Nfpa

NFPA
1451
Standard for a
Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program
2007 Edition
Copyright © 2007 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.
This edition of NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training
Program, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training. It was issued
by the Standards Council on December 1, 2006, with an effective date of December 20,
2006, and supersedes all previous editions.
This edition of NFPA 1451 was approved as an American National Standard on December
20, 2006.
Origin and Development of NFPA 1451
In response to a request by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in 1991, the
Technical Committee on Fire Service Training started work on a new standard for a training
program for fire service vehicle operations. The NTSB specifically requested NFPA “. .
.emphasize that the safe arrival of the apparatus at the scene of the emergency is the first
priority.”
The committee also wanted to produce an NFPA standard to meet the intent of NFPA 1500,
Standard on Fire Department Occupational and Health Program, where it states in the
chapter on Vehicles, Drivers, and Equipment: “Fire department vehicles shall be operated
only by members who have successfully completed an approved driver training program.”
An NFPA Journal article, “1995 Fire Fighter Fatalities,” added further importance to the
subject when it reported that “. . . 23.9 percent of those who died last year, died in motor
vehicle accidents.”
The committee’s intent was to create a document outlining a training program that produces
drivers who are able to prevent vehicle accidents.
The first edition of NFPA 1451 was issued in 1997. Subsequently, the committee appointed
a task group to review the 1997 edition content and make recommendations to the
committee concerning its functionality. As a result of that review, a general updating was
suggested.
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In the 2002 edition, some of the general updating included revisions representing an
evolution of knowledge about vehicle operations. The application of the standard was
expanded to include private industrial and contract fire departments and industrial fire
brigades that respond off site. New terminology included the use of the word “crash” to
replace the word “accident.” The term “accident” was perceived by some to mean an
unavoidable or chance occurrence beyond the influence of training. Crashes can indeed be
avoided and prevented by training.
The numbering of the chapters and the paragraphs of the 2002 edition differed from the
previous edition as a result of changes associated with the 2000 edition of the Manual of
Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents. The 2007 edition features mainly editorial
changes.
In Memoriam, September 11, 2001
We pay tribute to the 343 members of FDNY who gave their lives to save civilian victims on
September 11, 2001, at the World Trade Center. They are true American heroes in death,
but they were also American heroes in life. We will keep them in our memory and in our
hearts. They are the embodiment of courage, bravery, and dedication. May they rest in
peace.
Technical Committee on Fire Service Training
William E. Peterson, Chair
Plano Fire Department, TX [E]
Rep. International Fire Marshals Association
Roger W. Bassett, R. W. Bassett & Associates, IL [SE]
Theron J. Becker, City of Bolivar Fire Department, MO [U]
John M. Best, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, MD [U]
Donald T. Brady, Kidde Fire Trainers, Incorporated, NJ [M]
Gene P. Carlson, VFIS/Glatfelter Insurance Group, PA [I]
Rep. Volunteer Firemen's Insurance Services, Incorporated
Jack L. Cottet, Utica National Insurance Company, NY [I]
William E. Glover, High Temperature Linings (HTL), VA [U]
David C. Grupp, Long Grove, IL [SE]
George F. Hall, U.S. Air Force, FL [U]
John W. Hoglund, Maryland Fire & Rescue Institute, MD [E]
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Larry D. Hughes, North Carolina Department of Insurance, NC [E]
James G. Kellam, Jr., Virginia Beach Fire Department, VA [U]
Rep. International Society of Fire Service Instructors
Cortez Lawrence, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE]
Roger M. LeBoeuf, Elliott, LeBoeuf & Associates, VA [SE]
John B. Lockwood, Bowie, MD [SE]
Lavarn E. Lucas, Hilton Head Island Fire & Rescue, SC [E]
Denis M. Murphy, Nassau County Fire Service Academy, NY [U]
John Mike Myers, Las Vegas Fire Rescue, NV [E]
Rodney D. Reid, Ratio/Severns Reid Architects, IL [SE]
Kenneth W. Richards, Jr., Old Mystic Fire Department, CT [E]
Daniel N. Rossos, City of Portland Fire Bureau, OR [E]
Gary A. Simpson, E. D. Bullard Company, KY [M]
Frederick M. Stowell, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M]
Rep. International Fire Service Training Association
Phil Welch, Gaston College, NC [U]
Gary M. Young, City of Yuma Fire Department, AZ [E]
Alternates
Denis G. Onieal, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, MD [SE]
(Alt. to C. Lawrence)
Michael A. Wieder, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M]
(Alt. to F. M. Stowell)
Steven J. Williamson, Kidde Fire Trainers, Incorporated, NJ [M]
(Alt. to D. T. Brady)
Nonvoting
Edward W. Bent, Sacramento, CA
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(Member Emeritus)
David G. Trebisacci, NFPA Staff Liaison
This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text
of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to
classifications is found at the back of the document.
NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of
the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for all fire service
training techniques, operations, and procedures to develop maximum efficiency and proper
utilization of available personnel. Such activities can include training guides for fire
prevention, fire suppression, and other missions for which the fire service has responsibility.
NFPA 1451
Standard for a
Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program
2007 Edition
IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to
important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all
publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important
Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained on
request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates
that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.
A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been
extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition
of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in
Chapter 2 and those for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex B. Editorial
changes to extracted material consist of revising references to an appropriate division in this
document or the inclusion of the document number with the division number when the
reference is to the original document. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted
text shall be sent to the technical committee responsible for the source document.
Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex B.
Chapter 1 Administration
1.1 Scope.
1.1.1 This standard shall contain the minimum requirements for a fire service vehicle
operations training program.
