yh Nes General Zoology h| Laboratory Exercise 1 1 The Microscope r Part 1: Getting to Know the Microscope 1. Label the parts of the compound microscope below using the terms listed A Tight source I. objective lenses Beem J. course focus (adjustment) C. fine focus (adjustment) knob knob D. eyepiece (ocular) K, Stage contro! E. nosepiece F. slide dip G. base L Stage H. power switch Scanned with CamScannerv Eyepiece (eae ) é€ Rewlving Nese Piece 5 Arm AL Mectine Lenses & Sroge F Sag Op a Coatte Teas Krol A. aonina tor co. Fire Tous Knob Rheostat —_ o q _ ¥ < ; Diaphragin) condense oe 2, Match the names of the microscope pans with their descriptions: = coaise adjustment knob ‘R- Tncreases the light intensity am. B, Platform that suppons the microscope slide Ce eondenser €. Concentrates light onto the specimen “E-egepiece (ocular) D, Shines through the specimen to carry the specimen “ersoplece . Cases the sage wo nove upwad or downward ata ast = Objective lens rate and is used to focus an a specimen oe F, After the light passes through the specimen, it next SS iEN conte eaters this lens system a gel G, Causes the tage (0 move upward or downward ata law rate and ie werd th feeve on a enarimen &. Tine adinictmant koh Scanned with CamScannerH. Holds a microscope slide in position I. Contain a lens at the top of it i J. Serves as a handle to camry the microscope KK. Part of which the objective lenses are attached 3. Pick up your microscope and physically move it to a new location. Bring it close enough that | you can look into it comfortably from where you are siting. Arrange it so that the stage is facing ‘you and the eyepiece is rotated towards you. What part of the microscope did you grab in order | to pick it up and move it? 4. Where are the locations of the two stage adjustment knobs on your microscope? 5. Where isthe location of the coarse focus knob? 6. Where is the location of the fine focus knob? 7. Isthere a condenser adjustment knob? If so, where is it located? 8. Find the diaphragm lever. Looking in the hole in the center of the stage, what happens when you move the diaphragm lever clockwise? 3. Stil ooking down atthe hole inthe center of the stage, what happens when you slide the diaphragm lever counterclockwise? Part 2: Magnifications vf the Microscope ie pute down the magnification factor fr the eyepiece lenses (ocular lenses) onthe microscope in from of you. 2. Using the microscope in front of you, write out all the words ‘objective on your microscope. There ate probably three: objective and move through them in order of increasing and numbers written on each four objectives. Start with the smallest size: © Objective one: 9 ¥ / 0. 26 * Objective two: 20x /-9. 40 three: 49x) 9.6 four: wor yy. a5. 3. Inthe above list, for each objective, circle just the ma ignification factor for that objective, Remember, the magnifying factors a whole number, and differs foreach diferem object. 4. Write down the total magnification (ocular lens magnification x objective lens magnification) ‘when using each objective on the microscope in front of you ‘+ Total magnification - objective one: If b Xe ‘+ Total magnification - objective twa 1D A ‘+ Total magnification - objective three: 400K + Total magnification - objective four: (Q.V0 x **Magnified images in textbooks, activities, and assignments always refer to the TOTAL magnification. To determine the objective lens you will need to use when given istructinas | in future labs, multiply the magnification written on each objective by the magnification of the ocular lens to determine the total magnification.** 5.If you observed two features ona slide with your naked eye that were 0.5 mm apart, how far apart would they appear tobe if you observed them with the microscope infront of you, using the second ohiective? Scanned with CamScannerUp your mievoscope and 4 physica moe ik fo a new location. “Pring \k — Ulwe enouga Mat you can low into it where You are eitting . Arvange 1 MO 4Wat the Hage 6 Facing you ard the eyepiece 1g _rutared toweirts you Wiha qarr_of he micrmcope did you gran im _ofder to pice ik Up confor Aon trom ond wove = Wile moving gna arranging ve microscope, we Grabea . >. = x WS aren and Suppov Ae ender the Case) Ff the mictotcope. ae F As Where art he \wcations oF the two stage adjustment Knows ON yoo __ppictros Cope” = _ Te two sage odyuctment knoys are“ located at the orm OF the miekS cope Berowy the mechanical rage ak loti Sides t: Where isthe Wweation OF the = the woarse focus non ig the re lower pork of the arm na fous —_knob- arse fous kno? Nacger kno lca at signt under Ane Fine p. Where WC the ocmaton He Fine focus kno? =the fire foows_knvo is the“Smralter kno iocated arove ie coacte Maas kno. ; 7 Us _Arere ag _ewndenser—adyustment — knob? It E. loca rea”, = Yes, toe wondener a ayyst ment 82, where is ip koh is Wocated under te mechanical Gage and it 5 Connected On the Murminator. & Find We Aiapnragm lever Looking 10 the pf THC Stage, wnat happens _ When wole im the center Now move the _ diapinagya Scanned with CamScannerlovey loch wige ? = whe WOR ay he Wole ON Nhe center Wwe di \ne Nwited oe S\iW wal - ae ¥ When ive Aja pra, “se Newer was sur med COUntEY Clockwise — Nene Decame —Decane_ AWA wise’, iy i HG lene — became whiter ‘ ye aya. Cn eWWehwanee , whole when he dia trraga lever_wo0s Ti ein he centre oF OF the tt HoYENS when yn ‘Nid _Ane aia goray lever Laer tafaragm lever twounter~ | Novi, doon a Were “Reuse vo nien atowrd tore a PS Beat teas he ont __teach the _¢ Scanned with CamScanner2OOL, 02 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LANORATORY. Name Score: Date Performed: Remarks: Exercise No. 1 THE MICROSCOPE At the end of the laboratory exercise, the students shall be able to: 1. Identify the vital parts of a microscope and their uses; 2. Explain the role and contribution of microscope in the progress of biology; | 3. Manipulate and use the microscope in learning processes. 7 ool m7 Objectives: | I Most animals are so small that they can be studied only with the use of some magnifying devices which provide an enlarged image of the animal or parts of the animal, Simple hand lenses will magnify a few diameters. For greater magnification, however, a microscope is needed. ‘The compound microscope is the microscope commonly used in classroom work and the binocular microscope for demonstration and dissection. The dissecting microscope is used for examination of gross specimens and for dissection under low power, Some compound microscopes magnify about 2,000 times. Other types of microscopes, which are more complicated and expensive, have much greater magnifying power. The ultraviolet microscope, for instance, magnifies up to 10,000 mes while the glectron microscope up to more than 600,000 times. Another type of microscope which utilizes the refraction of light contrast to the more common types which use direct light is the phase contrast microscope. It is especially important in the study of living cells, | Mechanical Parts — these consist of certain precise parts chiefly of metal to support and adjst the optical paris. A. Base - heavy ¥- shaped foot on which the microscope stands. 9. Pillar - short supporting piece arising from the base. Arm - short curved handle used in carrying the microscope. |. Inclination joint - joint between the pillar and the arm used to tilt the upper parts, 5. Body tube - attached to the arm; bears the lenses. 6,_Draw tube - upper portion of the body tube which bears the upper lenses. - Scanned with CamScanner2001, 02 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LANORATORY | Guide Questions: 1. Study the microscope and label the parts of the figure below. Eyepiece | cant on F yep \ aap rey ment fine “a K ey we € L Rewiving, Hokepicte 5 ' G objective lense yee D——*s 0 stage [ umdenser wse E J Wurinator Figure 1. The Microscope and its Parts Scanned with CamScanner2001 02 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LARORATORY 2. Cut out pictures of the other microscopes identified previously and try to label the vital parts and other features included for its additional functions. (Compound microscope, Binocular microscope, Dissecting microscope, Electron microscope, Phase contrast microscope) Direction’s for Using the Microscope 1. Place the low power (shorter) ocular in the draw tube, 2. Gently rotate the nosepiece to bring the L.P.0, into position, The low power objective isin position when It is in exact alignment with the central opening of the stage. The alignment is indicated by a soft click as you turn the nosepiece. Look through the ocular with one eye and adjust the mirror for even illumination, Never use direct sunlight when you look through the microscope as it may injure your eye. Keep both eyes open and re Raise and lower the substage and note how the light intensity is changed. The amount of light may be increased or decreased by opening or closing the iris diaphragm. For every object and at each magnification, there is a certain light intensity at which a maximum of detail is seen. Be able to recognize and to obtain this condition. Secure the mounted slide on the stage with one of the clips, preferably the right fone so that the slide can be moved about easily while focusing Center the slide over the stage opening and bring the tip of the objective about one or two milimeter's above the coverglass. Look through the ocular and slowly turn the coarse adjustment screw counterclockwise until the object is clearly in view; then use the fine adjustment screw to get a sharp image. Never focus with the coarse adjustment screw while looking through the microscope as you are liable to crush the slide and damage the lens, a. you cannot see the object, it means you have nat placed it at the center of the microscopic field, b. Re-center the object and repeat the focusing procedure until you see it. Leaving the focus obtained with the L.P.O. unchanged, rotate the H.P.0, and bring it over the object. f the two objectives are parforal, the object will be seen right away. If they are not parfacal, the image is either blurred or totally invisible. In either case, the fine adjustment screw should be used to bring the image into focus. If the adjustment and