaches
to clothes washing
and drying.
Risk assessment LCA LCA LCA Carbon footprint + LCA LCA LCA LCA
Study type
LCA
108
Source Saouter et al. 2001 Saouter et al. 2002 Van Hoof et al. 2003 Eberle et al. 2007 Henkel AG & CO, A.I.S.E., 2010 EPA Victoria and City The Sustainability Nielsen et al. 2013
2008 West Water, 2010 Consortium, 2011
Not applicable. To 1 kg of finished product One wash 1 kg washed One wash load One wash cycle: 1 kg of dry clothes Washing and One wash in an
make a fair hygiene laundry (results are standard washing drying one load of average Chinese
Functional Unit
comparison, we expressed for loads machine loads are regularly soiled washing machine (~
assumed that each of 2.5 kg, 3.9 kg (i.e. 4,5 kg dry fabric for laundry 2.5 kilograms of
product accounted for average load), and heavy-duty clothes)
100 % of the market. 5.0 kg of clothes) detergents and
2,5 kg dry fabric for
low-duty detergents
Aquatic compartment Cradle to grave Cradle to grave Based on available Cradle to grave Cradle to grave Cradle to grave Cradle to grave Cradle to grave
data, the system
boundaries include
System boundaries
detergent
manufacturing, the
professional wash
process, waste
water treatment,
but excluding the
laundry finishing
process.
1988-1998 1988-1998 Most detergent 2000-2004, Not specified Data collection for Data collection Reference year Data from EcoInvent
Time related
ingredient data For some processes relevant LCA between August 2010 (2010)
coverage
originate from the data were older, i.e. parameters in 2008 2009 and February
period 1990 –1995 1995-1996 and 2009 2010
Not specified Peer-reviewed by the LCI database has This study is based Carbon footprint No information on ISO 14040 and ISO 14044:2006. Peer reviewed in
Reliability (data quality, external
Ecobilan PwC group, in been reviewed by on a screening Life calculations based data quality of ISO 14044 Cross- Limitations and accordance with ISO
accordance with ISO PwC Cycle Assessment on PAS 2050. ISO (existing) LCA. The check of data in assumptions are 14040
(LCA) prepared in 14040 and 14044 ASPs and the SimaPro, uncertainty transparently
critical review?)
109
Source Saouter et al. 2001 Saouter et al. 2002 Van Hoof et al. 2003 Eberle et al. 2007 Henkel AG & CO, A.I.S.E., 2010 EPA Victoria and City The Sustainability Nielsen et al. 2013
2008 West Water, 2010 Consortium, 2011
Risk assessment for the 1. Acidification, 1. Acidification, 1. Energy resource 1. Global warming, 1. Primary energy, 1. Water use, 1. Global 1. Global warming;
aquatic compartment 2. Aquatic toxicity, 2. Eutrophication, consumption, 2. Eutrophication, 2. Water 2. Energy use, warming 2. Acute aquatic
3. Eutrophication, 3. Climate change, 2. Water resource 3. Human toxicity, consumption, 3. Global warming, potential, toxicity;
4. Greenhouse gases, 4. Ozone depletion, consumption, 4. Summer smog, 3. Total solid waste 4. eutrophication, 2. Water use, 3. Chronic aquatic
5. Human toxicity, 5. Photochemical 3. Climate change, 5. Biological oxygen 5. Fossil fuels 3. Fossil depletion toxicity;
6. Ozone layer ozone creation, 4. Eutrophication, demand, depletion, 4. Acidification;
depleting 6. Aquatic toxicity, 5. Acidification 6. Resource 6. Minerals 5. Nutrient
substances, 7. Human toxicity potential, depletion depletion, enrichment;
7. Smog formation 6. Aquatic eco- 7. Land use 6. Energy
Impact assessment
toxicity consumption;
potential, 7. Agricultural land
7. Photochemical use
oxidant
formation
8. Ozone depletion
potential
133
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents. Part I: Risk Assessment, Saouter E., Van Hoof G., Pittinger C.A., Feijtel T.C.J., International Journal
of Life Cycle Assessment, 2001
134
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents. Part II: Life Cycle Assessment, Saouter E., Van Hoof G., Feijtel T.C.J., and Owens J.W., International
Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2002
135
Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of Laundry Detergent Formulations in the UK Part I: Environmental fingerprint of five detergent formulations in 2001, Van Hoof G., Schowanek D., Feijtel T.C.J., Tenside Surf. Det.,
2003
136
LCA study and environmental benefits for low temperature disinfection process in commercial laundry, Eberle U., Dewaele J., Schowanel D., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2007
137
Case study Persil megaperls by Henkel AG & CO. KGAA. Case Study undertaken within the PCF Pilot Project Germany. 2008
138
A.I.S.E Charter for Sustainable Cleaning – ASPs for Liquid Laundry Detergents Substantiation Dossier, A.I.S.E, 2010
110
4.2.3 Detailed revision of selected reports
Table 31 presents an overview of the functional unit, system boundaries, data sources,
cut-off criteria, allocation rules applied, and geographical scale of the selected studies.
Table 32 presents an overview of the comprehensiveness based on the PEF methodology.
Table 31: Cut-off criteria, allocation and geographical scale of the selected studies
EPA Victoria and City West The Sustainability Consortium, Nielsen et al. 2013
Water, 2010 2011
Washing 1 kg of dry clothes Washing and drying one load of Washing one load in an average
Functional
Data collection from previous Modified version of the Ecoinvent Members of the Chinese Cleaning
139
LCA reports, government database version 2.2 Industry Association: use of energy
databases, and data embedded and ingredients in detergent
in the SimaPro databases, a.o. manufacture, packaging of detergent,
from the Australian LCA transport of main ingredients to the
Database 2009 and Ecoinvent 2.0 detergent manufacturer and transport
(covering predominantly of detergents from the manufacturer
Switzerland and Western- to the supermarkets. Ecoinvent
Data sources
139
Implementation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods. Hischier, R., Weidema, B., Althaus, H.J., Bauer, C., Doka, G., Dones, R.,
Frischknecht, R., Hellweg, S., Humbert, S., Jungbluth, N., Köllner, T., Loerincik, Y., Margni, M., and Nemecek, T. (2010). Final report
ecoinvent v2.2 No. 3. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. Retrieved 01.20.2011, from
http://www.ecoinvent.org/documentation/reports/
111
Table 32: Evaluation of comprehensiveness based on the PEF methodology
EF impact EF impact EF impact Source EPA Victoria The Nielsen et al.
category assessment category and City West Sustainability 2013
method indicators Water, 2010 Consortium,
2011
1
Climate Bern model - kg CO2 Inter- + + +
Change Global Warming equivalent governmental
Potentials (GWP) Panel on
over a 100 year Climate
time horizon Change, 2007
Ozone EDIP model based kg CFC-11 WMO, 1999 0 0 0
Depletion on the ODPs of equivalent
the World
Meteorological
Organization
(WMO)
Ecotoxicity USEtox model CTUe Rosenbaum et 0 0 -
for aquatic (Comparative al., 2008 Acute aquatic
fresh water Toxic Unit for toxicity CDVacute
3
ecosystems) (m )
Chronic aquatic
toxicity
3
CDVchronic (m )
Human USEtox model CTUe Rosenbaum et 0 0 0
Toxicity - (Comparative al., 2008
cancer Toxic Unit for
effects humans)
Human USEtox model CTUe Rosenbaum et 0 0 0
Toxicity – (Comparative al., 2008
non-cancer Toxic Unit for
effects humans)
Particulate RiskPoll model kg PM2.5 Humbert, 2009 0 0 0
Matter/ equivalent
Respiratory
Inorganics
235
Ionising Human Health kg U Dreicer et al., 0 0 0
Radiation – effect model equivalent (to 1995
human air)
health effects
Photo- LOTOS-EUROS kg NMVOC Van Zelm et al., 0 0 0
chemical model equivalent 2008 as applied
Ozone in ReCiPe
Formation
2
Acidification Accumulated mol H+ eq Seppälä et al., 0 0 -
Exceedance 2006; Posch et (mg SO2
model al., 2008 quivalent)
Eutrophic- Accumulated mol N eq Seppälä et 0 0 0
ation – Exceedance al.,2006; Posch
terrestrial model et al., 2009
2
Eutrophic- EUTREND model fresh water: Struijs et al., - 0 -
2
ation – kg P equivalent 2009 as (Heijungs 1992, (mg PO4 -
aquatic marine: kg N implemented in kg of PO4 eq.) equivalent)
equivalent ReCiPe
3
Resource Swiss Ecoscarcity m water use Frischknecht et - - 0
Depletion – model related to local al., 2008 (total volume of (Ecoinvent
water scarcity of water extracted datasets, water
3
water from natural depletion (m )
resources (KL)) but no
degradative use
and depletion
potential)
112
EF impact EF impact EF impact Source EPA Victoria The Nielsen et al.
category assessment category and City West Sustainability 2013
method indicators Water, 2010 Consortium,
2011
Resource CML2002 model kg antimony van Oers et al., - - 0
Depletion – (Sb) equivalent 2002 (Eco-indicator (ReCiPe, kg oil
mineral fossil 99 method, eq. based on
egalitarian their heat
version based content)
on Chapman &
Roberts (1983),
MJ surplus
energy
required)
2
Land Trans- Soil Organic Kg (deficit) Milà i Canals et - 0 -
2
formation Matter (SOM) al., 2007 (m occupiable Agricultural
2
model land used) land use (cm ·a)
2
Energy Not applied Decrease in - 0 -
consumption energy (energy use in (energy use in
available MJ Low Heat KJ Low Heat
Value (LHV)) Value (LHV))
The number of environmental impact categories that are 6 3 6
investigated within the studies
The number of impact categories that are the same as PEF but don’t 5 2 5
use the same methodology
The number of impact categories compliant with the PEF 1 1 1
methodology, i.e. use the same methodology
+ = compliant with the requirements of the PEF methodology
- = not compliant with the requirements of the PEF methodology
0 = not taken into account
1. Although a 100 year time horizon is not explicitly mentioned, we assume that GWP100 is investigated
2. Characterisation model not explicitly mentioned
4.3.1.1 Results from EPA Victoria and City West Water, 2010
EPA Victoria and City West (2010)140 performed an LCA on clothes washing options for
City West Water’s residential customers. The study considered the following impacts:
water use, energy use, global warming, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion, mineral
depletion and land use. The results showed that the use phase had the highest overall
impacts and contributed to impacts on water use (92 %), energy use (60 %), global
warming potential (73 %) and fossil fuel depletion (62 %). Ingredients sourcing had the
140
LCA of Clothes Washing Options for City West Water’s Residential Customers: Life Cycle Assessment – Final Technical Report, EPA Victoria
and City West Water, May 2010
113
highest impact on land use (87 %) because a number of ingredients are agriculturally-
derived products. This life cycle stage also had an impact on mineral depletion (64 %)
due to the extraction of chemical ingredients. The highest impact on eutrophication
(94 %) came from the wastewater treatment and it was attributed to the phosphorus
content of the detergent output from the washing machine.
Wash temperature scenarios ranging from 20 °C to 90 °C were investigated.
Eutrophication, water use, land use and mineral depletion were relatively independent of
the wash temperature whereas other impacts showed around 1.5 % to 2.5 % increase
per °C rise. It was shown that reducing wash temperature by around 10 °C from
maximally 90 °C to minimally 20 °C could result in a decrease in global warming
potential of up to 18 %, a decrease in energy use of up to 22 % and a decrease in fossil
fuel depletion of 28 %.
