Mycology Intro

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
MLS- MYCO VIRO

(MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY)
BMLS 2B2 – 5025
ASSIGNMENT NO.3
(Respiratory Viruses)
Submitted by:
QUIZANO, VINCENT AARON C.
Submitted to:
MR. LEONARD M. BULAN, RMT, DTA

ADENOVIRUS
MORPHOLOGY: Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), non-enveloped

icosahedral viruses with double-stranded DNA. More than 50 types of
immunologically distinct adenoviruses can cause infections in humans.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: The virus can spread through contact with droplets from
the nose and throat of an infected person (e.g., during coughing or sneezing) or
by touching hands, an object, or surface with the virus on it and then touching
the mouth, nose, or eyes before hand washing.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

Adenoviruses can cause a wide range of illnesses such as
 common cold or flu-like symptoms

 fever
 sore throat
 acute bronchitis (inflammation of the airways of the lungs, sometimes
called a “chest cold”)
 pneumonia (infection of the lungs)
 pink eye (conjunctivitis)
 acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach or intestines causing
diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and stomach pain)
Less common symptoms of adenovirus infection include
 bladder inflammation or infection

 neurologic disease (conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord)
TREATMENT: There are no approved antiviral medicines and no specific treatment

for people with adenovirus infection. Most adenovirus infections are mild and
may be managed with rest and over-the-counter pain medicines or fever
reducers to help relieve symptoms.
PREVENTION:
 Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
 Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
DIAGNOSIS: Adenovirus PCR testing is most commonly accessible to clinicians by
using a multi-pathogen PCR test (i.e., a PCR test that can test a single respiratory
or stool specimen for adenovirus and many other common respiratory or enteric
pathogens).
CORONAVIRUS
MORPHOLOGY: The structure of SARS-CoV-2 is found to be similar to SARS-CoV

with virion size ranging from 70 to 90 nm. Spike, membrane, and envelope surface
viral proteins of coronavirus are embedded in host membrane-derived lipid
bilayer encapsulating the helical nucleocapsid comprising viral RNA.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Transmission occurs through person-to-person contact

when an infected person coughs or sneezes and those respiratory secretions
come in contact with another person’s eyes, mouth, or nose.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Fever or chills
 Cough
 Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
 Fatigue
 Muscle or body aches
 Headache
 New loss of taste or smell
 Sore throat
 Congestion or runny nose
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea
TREATMENT: Antibiotics cannot cure the common cold. There is currently no
treatment for common cold viruses. The only treatment available help relieve
symptoms. The best way to feel better is to rest and drink plenty of fluids.
PREVENTION: The best way to prevent any respiratory infection is to avoid close
contact with sick individuals, proper hand hygiene, and avoid touching your face
(especially mouth, nose, and eyes). The best way a sick individual can prevent
further spread is to stay home from school or work and cover their nose and mouth
when sneezing and coughing, proper hand hygiene.
DIAGNOSIS: Clinical diagnosis is made based on symptoms. Laboratory tests are
not routinely performed because a result would not affect treatment
recommendations.
INFLUENZA (FLU)
MORPHOLOGY: Influenza A virus is an enveloped virus with a segmented, single-

strand, negative-sense RNA genome. Its virions show spherical or filamentous
shapes of about 100 nm in diameter and occasionally irregular morphology,
which exemplifies the pleomorphic nature of these virions.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Influenza viruses spread from person to person, primarily

through respiratory droplets (e.g., when an infected person coughs or sneezes
near a susceptible person).
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 Fever*/feeling feverish or chills
 Cough
 Sore throat
 Runny or stuffy nose
 Muscle or body aches
 Headaches
 Fatigue (tiredness)
 Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more
common in children than adults.
TREATMENT: Antiviral drugs can help treat flu illness: Antiviral drugs are different
from antibiotics. Flu antivirals are prescription medicines (pills, liquid, intravenous
solution, or an inhaled powder) and are not available over the counter. Antiviral
drugs can make illness milder and shorten the time you are sick.
PREVENTION: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or

school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active,
manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
DIAGNOSIS: Diagnostic tests available for influenza include viral culture, serology,
rapid antigen testing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
immunofluorescence assays, and rapid molecular assays.
PARAINFLUENZA
MORPHOLOGY: The virions of the parainfluenza viruses are pleomorphic, in which
diameter ranges from 150 to 200 micrometers. These six proteins their RNA
encodes for include: The nucleocapsid protein (NP) the phosphoprotein (P).
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) usually spread from
an infected person to others through: the air by coughing and sneezing. close
personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands. touching objects or
surfaces that have HPIVs on them then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 Runny nose
 Redness or swelling of the eyes
 Barky cough
 Noisy, harsh breathing
 Hoarse voice or cry
 Rattling felt over the chest or back
 Wheezing
 Fever
 Irritability
 Decreased appetite
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
TREATMENT: There is no cure for HPIV. Once your child is infected, the virus needs
to run its course. Antibiotics are not useful. Instead, treatment is aimed at reducing
the symptoms.
HPIVs usually cause mild symptoms that can be treated at home. Some ways to
reduce the severity of the symptoms include:
 drinking plenty of fluids such as water and juice