focusing have been made correctly, only ‘8 much enlarged portion of the object can be seen. ‘Magnification The magnification of a microscope means the number of times the image of an object is enlarged compared with the actual size of the object when seen by the unaided eye. The approximate magnification of gross specimens may be determined in the following manner a Scanned with CamScanner! eyepicee Collar wed piopter Adyugtin ot: ncepiew Opyective Lens Saye Clip Aperture ame ee Mechanical (lage pm ayatiren —— adlyattnen t lage Comtols ——s ib ace $ Pedjuc linens ion furan, Scanned with CamScannerOL, 02 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAORATORY 1, Measure the object with a millimeter tuler before itis magnified, 2. Place the object under the 1.P.0. 3. Place a millimeter ruler along the right side of the stage. 4. Look into the microscope with one eye and at the millimeter ruler with the other eye. Both the object and the ruler can be seen at the same time. 5. Take the measurement of the Image. 6. Divide the size of the image by the actual size of the object. The result of this, computation preceded by the sign "X" is used to indicate the magnification. ‘Thus, the symbol X 20 placed under a drawing means that the figure has been drawn 20 times larger than the actual size. To determine accurately the magnification of microscopi ocular and a stage micrometer are used, objects, a micrometer The total magnification of a microscope is the product of the separate ‘magnifying powers of the objectives and oculars. The magnifying capacities are stamped Con the oculars and objectives. An ocular 10 X when working with an objective 10 X will magnify 100 times. Various degrees of magnification may be obtained with the use of different combinations of oculars and objectives. Be sure to understand the magnifying capacity of the microscope assigned to you Mount on a slide a few strands of cotton fibers, a drop of water and some fine particles of dust or stain powder. Examine the mount under the microscope. Distinguish the cotton fibers, bubbles, and particles of dust or stain powder as seen under the L.P.O. and H.P.O. Hair and bits of tissue paper may also be used as particle materials. These Will help familiarize the student with these common abject or parts of objects that will be studied later especially in fresh mounts. Guide Questions: 1. Cut out a letter, preferably the letter "a", from a newspaper and mount it with a drop of water ana slide. Center the letter in its natural upright position over the ‘opening of the stage. ‘a. Draw the following figures below: a. The letter “a” in actual size and natural position. b. The letter as seen under the low power objective. The portion of the letter as seen under the high power objective. b. Compute and indicate below the magnification of the letter as seen under the low power objective. Scanned with CamScanner\ W? Se V2 Low Recoluhon Actucl Size Scanned with CamScannerNS Warp \3 Lowe \ Scanned with CamScannerfp Wry 6 iy always Necescayy 40 focus win the fine odtyustiren jn high mag yitications 7 Be x Wigh Magaficaiion _ywieves Copy, Fine adyucwent is crucial | foe ochieving optima fens. thc is Wecause Ot high __the__deptn of Fieta We come g —_mmements or | magnifications, Nery Chalow. Ac a result, even cmall Cnangcs inte position of can_Causte_it op oy gf ‘eur. the fine adyastment ator for yer cma and _precice coanges ty ve __ made, wititn “ace Meceutary Se main taining foovs on the samp AWe_¢ample S: Name Come owt yanding —_ Ceienriss wre conrvivuted 4p the pecicetion ot tie microscope. | = __hecording + wieros cope. com Gone of the putstonding —sciensicng 3 | whe _contritured fy tae gerfection bf tie mmicrOCenpe Ove the wo Qutch Spectade ~marers and father — and- Con LP acrarios Sanccen. They created the fiat century. white an Aeon, Hang and Ymvures Cone 1M the late Veith Eng than, Robert Hooke ond Dutchman, Anthony ‘in tte gid + — Nth. Century For ty. wmicvoccope (tem Nese ond mage Garter “improvements Antwony Von_Leeu wen'prel : Conmiburinng 10 sine pertechion of the. and Nis Aigcoyerieg Xan Leevwentnoe micioS Cope in te Field of aoplolygy were _inghrumentay in advancing _undecttanding OF the natural world ot tne work opened ug new discoveries of Ffuerner deve topment® in ow micros onic level. is fetcarch ang goud was fe SiestiCogy leading ft nodern | j 1D seoges ich wert using, teday.. &- When wownting 0 Specimen on a vlide, aways cower it with Po behire Sxomining under a microscope. Why’, =_ Some specimens can vt very Sensitive and can dererorate from dwst and expecuce Yo aif The wergase against dvs}, air. gad —vther mi lave ratory provides Protection loside or _outcide _ the Scanned with CamsScannerZOOL 02 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY 3. How do the magnifications of your oculars check with the co made previously? tations you | jays necessary to focus with the fine adjust magnifications? 5, Name some outstanding scientists who contributed to the perfection of the microscope. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanneree Scanned with CamScanner