141
Product Category Life Cycle Assessment (PCLCA) Laundry Detergent: Sustainability Measurement and Reporting System pilot project, The
Sustainability Consortium, 2011
142
Compact detergents in China – a step towards more sustainable laundry a Life Cycle Assessment of four typical Chinese detergents,
Nielsen A.M., Li H., Zhang H., 2013
143
Findings from a pan-European consumer survey on sustainability and washing habits, A.I.S.E., 2014, from
http://www.aise.eu/documents/document/20140211164810-final_aise_habits_survey_2014update.pdf
114
Table 33: Percentage of reduction of environmental impacts due to the compaction of powder detergent
Impact category Unit Standard powder Compact powder Percentage of reduction
detergent detergent of impacts
Global warming g CO2 eq. 90 58 36
Acidification mg SO2 eq. 0.34 0.22 35
2-
Nutrient enrichment mg PO4 eq. 0.12 0.091 24
Energy consumption kJ 1,500 950 37
2
Agricultural land use cm -a 90 61 32
3
Acute aquatic toxicity CDVacute (m ) 190 180 5
3
Chronic aquatic toxicity CDVchronic (m ) 66 59 11
Source: Adapted from Nielsen 2013
115
4.4.1 Compaction of detergents
There may be significant environmental benefits due to the compaction of detergents
such as a reduction in the product dosage and packaging, savings in energy consumption
and reduction of waste production. Additionally, savings in transport can be achieved as
more product (doses) can be carried per truck.
144
Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment of Laundry Detergent Formulations in the UK Part I: Environmental fingerprint of five detergent
formulations in 2001, Van Hoof G., Schowanek D., Feijtel T.C.J., Tenside Surf. Det., 2003
145
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents, Saouter E., Van Hoof
G., Pittinger C.A., Feijtel T.C.J., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2001
146
Compact detergents in China – a step towards more sustainable laundry a Life Cycle Assessment of four typical Chinese detergents,
Nielsen A.M., Li H., Zhang H., 2013
147
The case for the “A.I.S.E. Low Temperature Washing” Initiative, A.I.S.E., June 2013
148
Findings from a pan-European consumer survey on sustainability and washing habits, A.I.S.E., 2014, from
http://www.aise.eu/documents/document/20140211164810-final_aise_habits_survey_2014update.pdf
149
Laundry washing habits diverse profiles across Europe, Insites report for A.I.S.E. 2011, available via www.iprefer30.eu
116
140%
Characterised results
120%
100%
80%
30°C
60%
40°C (baseline)
40%
20% 60°C
0%
CC PMF NLT FD
Impact categories
Figure 21: Results for wash temperature sensitivity Source: A.I.S.E. 2013
Impact categories stand for CC: climate change, PMF: particulate matter formation, NLT natural land transformation, FD fossil depletion
The energy savings potential from low temperature washing was also investigated by
Kruschwitz et al.150 A 3 °C reduction of the wash temperature across the EU-28
countries can reduce the average laundry energy consumption by 11.3 % and the 18 %
reduction could be achieved if it was reduced by 5 °C.
A generic LCA on liquid laundry detergents and solid laundry detergents was carried out
by A.I.S.E.151,152 Normalization against the average impact of a European citizen (2000)
was used to identify the most relevant indicators. The most relevant impact categories
identified for solid laundry detergents in Europe are fossil depletion, climate change,
natural land transformation, and particulate matter formation.
Both studies showed that the use phase is the life cycle stage with the largest
contribution to the overall environmental impact due to the energy needed to heat the
water during the wash cycle.152,153 It dominates impact categories such as fossil
depletion, climate change and particulate matter formation. Figure 22 shows the results
for solid laundry detergents. The impact caused ranges from 46 % to 95 % in most
impact categories, except for the impacts on agricultural land occupation, natural land
transformation, marine eutrophication, and metal depletion – which are driven by the
ingredients sourcing.
150
How effective are alternative ways of laundry washing, Kruschwitz A., Augsburg, A., Stamminger, R., Tenside Surfactant Det., 50 p263-
269, 2013
151
A.I.S.E LCA: Screening for Cleaning Products in Europe – Solid laundry detergents, A.I.S.E., 2013
152
A.I.S.E Charter for Sustainable Cleaning – ASPs for Liquid Laundry Detergents Substantiation Dossier, A.I.S.E, 2010
153
Case study Persil megaperls by Henkel AG & CO. KGAA. Case Study undertaken within the PCF Pilot Project Germany. 2008
117
Characterised results ( %)
100
80 Ingredients
Manufacture
60
Packaging
40
Transport
20
Use Phase
0
End of Life
CC
OD
P…
TA
P…
FE
ME
A…
U…
N…
IR
W…
M…
FD
Impact categories
Figure 22: Impact contribution of different life cycle stages to the environmental impact
Impact categories stand for CC: Climate change, OD: Ozone depletion, TA: Terrestrial acidification, FE: Freshwater eutrophication, ME:
Marine eutrophication, HTox: Human toxicity, POF: Photochemical oxidant formation, PMF: Particulate matter formation, TTox: Terrestrial
ecotoxicity, FTox: Freshwater ecotoxicity, MTox: Marine ecotoxicity, IR: Ionising radiation, ALO: Agricultural land occupation, ULO: Urban
land occupation, NLT: Natural land transformation, WD: Water depletion, MD: Metal depletion, FD: Fossil depletion. Source: Adapted from
A.I.S.E., Screening LCAs for Cleaning Products in Europe – Solid Laundry Detergents, 2013
154
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Ariel “Actif à froid” (2006), a laundry detergent that allows to wash at colder wash temperatures,
with previous Ariel laundry detergents, Procter & Gamble, 2006
155
Case Study Persil megapearls, undertaken within the PCF pilot project Germany, Henkel AG & CO, 2008
118
and water consumption in the use phase – which is dominant with regard to the
environmental impact. On the other hand, manufacturers should improve detergent
formulations in order to produce detergents that can efficiently clean at lower wash
temperatures.
4.5.2 Auxiliaries
Fabric conditioners are added at the end of the washing process to soften clothes by
neutralising the very small amounts of residual detergents left in clothes and preventing
156
A.I.S.E Charter for Sustainable Cleaning – ASPs for Liquid Laundry Detergents Substantiation Dossier, A.I.S.E, 2010
157
Industrial & Institutional Sector – Environmental dossier on professional laundry, A.I.S.E., 2000
158
Industrial Laundering: Good for the Environment, Life Cycle Assessment Study – Summary, European Textile Services Association (ETSA),
March 2000
119
static electricity. Fabric conditioners also often include small amounts of fragrance and
anti-wrinkle agents and improve the release of dirt. A generic LCA on household fabric
conditioners was carried out by A.I.S.E. in 2010.159 The environmental categories
evaluated were nitrification potential, photochemical ozone creation potential,
acidification potential and global warming potential. Environmental impacts were
dominated by the ingredients and water treatment phase as the use phase was not taken
into account in this study (Figure 23).
The study concluded that the most important factor to reduce the overall environmental
impact is the reduction in resources used to manufacture the product. Concentrating
fabric conditioners reduces dosage and packaging and delivers savings in energy
consumption and waste production. Similarly, impacts from transport are reduced
because more doses can be carried per batch.
The environmental impact of washing with or without fabric softeners was investigated
by EPA Victoria and City West Water.160 Across all seven impact categories the use of a
fabric softener (compared with its absence) increased the impacts of land use and
cumulative energy demand. Land use impacts were primarily due to the assumption of a
(renewable) palm oil derived fabric softener.
There are no publicly available studies which evaluate the environmental impact
differences between different fabric conditioners with different properties. However,
based on the review of existing studies on laundry detergents it is expected that compact
fabric softeners or fabric conditioners which are effective at low temperatures should
have lower environmental impacts. Such fabric conditioners are already on the market.
159
A.I.S.E Charter Substantiation dossier on “Fabric Conditioners (household)”, A.I.S.E, 2010.
160
LCA of Clothes Washing Options for City West Water’s Residential Customers: Life Cycle Assessment – Final Technical Report, EPA Victoria
and City West Water, May 2010
120
alternative cleaning methods delivers any washing effect better than the result achieved
with pure water. This confirmed the findings of Laital et al.161 who investigated washing
pellets and laundry magnets in addition to the abovementioned alternatives.
These studies on laundry washing alternatives also came up with another important
conclusion: they showed that water alone has a substantial cleaning effect. Tests showed
that when clothes are only slightly soiled, a wash temperature of 30 °C with a reduced
amount of detergent (e.g. 50 %) may already provide sufficient cleaning results.150
Detergent
Ingredients formulation Distribution
Use End of life
sourcing and retail
and
packaging
Production Waste
packaging water
materials treatment
161
Potential for environmental improvements in laundering, Laital K., Boks C., Klepp I.G., International Journal of Consumer Studies, 35,
254-264, 2011
121
packaging generally consists of primary and secondary packaging, and sometimes tertiary packaging.
Overall, impacts from this stage are very low, at 1-3 %.
Distribution Assumptions on transport differ between studies. Most studies include transport of
and retail ingredients/packaging to the manufacturing site. For distribution to retail, studies include either
one distribution route or a selection of routes. Transport to retail is excluded by most studies
and storage is rarely considered. Overall, the impact from transport is around 1-2 % of total
environmental impact, and mostly due to transport to retail.
Use All studies show that the use phase has the highest environmental impact. Among the reviewed
studies, the considered use scenario is either based on average use or a range of different use
scenarios. Impacts in this phase are mainly related with the heating of the water in the washing
machine. If cloth drying is included in the assessment, the impact increases significantly.
Energy use impacts are closely linked to machine size. Similarly the energy source used to heat
the water also influences the results. Studies also indicate that the lowest impacts are
associated with cold washing and that an increase by 10 °C can lead to a disproportional
increase in impacts. Water consumption impacts for front loading are lower than top loading
162
machines. With regard to loading, impacts increase exponentially as washing machine loads
decrease.
End of life Within this phase, most of the impact is related to the treatment of wastewater produced
during laundering. Among the reviewed studies, two main approaches are considered for the
end of life and wastewater treatment: a) an average scenario for the disposal of wastewater
with a municipal wastewater treatment and b) specific scenarios with a specific focus on toxicity
to aquatic organisms and biodegradability of ingredients.
162
In general, front loading machines, which are more high-tech and more efficient in cleaning clothes with less water, are much more
prevalent in Europe than top loading machines, which are more popular in the US and Japan.
163
Ovesen R.K., M.B. Eskeland, and L. Axelsson. 2013. Revision of the Detergent Ingredients Database List. Final report.
164
EU Eco-label 1995. Commission decision of 25 July 1995 establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the
community ecolabel to laundry detergents. Official J European Communities L217:0014–0030, 95/365/EC
165
Van Hoof G., D. Schowanel, H. Franceschini, I. Muñoz, 2011. Ecotoxicity impact assessment of laundry products: a
comparison of USEtox and critical dilution volume approaches. Int J Life Cycle Assess, 16:803–818
166
DID list (2007) Detergent Ingredient Database (DID list) – 2007 version.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_products/categories/did_list_en.htm (accessed 17/12/2010)
122
CDV calculations are based on the dosage, degradation and toxicity of a substance using
the formula below:
4.7.1.1 Toxicity
Per chemical, a chronic toxicity ‘base set’ of three species should ideally be collected
(fish, crustaceans and algae). The lowest toxicity value of these three values is then used
for CDV calculations. The toxicity test results to be used can be expressed as the effect
concentration at different percentages of effect, e.g. EC10 or EC50, which is the
calculated effect concentration at 10 % or 50 % effect, or LC50, which is the
concentration at 50% lethality. Measured effects may be on for example growth rate,
immobility or mortality, depending on the test organism.
As there are substances with very small amounts of chronic toxicity data or which only
have been tested for acute toxicity, there is a need to distinguish between these and
other substances where the toxicity factors are based on more solid grounds. TF is
calculated as the lowest value of toxicity test results complemented by a safety factor
(SF) that is based on the availability of aquatic toxicity data and ranges from 10 to
10000.
4.7.1.2 Degradation
Degradation of substances in CDV calculations is taken into account through the
Degradation Factor which considers the ready biodegradability of a substance 168. It can
take four discreet values ranging from 0.05, if an ingredient is degraded in under 5 days,
to 1, if an ingredient is persistent in the environment. An exceptional 5 th value, 0.01, was
introduced in the 2014 version of the DID list that is only assigned to very toxic
substances that degrade extremely rapidly.
DF only considers biodegradation and not adsorption. This choice was made in the scope
of the EU Ecolabel as adsorpted substances end up in sludge and the presence of harmful
substances in sludge can cause problems when the sludge is used as a fertilizer.