 acetaminophen or ibuprofen (as instructed by your child's doctor) for
fever or discomfort
 keep your child as quiet and calm as possible to help decrease the
breathing effort
 cool mist humidifier in your child's room
PREVENTION:
 Washing your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If
soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
 Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, or mouth.
 Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
DIAGNOSIS: The most common test for parainfluenza viruses is a molecular test,
such as a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. These tests can find very small
amounts of genetic material from parainfluenza viruses in the fluid sample from
your nose or lungs.
PARVOVIRUS B19 (FIFTH DISEASE)
MORPHOLOGY: The B19 virion has a simple structure composed of only two
proteins and a linear, single-strand DNA molecule (27). The nonenveloped viral
particles are ∼22 to 24 nm in diameter and show icosahedral symmetry, and often
both empty and full capsids are visible by negative staining and EM.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory secretions,
such as saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus, when an infected person coughs or
sneezes. Parvovirus B19 can also spread through blood or blood products. A
pregnant woman who is infected with parvovirus B19 can pass the virus to her
baby.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Common symptoms of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection include a mild

nonspecific prodromal illness that may consist of:
 Fever (15-30% of patients)
 Malaise
 Headache
 Myalgia
 Nausea
 Rhinorrhea; typically beginning 5-7 days after initial infection.
TREATMENT: Fifth disease is usually mild and will go away on its own. Children and
adults who are otherwise healthy usually recover completely. Treatment usually
involves relieving symptoms, such as fever, itching, and joint pain and swelling.
PREVENTION: There's no vaccine to prevent human parvovirus infection. Once
you've become infected with parvovirus, you get lifelong immunity. You may
reduce the chances of getting an infection by washing your hands and your
child's hands often, not touching your face, avoiding people who are ill, and not
sharing food or drinks.
DIAGNOSIS: Healthcare providers can often diagnose fifth disease just by seeing
“slapped cheek” rash on a patient's face. They can also do a blood test to
determine if you are susceptible or possibly immune to parvovirus B19 infection or
if you were recently infected.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)
MORPHOLOGY: RSV morphology varies, with the overall structure being

filamentous. Filaments may be straight, bent, or branched.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: RSV is spread through contact with droplets from the
nose and throat of infected people when they cough and sneeze. RSV can also
spread through dried respiratory secretions on bedclothes and similar items.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Runny nose
 Decrease in appetite
 Coughing
 Sneezing
 Fever
 Wheezing
TREATMENT: Most RSV infections go away on their own in a week or two. There is
no specific treatment for RSV infection, though researchers are working to
develop vaccines and antivirals (medicines that fight viruses).
PREVENTION: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use
hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Cough and sneeze into a tissue or the
bend of your arm (not your hand). Avoid touching your face with unwashed
hands. Improve indoor ventilation when possible, such as opening windows or
doors.
DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of RSV is based on your child's medical history, the time
of year, and a physical exam. You may order a white blood cell count and virus
screening test to confirm the diagnosis. All babies can experience severe RSV with
short, shallow, rapid breathing.
RHINOVIRUS (COMMON COLD)

MORPHOLOGY: Rhinovirus, like other genera of the Picornaviridae family, are small,
non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses. They contain a single-stranded, non-
segmented RNA genome and four structural proteins.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Rhinoviruses are spread through respiratory droplets

that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can
enter another person's body if they breathe them in, or if they touch a surface
contaminated with the virus and then touch their eyes, nose, or mouth.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Cough
 Sneeze
 Runny Nose
 Nasal congestion
 Sore throat
 Headache
 Body Aches
 Fever
TREATMENT: There is no vaccine, treatment, or medication to prevent or cure
rhinoviruses. You should take the following actions:
 Drink plenty of fluids.

 Get plenty of rest.
PREVENTION: To reduce the risk of spreading and getting infected with the
rhinovirus, wash hands often with soap and water, avoid touching your face with
unwashed hands, cover your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing
(cough into a tissue or your upper shirt sleeve), and disinfect objects and surfaces
regularly.
DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing. The
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used as part of a panel of respiratory
viruses.

Mycology Intro

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Mycology Intro

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MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

MLS- MYCO VIRO

BMLS 2B2 – 5025

QUIZANO, VINCENT AARON C.

MR. LEONARD M. BULAN, RMT, DTA

MORPHOLOGY: Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), non-enveloped

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 common cold or flu-like symptoms

Less common symptoms of adenovirus infection include

 bladder inflammation or infection

TREATMENT: There are no approved antiviral medicines and no specific treatment

MORPHOLOGY: The structure of SARS-CoV-2 is found to be similar to SARS-CoV

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Transmission occurs through person-to-person contact

MORPHOLOGY: Influenza A virus is an enveloped virus with a segmented, single-

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Influenza viruses spread from person to person, primarily

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

PREVENTION: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 drinking plenty of fluids such as water and juice

Common symptoms of parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection include a mild

MORPHOLOGY: RSV morphology varies, with the overall structure being

RHINOVIRUS (COMMON COLD)

MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Rhinoviruses are spread through respiratory droplets

 Drink plenty of fluids.

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