167
DID list Part B (2004) Detergent ingredients database version 30 June 2004.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/ecolabelled_ products/categories/did_list_en.htm. Accessed 17 Dec 2010
168
OECD Ready Biodegradability test - http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-301-ready-biodegradability_9789264070349-en
123
Table 35 shows an example of the information available for common detergent
ingredients in the DID-list.
Table 35: Toxicity values and degradation data for example detergent ingredients in the DID-list 169
Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity Degradation
124
de Plassche et al.171 a cup containing 200 g of washing powder can generate up to 0.27
μg of dust, which is, in the worst case, completely airborne. The typical frequency at
which a consumer generally uses a product is 3.2 times per week. 149
4.7.4 Ecosystems
Saouter et al.172,173 compared the effect of compact formulations on the environmental
profile of regular (1988) and compact granular (1992, 1998) laundry detergents in the
Netherlands and Sweden. The results from Environmental Risk Assessment and LCA were
presented separately. Despite the very conservative nature of the risk assessment, all
ingredients had a risk quotient well below 1 in both the Netherlands and Sweden and at
all times. In the LCA, no significant differences were found between the products as
manufactured between 1988, 1992 and 1998.
Due to the introduction of compact detergents, risk quotients decreased two- to five-fold
between 1988 and 1998 in each country. After the introduction of compact detergents in
1988, the consumption of raw materials and energy, as well as environmental emissions
(air, water and solid waste) decreased. This results in the decrease of a number of
indicators in the LCA results (e.g. acidification, aquatic toxicity greenhouse effects,
eutrophication, toxicity, ozone depletion and smog).
Slightly lower risk quotients were observed in Sweden compared to the Netherlands,
attributable to the lower water hardness and thus the lower detergent usage per wash
cycle in that country. If water hardnesses were equal, the outcome of the product risk
assessments would have been the same in the two countries.
Concerning the life cycle impacts, the differences between the Netherlands and Sweden
are due to differences in electrical generation mix, in energy consumption during
consumer use, in detergent dosage per wash and in the wastewater treatment
infrastructure.
171
Plassche E.J. van de, P.H.F. Bont, J.M.Hesse, 1999. Exploratory Report on Fluorescent Whitening Agents (FWAs). Bilthoven, The
Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Report no. 601503013
172
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents. Part I: Risk
Assessment, Saouter E., Van Hoof G., Pittinger C.A., Feijtel T.C.J., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2001
173
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents. Part II: Life Cycle
Assessment, Saouter E., Van Hoof G., Feijtel T.C.J., and Owens J.W., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2002
174
http://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living-2014/reducing-environmental-impact/sustainable-sourcing/protecting-
biodiversity/index.aspx
125
describes the methodology followed, the sources and assumptions considered as well as
the obtained results and their interpretation and discussion.
4.8.1 Methodology
The technical analysis was performed using an LCA approach and taking into account the
Product Environmental Footprint. General Guide. 175 The LCA allowed assessing the
relative environmental load of each life cycle stage to have an overall profile of the
products’ performance. Moreover, several comparative analyses and sensitivity analyses
were performed regarding the ingredients, wash temperature, etc. to assess their
importance and identify associated improvement potentials. The LCAs were performed in
accordance with the standard methodology of ISO 14040 and 14044. The four steps
presented in Figure 25 were carried out in an iterative process.
Figure 25: Steps of the life cycle assessment, according to UNE-EN ISO 14040: 2006
175
Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide. Official Journal of the European Union (2013/179/EU). Commission Recommendation of 9
April 2013 on the use of common methods to measure and communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products and
organisations. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013H0179
126
cradle to grave is considered and the following phases are covered by the analysis, as
shown in Figure 24: sourcing of the ingredients and packaging materials, manufacture of
laundry detergent, product packing, distribution to retail, use phase and disposal/ end of
life.
176
Koehler A and C Wildbolz, 2009. Comparing the Environmental Footprints of Home-Care and Personal-Hygiene Products: The Relevance
of Different Life-Cycle Phases. ES&T 43(22):8643-8651.
127
• Disposal of the product into water after use phase. As products studied are
rinsed off, it is considered that the whole product is released to wastewater
after the laundering and that it is subsequently purified in a household
sewage plant.
• Disposal of the packaging. Scenarios were defined for each kind of
packaging considering the shares to be recycled and to be disposed.
Impacts from recycling were included in the system and balanced with
environmental credits due to the avoidance of use of virgin materials. All
impacts coming from waste disposal are included in the system.
I PUTS UTPUTS
Product materials Primary products
Ancillary materials Air emissions
Energy/resources
Unit Process Water effluent
Release to land
For each sub‐system defined, inputs and outputs of the processes were gathered and
quantified. For the most important stages primary data (information gathered from
products) were used when possible. For secondary data other studies and existing
databases (such as Ecoinvent) were used. For a few stages, e.g. distribution, generic
data from other studies were also used as they were not considered of high relevance.
For each sub‐system, the key assumptions and information sources are summarized in
Table 36.
Table 36: Key assumptions and information sources
Reference Powder detergent
Functional unit Review of LCA studies 1 wash at 40˚C
177
Reference flow Van Hoof et al. 2011 85 g
Raw materials and ingredients Van Hoof et al. 2011 Standard formulation
Transport ingredients to product Assumed Renewable part in surfactants 5,000 km
manufacturing site (boat)
Other ingredients 2,000 km (lorry )
178
Energy for processing raw materials Franke et al. 1995 40.7 KJ
179
Packaging (primary and secondary) TSC Cardboard (5+6.5E-2 g)
Transport retail Frischknecht and 100 km by truck and 600 km by train
177
Ecotoxicity impact assessment of laundry products: a comparison of USEtox and critical dilution volume approaches, Van Hoof G.,
Schowanek D., Francheschini H., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 16, p803-818, 2011.
178
Franke, M., Klüppel, H., & Olschewski, P. (1995). Ökobilanzierung - Sachbilanz fürdie Waschmittel-
Konfektionierung. Tenside Surf. Det. 32(2) .
179
Product Category Life Cycle Assessment (PCLCA) Laundry Detergent: Sustainability Measurement and Reporting System pilot project, The
Sustainability Consortium, 2011.
128
Reference Powder detergent
180
Jungbluth (2002)
Energy use in the use phase Koehler and Wildbolz 0.53k Wh
181
2009
Water use in the use phase Koehler and Wildbolz 49 L
181
2009
Waste water treatment Based on EU Statistics 100 % connection to secondary treatment
182
Recycling rates solid waste Eurostat (2012) Paper & board 83.2 %
180
Frischknecht, R., and Jungbluth, N.(2002). Working paper: Qualitiy guidelines ecoinvent 2000 (in German: Arbeitspapier:
Qualitätsrichtlinien ecoinvent 2000). Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, ecoinvent Center: Duebendorf, Switzerland. Retrieved
10.12.2010, from http://www.ecoinvent.org/fileadmin/documents/en/presentation_papers/Qualitaet_5.7.pdf.
181
Koehler A and C Wildbolz, 2009. Comparing the Environmental Footprints of Home-Care and Personal-Hygiene Products: The Relevance
of Different Life-Cycle Phases. ES&T 43(22):8643-8651.
182
Eurostat. (2012). EU Packaging recycling 2005. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.
183
The effects of compact formulations on the environmental profile of North European granular laundry detergents, Saouter E., Van Hoof
G., Pittinger C.A., Feijtel T.C.J., International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2001
129
Table 38: Ecoinvent data inventory for a laundry detergent frame formula
Laundry product formulation Concentration Ecoinvent data
(wt%)
Water 7.80 Water, completely softened, at plant/RER S
Sodium carbonate 22.17 GLO: Sodium carbonate from NH3Ch production, at plant
Sodium sulphate 19.89 Sodium sulphate, powder, production mix, at plant/RER S
Sodium percarbonate 13.27 Sodium percarbonate, powder, at plant/RER S
Na, 8.69 Alkylbenzene, linear, at plant/RER S
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Zeolite 7.04 Zeolite, powder, at plant/RER S
Sodium silicate 4.71 Layered sodium silicate, SKS-6, powder, at plant/RER S
Bentonite 4.48 Bentonite, at processing/DE S
C12-15 alkylethoxysulphate 3.08 RER: fatty alcohol sulphate mix, at plant*
(3EO)
Sodium acrylic acid 1.48 Empty process**
Carboxymethyl cellulose 1.23 Carboxymethyl cellulose, powder, at plant/RER S
Citric 0.99 Empty process
Perfume 0.76 Empty process
Polycarboxylate polymer 0.57 Polycarboxylates, 40 % active substance, at plant/RER S
Phosphonate (HEDP) 0.53 Empty process**
Enzymes 0.34 Empty process**
Sodium chloride 0.07 Sodium chloride, powder, at plant/RER S
Dye 0.01 Empty process**
* Alcohol sulphate (AS) C12-18, 25 % mix of petrochemical, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, palm oil
** Due to a lack of data, these ingredients are modelled as empty processes which causes uncertainty in the impact assessment.
4.8.6.2 Manufacturing
This module contains energy inputs for the manufacturing of a laundry detergent. As
described in Section 4.1.2, the manufacturing process employed for laundry detergent
products generally consists of mixing and pumping the ingredients into mixing vessels.
The exact process employed will depend on the manufacturer and the format of the final
product. For the manufacture of powder laundry detergents, the required energy was
based on a study by Franke et al.184 and set to 40.7 kJ. The average EU energy mix from
the Ecoinvent database 2.2 was used. We assume the detergent is produced and
subsequently packaged at the same location. In the LCA, the required ingredients,
packaging and transport are combined under the assembly of the laundry detergent.
Production of waste and emissions for the production of a laundry detergent was not
included due to lack of data. Infrastructure has also not been included.
4.8.6.3 Packaging
Packaging can be defined as the materials used for the containment, protection,
handling, delivery, and presentation of goods. Packaging can be divided into three
categories: primary, secondary and transport packaging.
There are different published definitions of packaging; thus it is proposed that, in the
context of EU Ecolabel criteria, the definitions given in Article 3 of the EU Directive on
184
Franke, M., Klüppel, H., & Olschewski, P. (1995). Ökobilanzierung - Sachbilanz fürdie Waschmittel-
Konfektionierung. Tenside Surf. Det. 32(2) .
130
Packaging and Packaging Waste 94/62/EC 185 are used (as already done for some other
product groups e.g. rinse-off cosmetics). These definitions are as follows:
a) “Sales packaging or primary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to
constitute a sales unit to the final user or consumer at the point of purchase;
b) Grouped packaging or secondary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to
constitute at the point of purchase a grouping of a certain number of sales units
whether the latter is sold as such to the final user or consumer or whether it
serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the point of sale; it can be
removed from the product without affecting its characteristics;
c) Transport packaging or tertiary packaging, i.e. packaging conceived so as to
facilitate handling and transport of a number of sales units or grouped packaging
in order to prevent physical handling and transport damage. Transport packaging
does not include road, rail, ship and air containers".
It covers wooden pallets, board and plastic wrapping and containers that are used
to collate the groups into larger loads for transport, which facilitates loading and
unloading of goods
In this study, both primary and secondary packaging have been included. Table 39 shows
the inventory data used for the packaging materials. The secondary packaging (i.e.
cardboard box/carton) consists of recycled material (80 %). It has been assumed that 20
boxes of laundry detergent fit into one case.
Table 39: Primary & secondary packaging for laundry detergent
Packaging Weight (g) Ecoinvent data
(Primary& Secondary)
Cardboard box 5 g* Packaging, corrugated board, mixed fibre, single wall, (80 % recycled)
Case for 20 boxes 6.5E-2 g* Packaging, corrugated board, mixed fibre, single wall, (80 % recycled)
* The weight is allocated based on the functional unit
4.8.6.4 Transport
Transport of raw materials is assumed to be 5,000 km (boat) for the renewable part in
surfactants, and 2,000 km (lorry) for other ingredients. The ingredients are assumed to
come from another continent (Asia) - hence the large distance. Literature data have been
used to estimate the transport distance during the distribution phase. Normally in the
European market products are distributed via lorry first to an intermediate storage, then
to the storage facilities of direct customers (retailer) and from there to the point of sale
(e.g. supermarket). Transport from retail to consumer homes was omitted as data were
unavailable. This omission should not have significant consequences as studies for other
categories show that these impacts are generally minimal when compared to other
activities and typical shopping habits. Based on Frischknecht and Jungbluth (2002) 180 the
distance transported in the EU was set to 100 km by truck (>16 tonnes, fleet average)
and 600 km by freight train.
4.8.6.5 Use
The energy for the wash temperatures was taken from the Preparatory studies for eco-
design requirements of energy using products (EuPs): Domestic Washing machines and
dishwashers, December 2007.60 The inventory data for water withdrawal is of poor
quality and this should be remembered when interpreting the findings of the study. The
water inventory does not distinguish between sources of water or water quality.
185
Directive 94/62/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste
131
4.8.6.6 Disposal
The release of the product to water and the waste packaging generation is split. It is
considered that the whole product is rinsed off, i.e. 85 g of laundry detergent is released
to water that subsequently goes to a residential wastewater treatment plant. Packaging
waste is partially recycled (values based on Eurostat (2012) rates for paper and
board).The remaining waste is landfilled and incinerated. See Table 36 for the
percentages of the waste treatment flows.
186
Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M., De Schryver, A., Struijs, J., & Van Zelm, R. (2009). ReCiPe 2009. A life cycle impact
assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. The Hague, The Netherlands:
VROM.
132
Climate change kg CO2 eq CC
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq OD
Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq TA
Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq FE
Marine eutrophication kg N eq ME
Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq HTox
Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC POF
Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq PMF
Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq TTox
Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq FTox
Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq MTox
235
Ionising radiation kg U eq IR
2
Agricultural land occupation m *yr ALO
2
Urban land occupation m *yr ULO
2
Natural land transformation m *yr NLT
3
Water depletion m WD
Metal depletion kg Fe eq MD
Fossil depletion kg oil eq FD
The results for a powder laundry detergent are shown in Figure 27. For more information,
please see Annex V.
100
Impact contribution %
80
60 Ingredients
40 Manufacturing
20 Packaging
Transport
0
Use Phase
OD
CC
TA
FE
ME
HTox
POF
PMF
TTox
FTox
MTox
IR
End of Life
ALO
ULO
NLT
WD
MD
FD
Figure 27: Impact contribution of different life cycle stages of a laundry detergent
Ingredients: For terrestrial ecotoxicity, the ingredient sodium percarbonate is important
(63 % of impacts), as well as the surfactant fatty alcohol sulphate (28 %). The surfactant
modelled in this study is of a mixed origin, i.e. both oleo chemical origin (palm and
coconut resources) and petrochemical, which has an effect on both natural land
transformation and agricultural land occupation. The largest share of freshwater ecotoxic
impacts is also caused by the ingredients (81 %, mainly sodium percarbonate). The
impacts related to occupation of agricultural land are mainly caused by the ingredients
(39 %), i.e. fatty alcohol sulphate (20 %) and carboxymethyl cellulose (12 %). For
natural land transformation, the largest share of the impacts is caused by the ingredients
(57 %, of which fatty alcohol 40 %). For the impacts related to metal depletion, the
ingredients (a.o. zeolite) caused 24 % of the environmental impact. For marine
ecotoxicity, the ingredients contributed 43 % to the environmental impact. The most
important ingredient was sodium percarbonate, a bleaching agent.
133
Use phase: The life cycle stage with the largest contribution to the overall
environmental impact is the use phase. In particular, the energy needed to heat the
water during the wash cycle. For climate change, ozone depletion, terrestrial
acidification, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, photochemical oxidant
formation, particulate matter formation, ionising radiation, urban land occupation, water
depletion, and fossil depletion, the use phase contributed 60-97 %. For the impacts
related to occupation of urban land, the energy of the use phase contributed 59 % to the
environmental impact, for marine ecotoxicity 45 %, for natural land transformation 37
%, for metal depletion 29 %, for agricultural land occupation 26 %, for freshwater
ecotoxicity 15 %, for marine eutrophication 10 %, and for terrestrial ecotoxicity 4 %.
End of life: For marine eutrophication, the end of life was important: 84 % of
characterised midpoint results. In particular, the wastewater sent to wastewater
treatment plant contributed much to the impact. Furthermore, the treatment of
wastewater contributed 40 % for the environmental impact related to metal depletion.
Other life cycle stages: Manufacture and transport a have a minor contribution towards
the total environmental impact when compared to the use phase or the ingredients
sourcing (Annex V). Packaging is only relevant for agricultural land occupation (33 %,
related to the non-recycled content of the cardboard).
Table 41: Aggregate midpoint results for a laundry detergent
Impact category Unit Laundry detergent
Climate change kg CO2 eq 9.8E-01
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 5.5E-08
Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 4.1E-03
Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 8.9E-04
Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1.7E-03
Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 7.6E-01
Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 2.3E-03
Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq 1.3E-03
Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 5.4E-04
Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 4.5E-02
Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 2.8E-02
Ionising radiation kg U235 eq 6.5E-01
2
Agricultural land occupation ma 3.7E-02
2
Urban land occupation ma 5.2E-03
2
Natural land transformation m 2.0E-04
3
Water depletion m 6.3E+00
Metal depletion kg Fe eq 2.9E-02
Fossil depletion kg oil eq 2.7E-01
187
Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M., De Schryver, A., Struijs, J., & Van Zelm, R. (2009). ReCiPe 2009. A life cycle impact assessment
method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. The Hague, The Netherlands: VROM.
134
hierarchist perspective can be seen as a method based on scientific consensus, unlike the
more explicit views like egalitarian (precautionary principle) and individualist (short-term
impacts only). It is therefore the recommendation of the method developers to use the
hierarchist perspective.188 Normalization at endpoint helps identify whether the
contribution of an impact indicator is relevant in a damage category (i.e. effect of an
indicator such as climate change on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource
depletion). The normalised values of the different life cycle stages of a laundry detergent
are shown in Figure 28.
Normalised results (person.yr)
1.E-04
8.E-05
6.E-05 Ingredients
4.E-05 Formulation
Packaging
2.E-05
Transport
0.E+00
CCh
Use Phase
OD
HTox
POF
PMF
IR
CCe
TA
FE
Ttox
Ftox
End of Life
Mtox
ALO
ULO
NLT
MD
FD
Endpoint impact categories
188
Sleeswijk AW, et al, Normalization in product life cycle assessment: An LCA of the global and European economic systems in the year
2000, Sci Total Environ (2007), doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.040
135
Since climate change, human toxicity, natural land transformation and fossil depletion
were shown to be the most important impact categories according to the endpoint
normalisation, in this section we graphically present the results for those four impact
categories.
100
Impact contribution %
80
60
30 degrees
40
40 degrees
20 60 degrees
0
CC HTox NLT FD
Impact categories
The results show that an energy mix based mostly on nuclear energy or hydro power
significantly reduces the environmental impacts in all impact categories which were
136
shown to be the most important according to the normalisation, i.e. climate change,
human toxicity, natural land transformation and fossil depletion. This is because these
sources are a cleaner source of energy compared to the electricity mix used in the study,
which includes coal, crude oil, lignite, etc., which have higher greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. Switching to an energy mix based mostly on gas is also an improvement for
the toxicity categories freshwater and eutrophication, but – obviously – not for
transformation of natural land.
Trade-offs occurs between other impact categories. Switching to the Dutch country mix
would significantly reduce the impacts on freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity and
ionising radiation (related to nuclear energy), but increase the impacts in a.o. natural
land transformation, fossil depletion, and climate change. (NB: these results do not
indicate the advantages of a shift toward a nuclear based electricity production since a
limited number of environmental indicators have been analysed in this study. It needs to
be remembered that there are trade-offs between various energy sources and their
comparison is not straight forward.)
100
Impact contribution (%)
80
60 UCTE (baseline)
40 FR
CH
20
NL
0
CC HTox NLT FD
Impact categories
Impact categories stand for CC: climate change, HTox: human toxicity,NLT: natural land transformation and FD: fossil depletion.
Figure 30: Sensitivity analysis of energy source mix
4.9.3 Dosage
In the reference scenario we assumed a dosage of 85 g of a laundry detergent per wash.
The effect of using a lower (-20 %) or higher (+20 %) dosage is investigated in the
sensitivity analysis (see Figure 31). Changing the dose by 20 % results in changes in
impacts of 6-13 % for CC, HTox, NLT and FD and maximally 16 % for terrestrial toxicity.
100
impact contribution (%)
80
60
Dose -20%
40
Dose 85 g (baseline)
20 Dose +20%
0
CC HTox NLT FD
Impact categories
Impact categories stand for CC: climate change, HTox: human toxicity,NLT: natural land transformation and FD: fossil depletion
137
Figure 31: Characterised results of dosage sensitivity
100
Impact contirbution (%)
80
60
mix (baseline)
40
palm oil
20 petrochemical
0
CC HTox NLT FD
Impact categories
Impact categories stand for CC: climate change, HTox: human toxicity,NLT: natural land transformation and FD: fossil depletion
Figure 32: Sensitivity analysis of surfactant origin
138
was performed as part of the LCA. The ingredient with the highest impact on human
toxicity, freshwater toxicity, and marine ecotoxicity is sodium percarbonate. The
ethoxylated alcohols are also among the most toxic ingredients. For terrestrial ecotoxicity
the surfactants, fatty alcohol sulphate and ethoxylated alcohols, have the highest impact.
Table 42: Toxicity impacts of key ingredients per gram
Ingredients (1 gram)/ (kg 1,4-DB) Human Terrestrial Freshwater Marine
Alkylbenzene, linear, at plant/RER S 3.78E-03 1.38E-06 8.57E-05 9.71E-05
Bentonite, at processing/DE S 2.87E-03 9.77E-07 1.81E-05 2.61E-05
Sodium chloride, powder, at plant/RER S 1.60E-03 1.80E-07 1.22E-05 1.51E-05
Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant/
1.01E-02 1.09E-06 5.65E-05 6.49E-05
RER U
Zeolite, powder, at plant/RER S 2.19E-02 4.20E-06 1.42E-04 1.85E-04
Polycarboxylates, 40% active substance, at plant/RER S 3.57E-03 3.80E-07 2.59E-05 3.02E-05
Layered Sodium silicate, SKS-6, powder, at plant/RER S 7.88E-03 8.80E-07 5.04E-05 6.04E-05
Ethoxylated alcohols (AE3), coconut oil, at plant/RER S 6.22E-03 9.92E-07 1.39E-04 1.48E-04
Ethoxylated alcohols (AE3), palm kernel oil, at plant/RER S 7.65E-03 1.28E-03 3.68E-04 1.93E-04
Ethoxylated alcohols (AE3), petrochemical, at plant/RER S 6.25E-03 9.49E-07 1.49E-04 1.54E-04
Ethylene glycol diethyl ether, at plant/RER S 1.49E-02 3.02E-06 3.03E-04 3.04E-04
Sodium percarbonate, powder, at plant/RER S 1.46E-01 3.02E-04 1.56E-02 2.59E-03
Carboxymethyl cellulose, powder, at plant/RER S 1.63E-02 6.23E-06 1.07E-04 1.49E-04
Sodium carbonate from ammonium chloride production,
4.22E-03 1.26E-06 3.12E-05 4.19E-05
at plant/GLO S
Polycarboxylates, 40% active substance, at plant/RER S 3.57E-03 3.80E-07 2.59E-05 3.02E-05
Fatty alcohol sulfate, petrochemical, at plant/RER S 6.16E-03 1.14E-06 4.32E-05 5.60E-05
Fatty alcohol sulfate, mix, at plant/RER S 6.61E-03 5.82E-04 1.37E-04 6.76E-05
Fatty alcohol sulfate, palm oil, at plant/RER S 6.18E-03 8.14E-04 1.70E-04 6.50E-05
Sodium sulphate, powder, production mix, at plant/RER S 2.02E-03 2.04E-07 1.58E-05 1.82E-05
189
Cleaning Products Fact Sheet - To assess the risks for the consumer, L.C.H. Prud’homme de Lodder, H.J. Bremmer, J.G.M. van Engelen
RIVM report 320104003/2006
190
www.isditproductveilig.nl (translation: “is this product safe”), a website by the Dutch Association of Soap Manufacturers (NVZ)
139
Water 65 Water, completely softened, at plant/RER S
*: Quaternary ammonium chlorides, e.g. dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides
**, e.g. alkyl polyethyleneglycol ethers (AEO)
***: preservatives, dye, perfume, silicones
Table 44 Key assumptions for fabric softener
Reference Fabric softener
Functional unit Review of LCA studies 1 wash at 40 ˚C
Reference flow Consumer studies 10 g
Transport ingredients to Assumed Renewable part in surfactants 5,000 km
product manufacturing site (boat)
Other ingredients 2,000 km (lorry )
191
Energy for processing of raw Franke et al. 1995 40.7 KJ
materials
192,179
Packaging (primary) TSC LDPE (3.48E-1g), PP 3.41E-2g)
192
Packaging (secondary) TSC Cardboard (5+6.5E-2g)
Transport retail Frischknecht and Jungbluth 100 km by truck and 600 km by train
193
(2002)
Inserted in the LC of laundry detergent
181
Energy use in the use phase Koehler and Wildbolz 2009 0.53 kWh
181
Water use in the use phase Koehler and Wildbolz 2009 49 L
Waste water treatment Based on EU Statistics 100% connection to secondary treatment
194
Recycling rates solid waste Eurostat (2012) Paper & board 83.2 %
Plastic 31.9 %
Solid waste treatment Eurostat (2012) Landfill 65.3 %
Incineration 34.7 %
The use of fabric softener was negligible for most impact categories (see Figure 33). The
highest contribution to environmental impacts was found for freshwater toxicity, where
fabric softener accounted for an additional 4 % of the normalized results. As such it can
be concluded that using a fabric softener in addition to laundry detergent has a small
impact on the overall environmental impact.
191
Franke, M., Klüppel, H., & Olschewski, P. (1995). Ökobilanzierung - Sachbilanz fürdie Waschmittel-
Konfektionierung. Tenside Surf. Det. 32(2) .
192
Product Category Life Cycle Assessment (PCLCA) Laundry Detergent: Sustainability Measurement and Reporting System pilot project, The
Sustainability Consortium, 2011
193
Frischknecht, R., and Jungbluth, N.(2002). Working paper: Qualitiy guidelines ecoinvent 2000 (in German: Arbeitspapier:
Qualitätsrichtlinien ecoinvent 2000). Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, ecoinvent Center: Duebendorf, Switzerland. Retrieved
10.12.2010, from http://www.ecoinvent.org/fileadmin/documents/en/presentation_papers/Qualitaet_5.7.pdf.
194
Eurostat. (2012). EU Packaging recycling 2005. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
140
100
60
Fabric softener not used
40
Fabric softener used
20
0
CC HTox NLT FD
Impact categories
141
Figure 34: Comparison between the environmental impact at endpoint level of 1 kg of ethoxylated alcohols
195
from coconut oil in Ecoinvent and in Agri-Footprint
195
Impact categories that are not shown contribute less than 1%
196
A bug correction in the current version of Agri-Footprint was made for the process oil palm fruit bunch: “Tranformation, from forest”
changed into “Transformation, from tropical rain forest”.
142
9
8
Environmental impact at endpoint (single score in
7
Fossil depletion
4 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt)
0
Agri-Footprint: Ethoxylated alcohols Ecoinvent: Ethoxylated alcohols (AE3),
(AE3), palm kernel oil palm kernel oil
Figure 35: Comparison between the environmental impact at endpoint level of 1 kg of ethoxylated alcohols
195
from palm kernel oil in Ecoinvent and in Agri-Footprint
143
Based on this information the following conclusions can be made about the key
environmental considerations that should be linked to the EU Ecolabel criteria of laundry
detergents (see Table 45):
Table 45: Overall summary of the key environmental considerations linked to the EU Ecolabel criteria
197
Conclusion Significance Improvement measures
The use phase has the most significant contribution to Very high Indirectly through consumer
the environmental impact, driven by energy needed to information on the product
heat water. Therefore, the environmental impact can packaging encouraging low
be lowered by encouraging low temperature washing. temperature washing.
Innovations for effective washing
at low temperatures will be
investigated.
Raw materials extraction and processing are the second High Directly by restricting the use of
largest contributor to environmental impact. the worst performing builders and
Surfactants and builders are responsible for most of the surfactants.
impact.
Concentrated products perform better than other High By encouraging the use of
product formats, across all impact categories. concentrated products.
An important environmental impact arises from the end Medium Directly, through the toxicity to
of life, specifically related to municipal wastewater aquatic organisms.
treatment.
Impacts of detergent manufacturing and packaging are Low Directly, through the packaging
very low. requirements criteria.
The impacts of distribution and transport are low. Low No, would require specification for
local sourcing.
197
Significance assessed depends on the number of impact categories for which it is high.
144
5. PRODUCT INNOVATIONS AND IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
5.2.1 Compaction
Compaction is now commonplace amongst the large manufacturers in laundry
detergents, with manufacturers such as Unilever and P&G offering products which are at
least 2x and often 3x concentrated. However, further innovation in compaction
technology has led to the development of 8x concentrated laundry detergents. 199
Compaction of laundry detergents brings several environmental benefits, through
reductions in the amount of ingredients and packaging raw materials used, and savings
in water, energy and resources. This type of innovation, however, only leads to better
environmental performances if consumers do not overdose.
198
Global Household Care: Green Cleaning – Still an Oxymoron, Euromonitor International, September 2009.
199
How laundry detergent became a catalyst for green innovation, Yale Environment 360, June 2013. Available from:
http://e360.yale.edu/feature/adam_lowry_how_laundry_detergent_became_green_innovation_catalyst/2662/
145
available on the market which claim wash efficacy at temperatures as low as 15 °C. This
has largely been achieved through the choice of surfactants and polymers and the use of
sophisticated enzyme systems.200 As shown in the LCA conducted as part of this study,
the use phase has the largest contribution to the overall environmental impact of a
laundry detergent; this is largely driven by the energy needed to heat the water.
Consequently, washing at lower temperatures will significantly lower the overall
environmental impact of the product through energy savings.
5.3 Conclusions
A summary of the results from the sensitivity analysis and the LCA analysis for laundry
detergents, along with suggestions for how these issues can be addressed by the EU
Ecolabel and an estimate of the potential benefits associated, is presented in Table 46.
The outcomes are presented by life cycle stage.
As the results of the LCA and sensitivity analysis have shown that the highest
environmental impacts are associated with the use phase and the ingredients used, the
focus for improvement should be on for these phases. The high environmental impact of
the use phase can be addressed by encouraging consumers to wash at lower
temperatures and promoting products which are effective at low temperatures. Product
compaction should also be encouraged along with the restriction of harmful substances.
200
The case for the ‘A.I.S.E Low Temperature Washing Initiative’, substantiation dossier, June 2013, A.I.S.E. Available from:
http://www.iprefer30.eu/component/attachments/attachments?task=download&id=244
201
Procter & Gamble touts ‘win-win’ of cutting phosphates in all laundry soaps, Guardian Sustainable Business, January 2014. Available
from: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/proctor-gamble-remove-phosphates-laundry-soap
146
Table 46: Outcomes of sensitivity analysis and improvement potentials
Environmental impact Potential Good environmental Improvement potential
environmental practices/restrictions
Stage
gain
147
Environmental impact Potential Good environmental Improvement potential
environmental practices/restrictions
Stage
gain
1-85 % impact Impacts depend Encourage the use of Recycling packaging waste is
packaging waste
for marine packaging stage. recyclable and easy to preferable than other waste
eutrophication, but disassemble. treatment options.
also significant for
marine ecotoxicity.
148
6. Conclusions and further steps
The Preliminary Report presents the research carried out, through stakeholder surveys,
market analysis, legal review and an environmental performance investigation, on areas
related to the product groups covered by the EU Ecolabel on laundry detergents. The
preliminary report is a document that provides the background information and
underpins the revision of the EU Ecolabel criteria and proposal for changes for two
product groups: laundry detergents and industrial and institutional laundry detergents,
due to their multiple overlaps.
The main findings of the Preliminary Report are:
-The legal review revealed that the 2012 Revision to the EU Detergents Regulation
(EU/259/2012) will impact on the consumer laundry detergents on the market. The
revision limits the use of phosphates and phosphorus compounds and lays down
requirements for dosage information. The revision of the EU Ecolabel criteria shall take
into account these changes to the Detergents Regulation.
-The market analysis revealed that the laundry detergent market in Europe is dominated
by a few well-known brands, including Procter & Gamble, Henkel and Unilever. Laundry
detergents are available in a range of formats, but liquid laundry detergents account for
the largest market share in Europe, closely followed by powder laundry detergents.
Market trends show that sustainability is of growing importance to consumers of laundry
detergents, with an increase in concentrated/compacted products, use of plant-based
ingredients and minimisation of packaging.
-The technical analysis revealed that the key environmental impacts associated with the
product group can be summarised as follows:
The life cycle stage with the largest contribution to the environmental impact profile
of laundry detergents is the use phase, particularly the energy needed to heat the
water for the wash cycle. For some impact categories, the sourcing of raw materials
is also important.
Based on the normalisation assessment, the most significant impact categories for
laundry detergents in Europe are Freshwater Eutrophication, Human Toxicity,
Freshwater Ecotoxicity, Marine Ecotoxicity, and Natural Land Transformation.
The results of the LCA for a powder laundry detergent conducted as part of the technical
analysis are shown in Figure 36.
Impact contribution %
100
80
Ingredients
60
Manufacturing
40
Packaging
20
0 Transport
CC TA Use Phase
ME POF TTox
MTox ALO End of Life
NLT MD
Midpoint impact categories
Figure 36: Impact contribution of different life cycle stages of a laundry detergent
149
These impacts are strongly correlated to each other via the energy use in the use phase
(with the exception of natural land transformation). The use phase dominates the impact
categories freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and marine ecotoxicity, and
ingredients sourcing dominates the freshwater ecotoxicity and natural land
transformation.
The key environmental performance indicators (KPIs), i.e. those variables that mainly
drive the results for laundry detergents in Europe, based on the results of this study are:
Wash temperature,
Amount of product used per application,
Choice of and amount of surfactant (although there are trade-offs between impact
categories),
Energy source used to heat the water,
Emissions to water.
150
7. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ABBREVIATIONS
A.I.S.E Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products (trade body)
aNBO aerobically non-biodegradable
anNBO anaerobically non-biodegradable
APD alkyl phenol derivative
APEO alkyl phenol ethoxylate
ASP Advanced Sustainability Profile
BCF bioconcentration factor
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India and China
CAGR compound annual growth rate
CDV critical dilution volume
CFC chloro-fluorocarbon
CLP (EU Regulation on the) Classification, Labelling and Packaging of
Substances and Mixtures
COMEXT statistical database on trade of goods managed by Eurostat
DF degradation factor
DID list Detergents Ingredient Database
DTPA diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
EC European Commission
EC50 median effective concentration
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
EDTA ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
EEA European Economic Area
EU European Union
ETSA European Textile Services Association
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
FWA fluorescent whitening agent
GDP gross domestic product
GHG greenhouse gas
GHS Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
GLDA glutamic acid di-acetic acid
GPP green public procurement
HSNO Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (Act)
HDPE high density polyethylene
I&I industrial and institutional
IC50 median inhibition concentration
IFRA International Fragrance Association
IILD industrial and institutional laundry detergents
IKW Industrieverband Körperpflege- und Waschmittel e. V.
ISO International Organisation for Standards
KOW octanol-water partition coefficient
LCA life cycle assessment
LCIA life cycle impact assessment
LC50 median lethal dose
LD laundry detergents
LDPE low density polyethylene
LOEC lowest observed effect concentration
MGDA methylglycin di-acetic acid
n.e.c. not elsewhere classified
151
NOEC no observed effect concentration
NLT natural land transformation
n.p.r.s Not packaged for retail sale
NTA nitrilo tri-acetic acid
PBT persistent, bio-accumulable and toxic
PP polypropylene
ppm parts per million
PRODCOM PRODuction COMmunautaire (Community Production)
p.r.s Packaged for retail sale
PVC polyvinyl chloride
REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals
SCHER Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks
SVHC substances of very high concern
TCmax total chemicals maximum dosage limit
vPvB very persistent and very bio-accumulable
WUR weight/utility ratio
DEFINITIONS
Domestic This term is used to denote laundry detergent products which are
laundry intended for use principally in household machines, but may also include
detergent use of household machines in laundrettes and common laundries. May be
(LD) used interchangeably with the term ‘household laundry’.
Industrial This term is used to denote laundry detergent products which are
and intended for use solely by professional users in the industrial and
institutional institutional sector. May be used interchangeably with professional
laundry laundry.
detergent
(IILD)
Bio- The tendency for a substance to be accumulated in an organism due to
accumulative difference in the rate of intake and loss of the substance from the
organism.
Biocide Chemicals used to suppress organisms that are harmful to human or
animal health, or that cause damage to natural or manufactured
materials.202
Biocidal Active substances and preparations containing one or more active
products substances, put up in the form in which they are supplied to the user,
intended to destroy, render harmless, prevent the action of, or otherwise
exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or
biological means.203
Detergent Any substance or preparation containing soaps and/or other surfactants
intended for washing and cleaning processes. Detergents may be in any
form (liquid, powder, paste, bar, cake, moulded piece, shape, etc.) and
202
For more details see: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/biocides/index_en.htm.
203
Based on Regulation (EC) No 528/2012of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available
on the market and use of biocidal products (L 167/1 OJEU 27.8.2012) Available from:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/biocides/index_en.htm.
152
marketed for or used in household, or institutional or industrial
purposes.204
Enzyme Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without interacting
in the reactions themselves.
ISO 14024 A voluntary multicriteria-based, third party program that awards a license
Type I that authorises the use of environmental labels on products indicating
Environment overall environmental preferability of a product within a particular product
al label category based on life cycle considerations.
EU Ecolabel The ISO 14024 Type I environmental label from the European Union that
is valid throughout Europe.
Surfactant Any organic substance and/or mixture used in detergents, which has
surface-active properties and that consists of one or more hydrophilic and
one or more hydrophobic groups of such a nature and size that it is
capable of reducing the surface tension of water, and of forming
spreading or adsorption monolayers at the water air interface, and of
forming emulsions and/or micro-emulsions and/or micelles, and of
adsorption at water-solid interfaces.204
Standard A document established by consensus and approved by a recognised body
that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or
characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of
the optimum degree of order in a given context.
204
Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 2012of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents (OJ L 104, 8.4.2004)
Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/documents/specific-chemicals/detergents/.
153
8. List of tables
Table 1: Summary of respondents to questionnaire ..................................................13
Table 2: Summary of questionnaire analysis ............................................................13
Table 3: Alternative voluntary labelling schemes and standards .................................18
Table 4: Product group definitions and scope of alternative voluntary labelling schemes 21
Table 5: Overview of the requirements of different ecolabels for consumer laundry
detergents ...........................................................................................................25
Table 6: Overview of the requirements of different ecolabels for IILDs ........................41
Table 7: Comparison of excluded substances ...........................................................48
Table 8: Summary of wash processes by washing machine type .................................53
Table 9: Comparison of LD, IILD and GPP criteria .....................................................55
Table 10: Summary of suggested criteria changes for household laundry detergents ....72
Table 11: Summary of suggested criteria changes for industrial and institutional laundry
detergents ...........................................................................................................72
Table 12: PRODCOM cleaning product categories, code and description .......................74
Table 13: Comparison of the categorisation criteria for PRODCOM categories (cleaning
product-type) and EU Ecolabel for laundry detergents ...............................................75
Table 14: Production of manufactured detergent products, EU-28, value and tonnes,
2013 ...................................................................................................................75
Table 15: COMEXT detergent code and description ...................................................76
Table 16: Intra-EU trade of detergents, import and exports, 2013 ..............................77
Table 17: Extra-EU trade of detergents, import and exports, 2013 .............................77
Table 18: Market value of laundry care, 2012 (EU-27 + CH + NO) ..............................80
Table 19: Largest organisations in laundry care market, % breakdown by retail value,
Europe*, 2013 .....................................................................................................84
Table 20: Laundry care products, value by distribution channel (€m), Western Europe,
2009 ...................................................................................................................84
Table 21: Common brand name laundry care products, Europe, 2013 .........................85
Table 22: Home and fabric care speciality ingredients market: % of revenues by chemical
type, Europe, 2009 ...............................................................................................86
Table 23: Impact of industry challenges on European home and fabric care speciality
ingredients market ...............................................................................................86
Table 24: EU Ecolabel consumer LD products manufactured and sold, by country (EU-28)
..........................................................................................................................93
Table 25: EU Ecolabel consumer LD products on the EU-28 market .............................94
Table 26: EU Ecolabel IILD manufactured and sold, by country (EU-28) ......................94
Table 27: Nordic Swan consumer laundry detergent products & stain removers on the
EU-28 market ......................................................................................................95
Table 28: Number of Nordic Swan I&I laundry detergent products on the EU-28 market 95
Table 29: Overview of studies on laundry detergents .............................................. 108
Table 30: Reasons for excluding available studies ................................................... 110
Table 31: Cut-off criteria, allocation and geographical scale of the selected studies ..... 111
Table 32: Evaluation of comprehensiveness based on the PEF methodology ............... 112
Table 33: Percentage of reduction of environmental impacts due to the compaction of
powder detergent ............................................................................................... 115
Table 34: Impacts per life cycle stage ................................................................... 121
Table 35: Toxicity values and degradation data for example detergent ingredients in the
DID-list ............................................................................................................ 124
Table 36: Key assumptions and information sources ............................................... 128
Table 37: Generic laundry powder detergent formulation ......................................... 129
Table 38: Ecoinvent data inventory for a laundry detergent frame formula ................ 130
Table 39: Primary & secondary packaging for laundry detergent ............................... 131
Table 40: Glossary .............................................................................................. 132
Table 41: Aggregate midpoint results for a laundry detergent .................................. 134
Table 42: Toxicity impacts of key ingredients per gram ........................................... 139
Table 43: Ecoinvent data inventory for a fabric softener formula .............................. 139
154
Table 44 Key assumptions for fabric softener ......................................................... 140
Table 45: Overall summary of the key environmental considerations linked to the EU
Ecolabel criteria .................................................................................................. 144
Table 46: Outcomes of sensitivity analysis and improvement potentials .................... 147
Table 47: Intra EU-28 Import, 2013...................................................................... 183
Table 48: Intra EU-28 Export, 2013 ...................................................................... 183
Table 49: Extra EU-28 Import, 2013 ..................................................................... 184
Table 50: Extra EU-28 Export, 2013...................................................................... 185
Table 51: Life cycle impact contribution of a laundry detergent ................................ 187
Table 52: Life cycle impact contribution of a laundry detergent (in percentages) ........ 187
Table 53: Impact contribution of the dosage sensitivity ........................................... 188
Table 54: Impact contribution of wash temperature sensitivity ................................. 188
Table 55: Impact contribution of surfactant sensitivity ............................................ 189
Table 56: Impact contribution of energy source sensitivity ....................................... 189
Table 57: Impact contribution of the dosage sensitivity ........................................... 190
155
9. List of Figures
Figure 1: Value and volume of Western Europe laundry care products, 2012 ................80
Figure 2: Market value and % share of laundry care market, household and I&I, 2012 ..81
Figure 3: Sales of laundry care products by category, value (€m) 2012 .......................82
Figure 4: Split of laundry care products by category, ( %) 2012 .................................82
Figure 5: Sales of laundry detergents by category, value (€m) 2012 ...........................83
Figure 6: Split of laundry detergents by category, (%) 2012 ......................................83
Figure 7: Split of laundry detergents, standard vs concentrated, (%) 2012 ..................84
Figure 8: Retail value (€m) of laundry care market, Europe (EU-28), 2013 ..................87
Figure 12: Market trends, actual and projected retail value (€m), Europe (EU-28
average), 2008-18................................................................................................88
Figure 13: Actual and projected retail value (€m) for countries with top 5 market share
(% share, by retail value) across Europe, 2008-18 ...................................................89
Figure 14: Washing machine possession rates (%), EU-28, 2013 by country ................90
Figure 15: Washing machine possession rates (%) EU-28 Average, by year (2008-13) .90
Figure 16: Sales of laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12 ..................91
Figure 17: Sales of powder laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12 .......91
Figure 18: Sales of liquid laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12 ..........92
Figure 19: Sales of tablet laundry detergent by category, EU average*, 2007-12 .........92
Figure 20: Laundry products (SKUs) launched with environmentally friendly or fair trade
claims, Europe .....................................................................................................96
Figure 21: Sales of laundry detergents (concentrated vs standard), €m, EU average*
2007-12 ..............................................................................................................97
Figure 22: Units of laundry care products sold with A.I.S.E. ASP profiles in Europe, 2012
........................................................................................................................ 100
Figure 23: Supply chain for home and fabric care products ...................................... 103
Figure 24: Results for wash temperature sensitivity Source: A.I.S.E. 2013 ................ 117
Figure 25: Impact contribution of different life cycle stages to the environmental impact
........................................................................................................................ 118
Figure 26: Contribution of life cycle stages to environmental impact for household fabric
conditioners ....................................................................................................... 120
Figure 27: Schematic representation of laundry detergent life cycle .......................... 121
Figure 28: Steps of the life cycle assessment, according to UNE-EN ISO 14040: 2006 . 126
Figure 29: Inventory inputs and outputs ................................................................ 128
Figure 30: Impact contribution of different life cycle stages of a laundry detergent ..... 133
Figure 31: Normalised endpoint results for laundry detergent .................................. 135
Figure 32: Characterised results for washing program sensitivity .............................. 136
Figure 33: Sensitivity analysis of energy source mix. .............................................. 137
Figure 34: Characterised results of dosage sensitivity ............................................. 138
Figure 35: Sensitivity analysis of surfactant origin .................................................. 138
Figure 36: Sensitivity analysis of fabric softener use .............................................. 141
Figure 37: Comparison between the environmental impact at endpoint level of 1 kg of
ethoxylated alcohols from coconut oil in Ecoinvent and in Agri-Footprint .................... 142
Figure 38: Comparison between the environmental impact at endpoint level of 1 kg of
ethoxylated alcohols from palm kernel oil in Ecoinvent and in Agri-Footprint187........... 143
Figure 39: Relationship between LCI parameters (left), midpoint (middle) and endpoint
indicator (right) in ReCiPe 2009 ............................................................................ 186
156
ANNEXES
157
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives
The EU Ecolabel is a key policy instrument in promoting environmentally friendly products and services. This
document constitutes one of the initial stages of revision of the EU Ecolabel and the Green Public Procurement
criteria (GPP) for laundry detergents. The objective of this first questionnaire relating to the existing Ecolabel
criteria for laundry detergents is to determine whether the scope definition is still appropriate and which
criteria need to amended, prolonged or withdrawn. In order to evaluate the current criteria in a successful and
meaningful fashion, contact with relevant stakeholders is of upmost importance.
The aim of these criteria was to promote laundry detergents that correspond to the best 10-20 % of the
products available on the community market in terms of environmental performance considering the whole
life-cycle (from production, through the use phase and until disposal). These criteria are due to expire in April
2015 and in November 2016, respectively.
One of the goals of the revision is to obtain simplified criteria addressing the most important environmental
impacts of laundry detergents from a life cycle perspective. This questionnaire covers both domestic and
industrial and institutional laundry detergents.
The current criteria are set for each of the following aspects of laundry detergents:
In the following sections the following abbreviation is used: for domestic products– DLD; for industrial and
institutional – IILD.
158
1.3 Confidentiality and contact details
All responses received through this questionnaire will be treated as confidential. Where data is published, this
will be in an aggregated format only. Comments will not be attributed to an individual person or organisation
unless this is specifically requested.
We rely heavily on stakeholder consultation, so your time and expertise are greatly appreciated and valued.
For further information regarding this questionnaire, please contact us writing to Josie Arendorf to the
following e-mail address: josie.arendorf@oakdenehollins.co.uk.
Once this survey has been completed, please email to: JRC-IPTS-LAUNDRY-DETERGENT@ec.europa.eu
159
2. QUESTIONNAIRE
2.1 Your contact details
First name: Surname:
Email:
Company/ Organisation:
Organisation type:
☐ Industry ☐ Government
☐ Environmental Agency ☐Trade Association
☐ Competent body
Email address
Country
Telephone Number
160
2.2 Scope and definition
a) Domestic laundry detergents
At present the product group “laundry detergents” comprises laundry detergents and pre-treatment stain
removers, which fall under the following definitions:
Laundry detergents and pre-treatment stain removers whether in powder, liquid or any other form which are
marketed and used for the washing of textiles principally in household machines but not excluding their use in
laundrettes and common laundries.
Pre-treatment stain removers include stain removers used for direct spot treatment of textiles (before
washing in the machine) but do not include stain removers dosed in the washing machine and stain removers
dedicated to other uses besides pre-treatment.
This product group does not compromise products that are dosed by carriers such as sheets, cloths or other
materials nor washing auxiliaries used without subsequent washing, such as stain removers for carpets and
furniture upholstery.
2. Is the current definition appropriate If no, please explain why and/or propose modification.
☐ Yes
and suitable for this product category?
☐ No
161
b) Industrial and Institutional laundry detergents
At present the product group “industrial and institutional laundry detergents” comprises laundry detergents
products performed by professional users in the industrial and institutional sector:
Included in the product group are multi-component-systems constituting of more than one component used
to build up a complete detergent or a laundering program for automatic dosing system.
This product group shall not comprise products for obtaining textile attributes such as water-repellent,
waterproof or fire-proof, etc. Furthermore, the product group shall not comprise products that are dosed by
carriers such as sheets, cloths or other materials, as well as washing auxiliaries used without subsequent
washing, such as stain removers for carpets and furniture upholstery.
Consumer laundry detergents are excluded from the scope of this product group.
8. Is the current definition appropriate If no, please explain why and/or propose modification.
☐ Yes
and suitable for this product category?
☐ No
162
These questions are specifically addressed to the EUEB members and Competent Bodies:
11. Have producers or any other interested party had difficulty in understanding the scope of the product
group, or encountered difficulties because the product was not covered within the current scope and
definition?
☐ Yes ☐ No
12. Have you ever denied the EU Ecolabel licence for the laundry detergents product group because of a
product not being covered by the current scope and definition?
☐ Yes ☐ No
13. Do you have any difficulty in understanding the scope of the product group?
☐ Yes ☐ No
If yes, please specify:
14. Have you ever been denied the EU Ecolabel licence for laundry detergents because of a product not being
covered by the current scope and definition?
☐ Yes ☐ No
If yes, please specify:
163
2.3 The need for criteria revision
Please indicate which of the criteria you believe may need revision and, where appropriate, please explain how
in your opinion the criteria should evolve:
164
21. Points ☐Keep ☐ Modify/remove
Please give further details:
165
27. Excluded or limited substances and ☐Keep ☐ Modify/remove
mixtures Please give further details:
166
2.4 Questionnaire on currently valid criteria
In order to assist with the revision of the criteria, questions for the stakeholders regarding preliminary issues
identified for consideration in the revision of the current criteria are outlined in this section.
33. Are additional dosage requirements If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
needed? For example dosage
depending on water hardness or ☐ No
level of soiling?
35. Are additional dosage requirements If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
needed? Such as maximum dosage
limits? ☐ No
167
Criterion 2: Toxicity to aquatic organisms: Critical Dilution Volume (CDV)
37. Should different CDV limits be set If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification.
☐ Yes
for different forms of laundry
detergent, for example powder or ☐ No
gel capsules?
38. Should CDV limits be set for If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification.
☐ Yes
different levels of water hardness
or level of soiling? ☐ No
168
b) Industrial and institutional laundry detergents
The current criteria specify that the critical dilution volume of the product must not exceed the following limits
(CDVchronic):
169
Criterion 3: Biodegradability of organics
42. Should specific requirements apply If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
to the biodegradability of
surfactants? ☐ No
43. Should the limits be set for If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
different levels of water hardness
or level of soiling? ☐ No
170
b) Industrial and institutional laundry detergents
The current criteria specify that the content of organic substances in the product that are aerobically non-
biodegradable (not readily biodegradable aNBO) and/or anaerobically non-biodegradable (anNBO) shall not
exceed the following limits:
171
45. Are the current limits effective in
☐ Yes If no, please explain why and/or propose modification.
distinguishing between the state of
the art and the best performing ☐ No
products in industrial and
institutional laundry detergents
product group?
Under the existing criteria, the following ingredients must not be included in the product:
In addition, the most critical substances regarding human health and environment must also not be included in
the product. This is a standard requirement for ecolabelled washing and cleaning products. However, there are
certain substances which are specifically exempted from this requirement:
172
47. Should the list of exempted If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
substances be reviewed? and provide rationale or supporting information.
☐ No
49. Should additional criteria be set to If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
further promote the use of recycled
materials in packaging? ☐ No
50. Should the WUR limits be set by If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
water hardness? Such as for
industrial and institutional laundry ☐ No
detergents.
51. Should there be restrictions on If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
combinations of materials used for
packaging? For instance to ☐ No
encourage ease of disassembly for
recycling.
52. Should additional criteria be set to If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
promote the use of sustainably
sourced virgin wood fibres for ☐ No
paper and cardboard packaging?
173
b) Industrial and institutional laundry detergents
The current criteria for laundry products specify that the weight/utility ratio (WUR) must not exceed the
following values:
54. Should additional criteria be set to If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
further promote the use of recycled
materials in packaging? ☐ No
55. Should there be restrictions on If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
combinations of materials used for
packaging? For instance to ☐ No
encourage ease of disassembly for
recycling.
56. Should additional criteria be set to If yes, please explain why and/or propose modification
☐ Yes
promote the use of sustainably
sourced virgin wood fibres for ☐ No
paper and cardboard packaging?
174
57. Please provide us with your comments on the washing performance test and, if appropriate proposals
for modification
58. Please provide us with your comments on the washing performance test and, if appropriate, proposals
for modification
175
Criterion 7: Points (DLD only)
The current criteria utilise a points scoring system which has the objective of 1) promoting cold water and low-
temperature products and 2) promoting products with very low emissions of hazardous substances to the
environment. The maximum available number of points is 8 and a minimum of 3 points is required.
The points available for heavy-duty and low-duty laundry detergents are summarised below:
176
60. Could anything be done to further If yes, please specify.
☐ Yes
promote the use of cold water and
low-temperature products through ☐ No
Ecolabel?
Multi-component systems shall be offered to the customer together with an automatic and controlled dosing
system.
Criterion 8: Consumer information (DLD) / User information – Information appearing on the EU Ecolabel (IILD)
Dosage instructions
Under the existing criteria, dosage instructions shall be specified for ‘normally’ and ‘heavily’ soiled textiles as
well as various water hardness’ ranges relevant to the countries concerned. The difference between the dosage
recommendations for the lowest water hardness range for normally soiled textiles and the highest water range
for heavily soiled textiles may not differ by more than a factor of 2.
177
Information on the packaging
Under the existing criteria, the following washing recommendations shall appear on the packaging:
Wash at the lowest possible temperature
Always wash with full load
Dose according to soil and water hardness, follow the dosing instructions
If you are allergic to house dust, always wash bedding at 60 °C. Increase wash temperature to 60 °C in
case of infectious diseases.
Using this EU Ecolabel product according to the dosage instructions will contribute to the reduction of
water pollution, waste production and energy consumption.
178
66. Is this information on the packaging
☐ Yes If no, please specify.
sufficient for encouraging low
temperature washing? ☐ No
Please, specify your reason if you propose any change in the current threshold:
179
The current criteria are set for 9 different aspects of laundry detergents (8 for IILD), with the aim of promoting
products which have a reduced impact on aquatic ecosystems, contain a limited amount of hazardous
substances and whose performance has been tested. Furthermore they aim to promote products that are
efficient at low temperatures.
Should further criterion be developed? Either because all the issues are not already covered or because of
recent developments which affect the environmental performance of laundry detergents.
If you have any information on market statistics for laundry detergents product group please mention this here
so that we can get in touch with you and collect the details needed for the project. Thank you in advance for
your cooperation.
180
ANNEX II: Laundry detergent ingredients
Surfactants
Surfactants (surface active agents) are the active cleaning ingredients found in laundry detergents, this is due
to their ability to remove dirt from wet hydrophobic surfaces and keep it in suspension. They are organic
substances which have both a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part. Surfactants are a large group of surface
active substances and are used throughout the entire spectrum of cleaning products. The primary function of
surfactants in laundry detergents is to remove soil. Three types of surfactants are found in laundry detergent
products; these are anionic, non-ionic and cationic. It is common for more than one type of surfactant to be
used in a laundry detergents, this is because their actions reinforce each other thus giving rise to increased
cleaning ability. As a result of their surface activity properties, surfactants are relatively toxic to aquatic
organisms. The toxic effects and biodegradability of surfactants varies depending on their carbohydrate chain
structure.
Builders
Builders are used to enhance the action of surfactants (and other ingredients of the detergent) by softening the
water, by helping to disperse soils and prevent their redeposition out of solution and to assist with dissolving
oil-based soils. Phosphorous compounds are often used as builders in cleaning products. However, phosphorus
is a major contributor to eutrophication in water systems and the use of phosphorus compounds in laundry
detergents is being phased out. Other builders which do not contribute to eutrophication are available on the
EU market, therefore phosphates and other phosphorous compounds can be replaced. Phosphates are
currently banned from use in laundry detergents in some European countries and their use is also limited by
the EC Detergents Regulation. However, the alternatives such as zeolites are not without issues, in terms of
environmental performance. These alternative builders include zeolites, MGDA, GLDA and citrates.
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) is also a commonly used builder in laundry detergents. EDTA is used to
improve cleaning ability through water softening, it is a very strong complexing agents. As with phosphates, the
use of EDTA in laundry detergents is also of environmental concern as it is poorly biodegradable. The use of
EDTA in laundry detergents is restricted under the current Ecolabel criteria.
Biocides/preservatives
Preservatives are used to prevent the product from spoiling during storage, typically they are only required in
liquid or gel laundry detergents. They function by preventing the break-down of organic ingredients; some
preservatives are anti-bacterial in function. Often biocides are used as preservatives in laundry detergents.
However, some biocides are bio-accumulative and this may have negative impacts on human health. Typically
they are only added in very small amounts and are not added to powder detergents. The use of biocides is
currently restricted by EU regulation and in the current EU Ecolabel criteria for laundry detergents.
Bleaches
Bleaching agents are used for hygienic reasons, to remove stains and to bleach textiles. Bleaching impacts on
the fibre structure of textiles and in doing so reduces the life of some textiles. Some halogenated bleaches such
as active chlorine bleaches may be toxic and degrade slowly in the aquatic environment. Bleaching agents such
as sodium hypochlorite are inherently toxic and can break down into toxic by-products which present a threat
to human health and the environment. The environmental impacts of bleaching agents vary greatly depending
on the chemical groups used. Other bleaching agents used are percarbonates, perborates, peroxides and
peracids.
Optical brighteners
Optical brighteners are used to make fabrics appear whiter and brighter, they do this by enhancing the light
reflected from the fabric surface. Substances used as optical brighteners include aminotriazines, coumarins and
stilbenes. Many optical brighteners used in laundry detergents are not biodegradable and therefore will remain
in wastewater for long periods of time.
Fragrances
Fragrances are used to neutralise the inherent odour of detergent chemicals and give the laundry a pleasant
smell. There are many different fragrance substances used by the detergent industry of which several are of
environmental concern. For example, nitro-musks and polycyclic musk compounds are suspected of being
181
carcinogenic and they show a tendency to accumulate in a mother’s milk. As a consequence all nitro-musks are
banned from EU Ecolabel laundry detergent products.
Dyes
Dyes are added to laundry detergents for aesthetic reasons and have no effect on the ability of the product to
clean textiles. The environmental impacts of dye substances vary greatly depending on the functional group,
therefore, no general remarks have been made on their environmental impacts of toxicity.
Enzymes
Enzymes are typically used in laundry detergents to improve washing performance at low temperatures. They
function by targeting difficult stains and breaking them down into smaller parts which can be more easily
removed by other ingredients. As they do not lose functionality after use, they can replace large quantities of
other chemicals with the same function. Enzymes which are commonly used in laundry detergents and stain
removers include: protease, lipase and amylase. Enzymes have few negative environmental impacts as they are
205
readily biodegradable and have no adverse effects to the aquatic system.
Solvents
Organic solvents are often added to liquid detergents in order to dissolve the ingredients. Typically alcohols are
used as solvents in laundry detergent products. The environmental impact of solvents will vary depending on
the exact substance.
205
Environmental assessment of laundry detergents, European Textile Services Association, http://www.eco-
forum.dk/detergents/index_files/Page693.htm
182
ANNEX III: Market analysis data
A. COMEXT trade data
183
HR 79,443 446 0 0 293,872 246 5,375 0
HU 1,408,276 12,494 16,677 82 6,476,464 25,488 1,722,603 5,002
IE 1,177,435 4,816 1,161,750 5,694 2,098,506 6,673 3,158,113 7,627
IT 122,879,067 895,849 3,485,510 30,698 35,231,803 123,782 43,383,588 326,914
LT 395,514 1,941 12,987 65 596,157 2,017 584,720 4,071
LU 670,501 2,592 65,879 303 313,102 1,092 307,084 404
LV 138,757 717 16,398 123 1,099,836 2,295 144,924 618
MT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NL 14,176,639 75,784 1,359,995 10,276 31,147,877 154,328 30,498,680 122,001
PL 25,051,772 258,898 182,434 582 73,844,810 437,245 20,752,106 108,947
PT 940,288 6,594 1,134,634 8,052 7,047,479 25,613 140,059 1,010
RO 528,651 3,637 81,374 415 2,073,865 6,487 321,089 1,587
SE 18,196,810 112,707 542,152 2,402 4,109,648 16,079 682,902 976
SI 433,869 3,275 361,124 3,452 2,498,055 6,737 416,488 1,344
SK 292,570 1,237 2,700 14 3,773,695 26,193 112,146 269
EU-28 343,304,384 2,490,399 47,718,470 333,466 535,818,838 2,812,757 223,165,294 1,269,976
184
Table 50: Extra EU-28 Export, 2013
Extra EU - Export
34012090 34012010 34011100 34011900
185
ANNEX IV: Life cycle impact assessment
For each substance, a schematic cause and effect pathway needs to be developed that describes the
environmental mechanism of the substance emitted. Along this environmental mechanism an impact category
indicator result can be chosen either at the midpoint or endpoint level. Endpoint results have a higher level of
uncertainty compared to midpoint results but are easier to understand by decision makers.
Human health
LCI result Radiation Absorbed Dose Damage
DALY
P. C. Ozone Form. Ozone Conc.
Damage
Particulate Form. PM10 Conc.
CO2
Climate Change
VOS Infra-red Forcing Damage
P Terr.Ecotox Hazard W. Conc.
SO2 Terr. Acidif.
Ecosystems
Base Saturation
Single score
PDF.m2..yr
Terr.
NOx Agr. Land Occ. Damage
CFC Occupied Area
Cd Urban Land Occ.
Raw mat.
Resources
Figure 37: Relationship between LCI parameters (left), midpoint (middle) and endpoint indicator (right) in
ReCiPe 2009
186
ANNEX V: Contribution analysis of different life cycle stages
Table 51 and Table 52 show the life cycle impact contribution of laundry detergent.
Table 51: Life cycle impact contribution of a laundry detergent
Impact category Unit Ingredients Formulation Packaging Transport Use phase End of life
CC kg CO2 eq 1.1E-01 5.8E-03 5.7E-03 2.5E-02 3.3E-01 6.2E-02
OD kg CFC-11 eq 1.0E-08 2.9E-10 5.9E-10 3.9E-09 1.6E-08 1.9E-09
TA kg SO2 eq 4.5E-04 2.4E-05 1.9E-05 1.5E-04 1.4E-03 1.8E-04
FE kg P eq 5.2E-05 5.8E-06 2.1E-06 3.5E-06 3.4E-04 5.4E-05
ME kg N eq 9.2E-05 1.7E-06 5.8E-06 8.7E-06 9.4E-05 1.2E-03
Htox kg 1,4-DB eq 2.0E-01 3.7E-03 1.6E-03 3.5E-03 2.2E-01 4.3E-02
POF kg NMVOC 2.9E-04 1.2E-05 1.9E-05 2.4E-04 7.1E-04 1.3E-04
PMF kg PM10 eq 1.7E-04 7.7E-06 7.5E-06 6.4E-05 4.5E-04 6.0E-05
Ttox kg 1,4-DB eq 5.0E-04 1.4E-07 1.2E-06 2.2E-06 1.4E-05 8.9E-06
Ftox kg 1,4-DB eq 1.8E-02 8.9E-05 1.2E-05 4.5E-05 2.0E-03 6.9E-04
Mtox kg 1,4-DB eq 3.3E-03 8.7E-05 1.4E-05 5.6E-05 2.0E-03 6.2E-04
IR kg U235 eq 2.9E-02 4.6E-03 1.1E-03 3.2E-03 2.6E-01 1.1E-02
2
ALO ma 1.4E-02 7.4E-05 1.2E-02 1.3E-04 5.6E-03 2.7E-04
2
ULO ma 6.7E-04 1.8E-05 2.2E-04 3.1E-04 1.8E-03 5.9E-04
2
NLT m 1.0E-04 6.2E-07 2.7E-06 9.0E-06 3.9E-05 -1.9E-06
3
WD m 1.6E-03 4.8E-05 1.1E-04 1.1E-04 5.8E-02 4.5E-04
MD kg Fe eq 4.4E-03 4.2E-05 1.5E-04 1.2E-03 3.2E-03 6.0E-03
FD kg oil eq 4.1E-02 1.6E-03 1.7E-03 8.9E-03 8.9E-02 4.1E-03
Table 52: Life cycle impact contribution of a laundry detergent (in percentages)
Impact category Unit Ingredients Formulation Packaging Transport Use phase End of life
CC % 20 1 1 5 62 12
OD % 31 1 2 12 49 6
TA % 20 1 1 7 63 8
FE % 12 1 0 1 74 12
ME % 7 0 0 1 7 85
Htox % 43 1 0 1 46 9
POF % 21 1 1 17 51 9
PMF % 22 1 1 8 60 8
Ttox % 95 0 0 0 3 2
Ftox % 86 0 0 0 10 3
Mtox % 54 1 0 1 33 10
IR % 10 2 0 1 84 4
ALO % 43 0 37 0 18 1
ULO % 19 1 6 9 50 17
NLT % 66 0 2 6 26 -1
WD % 3 0 0 0 96 1
MD % 29 0 1 8 22 40
FD % 28 1 1 6 61 3
187
ANNEX VI: Sensitivity analysis
Dosage sensitivity
Table 53 shows the results of the dosage sensitivity analysis.
Table 53: Impact contribution of the dosage sensitivity
Impact category Unit -20 % Baseline +20 %
Climate change kg CO2 eq 4.98E-01 5.35E-01 5.73E-01
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 3.02E-08 3.32E-08 3.63E-08
Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 2.09E-03 2.23E-03 2.36E-03
Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 4.42E-04 4.55E-04 4.69E-04
Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1.31E-03 1.37E-03 1.42E-03
Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 4.21E-01 4.69E-01 5.17E-01
Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 1.28E-03 1.40E-03 1.52E-03
Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq 7.07E-04 7.58E-04 8.09E-04
Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 4.26E-04 5.27E-04 6.27E-04
Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 1.71E-02 2.07E-02 2.44E-02
Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 5.35E-03 6.07E-03 6.79E-03
235
Ionising radiation kg U eq 2.98E-01 3.05E-01 3.13E-01
2
Agricultural land occupation ma 2.66E-02 3.18E-02 3.70E-02
2
Urban land occupation ma 3.29E-03 3.58E-03 3.87E-03
2
Natural land transformation m 1.28E-04 1.51E-04 1.73E-04
3
Water depletion m 6.00E-02 6.04E-02 6.07E-02
Metal depletion kg Fe eq 1.37E-02 1.49E-02 1.61E-02
Fossil depletion kg oil eq 1.36E-01 1.47E-01 1.58E-01
188
Surfactant sensitivity
Table 55 shows the results for the data source sensitivity analysis.
Table 55: Impact contribution of surfactant sensitivity
Impact category Unit Mixed origin Oleochemical Petrochemical
Climate change kg CO2 eq 5.35E-01 5.35E-01 5.35E-01
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 3.32E-08 3.32E-08 3.32E-08
Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 2.23E-03 2.23E-03 2.22E-03
Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 4.55E-04 4.55E-04 4.55E-04
Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1.37E-03 1.37E-03 1.36E-03
Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 4.69E-01 4.69E-01 4.69E-01
Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 1.40E-03 1.40E-03 1.40E-03
Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq 7.58E-04 7.59E-04 7.52E-04
Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 5.27E-04 5.87E-04 3.74E-04
Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 2.07E-02 2.07E-02 2.07E-02
Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 6.07E-03 6.07E-03 6.07E-03
235
Ionising radiation kg U eq 3.05E-01 3.05E-01 3.05E-01
2
Agricultural land occupation ma 3.18E-02 2.77E-02 2.48E-02
2
Urban land occupation ma 3.58E-03 3.58E-03 3.57E-03
2
Natural land transformation m 1.51E-04 8.10E-05 8.11E-05
3
Water depletion m 6.04E-02 6.05E-02 6.00E-02
Metal depletion kg Fe eq 1.49E-02 1.49E-02 1.49E-02
Fossil depletion kg oil eq 1.47E-01 1.46E-01 1.49E-01
189
Fabric softener sensitivity
Table 57 shows the results for the fabric softener sensitivity analysis.
Table 57: Impact contribution of the dosage sensitivity
Impact category Unit Fabric softener used No fabric softener used
Climate change kg CO2 eq 5.56E-01 5.35E-01
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 3.43E-08 3.32E-08
Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq 2.27E-03 2.23E-03
Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 4.61E-04 4.55E-04
Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1.39E-03 1.37E-03
Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 4.76E-01 4.69E-01
Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 1.46E-03 1.40E-03
Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq 7.76E-04 7.58E-04
Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 5.42E-04 5.27E-04
Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 2.08E-02 2.07E-02
Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq 6.17E-03 6.07E-03
235
Ionising radiation kg U eq 3.08E-01 3.05E-01
2
Agricultural land occupation ma 3.30E-02 3.18E-02
2
Urban land occupation ma 3.69E-03 3.58E-03
2
Natural land transformation m 1.64E-04 1.51E-04
3
Water depletion m 6.05E-02 6.04E-02
Metal depletion kg Fe eq 1.54E-02 1.49E-02
Fossil depletion kg oil eq 1.53E-01 1.47E-01
190
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union
Free phone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
(*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu
191
LF-NA-27380-EN-N
JRC Mission
As the Commission’s
in-house science service,
the Joint Research Centre’s
mission is to provide EU
policies with independent,
evidence-based scientific
and technical support
throughout the whole
policy cycle.
Working in close
cooperation with policy
Directorates-General,
the JRC addresses key
societal challenges while
stimulating innovation
through developing
new methods, tools
and standards, and sharing
its know-how with
the Member States,
the scientific community
and international partners.
Serving society
Stimulating innovation
Supporting legislation
doi:10.2791/0171
ISBN 978-92-79-50316-0
192