1.1.2 This standard shall outline the development of a written fire service vehicle training
program, which includes the organizational procedures for training personnel, maintaining
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vehicles, and identifying equipment deficiencies; design; financing; and other areas.
1.1.3 The knowledge and skills required of safety, training, maintenance, and administrative
officers charged with developing and implementing the fire service vehicle operations
training program shall also be outlined within this standard.
1.2 Purpose.
1.2.1* The purpose of this standard shall be to specify the minimum requirements for a fire
service vehicle operations training program, including procedures for those members that
drive or occupy fire service vehicles, respond in private vehicles or unconventional means of
transportation, and provide traffic control at the scene of an emergency.
1.2.2* The objective of this standard shall be to help prevent crashes, injuries, and fatalities
involving fire service vehicles.
1.3 Application.
1.3.1 These requirements shall apply to organizations providing fire suppression, fire and
rescue training, and other emergency services, including public fire brigades and
departments, private industrial and contract fire departments, emergency medical vehicles,
and industrial fire brigades that respond off site.
1.3.2 This standard shall apply to any fire service vehicle used by any member of the fire
department or industrial fire brigade when responding off site.
1.3.3 This document shall not apply to aircraft or watercraft.
1.4 Equivalency.
Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of
equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety
over those prescribed by this standard.
1.4.1 Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to
demonstrate equivalency.
1.4.2 The system, method, or device shall be approved for the intended purpose by the
authority having jurisdiction.
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
2.1 General.
The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard
and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.
2.2 NFPA Publications.
National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 021697471.
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NFPA 414, Standard for Aircraft Rescue and FireFighting Vehicles, 2007 edition.
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications,
2003 edition.
NFPA 1003, Standard for Airport Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2005 edition.
NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications, 2007 edition.
NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2007
edition.
NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer, 2002 edition.
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2003 edition.
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial Devices, 2002 edition.
2.3 Other Publications.
2.3.1 U.S. Government Publications.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 383, “Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act,”
2003.
U.S. General Service Administration KKKA1822D, “Star of Life Ambulance
Specifications,” November 1994.
2.3.2 Other Publications.
MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, MerriamWebster, Inc., Springfield,
MA, 2003.
2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.
NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2005 edition.
NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2004 edition.
2003 edition.
edition.
Chapter 3 Definitions
3.1 General.
The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where
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terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using
their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used.
MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily
accepted meaning.
3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual
responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving
equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.
3.2.3 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
3.2.4 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
3.2.5 Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions
using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for
mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory
provisions shall be located in an appendix or annex, footnote, or fineprint note and are not
to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.
3.3 General Definitions.
3.3.1 Fire Apparatus. A vehicle designed to be used under emergency conditions to transport
personnel and equipment, and to support the suppression of fires and mitigation of other
hazardous situations. [1901, 2003]
3.3.2 Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator. A fire department member who is authorized by the
authority having jurisdiction to drive, operate, or both drive and operate fire department
vehicles.
3.3.3 Fire Department. An organization providing rescue, fire suppression, and related
activities, including any public, governmental, private, industrial, or military organization
engaging in this type of activity. [1002, 2003]
3.3.4 Fire Service Vehicle. Any vehicle operated by a fire department.
3.3.5* Hazard. Any arrangement of materials and heat sources that presents the potential for
harm, such as personal injury or ignition of combustibles. [921, 2004]
3.3.6 Industrial Fire Brigade. An organized group of employees within an industrial
occupancy who are knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in at least basic fire fighting
operations, and whose fulltime occupation might or might not be the provision of fire
suppression and related activities for their employer. [600, 2005]
3.3.7 Instructor. An individual deemed qualified by the authority having jurisdiction to
deliver training in the operation of fire service vehicles.
3.3.8* Member. A person involved in performing the duties and responsibilities of a fire
department, under the auspices of the organization. [1500, 2007]
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3.3.9 Member Assistance Program (MAP). A generic term used to describe the various
methods used in the fire department for the control of alcohol and other substance abuse,
stress, and personal problems that adversely affect member performance. [1500, 2007]
3.3.10 Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate,
professional standing, or skill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, has
demonstrated the ability to deal with problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the
project.
3.3.11 Risk. A measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects that result from
exposure to a hazard.
3.3.12 Unconventional Means of Transportation. Can include, but are not limited to,
bicycles, motorcycles, scooters, skateboards, and rollerblades.
Chapter 4 General Rules and Considerations
4.1 General.
4.1.1 All fire service vehicles shall meet the minimum safety standards outlined in NFPA
414, Standard for Aircraft Rescue and FireFighting Vehicles, and NFPA 1901, Standard
for Automotive Fire Apparatus, for fire apparatus; U.S. General Service Administration
KKKA1822D, “Star of Life Ambulance Specifications,” for ambulance specifications; and
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations as applicable on the date of
construction.
4.1.2 The intent of this standard shall be to meet all requirements of NFPA 1500, Standard
on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, regarding the training and
education of fire department drivers and the operation of fire department vehicles.
4.1.3 The intent of this standard shall be to meet all of the applicable requirements of NFPA
1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications, and NFPA
1003, Standard for Airport Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, regarding the training
and education of fire apparatus drivers/operators.
4.1.4* The fire apparatus driver/operator shall be subject to periodic medical evaluations, as
required by NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health
Program, to determine whether the driver/operator is medically fit to perform the duties of
an operator of fire department vehicles.
4.1.5 The fire department shall institute a program of postcrash drug and alcohol testing for
the drivers of vehicles involved in crashes.
4.2 Operations Training Program.
4.2.1* The fire department shall adopt an official written risk management plan dealing with
fire service vehicles.
4.2.1.1 The fire service vehicle risk management plan shall cover administration, facilities,
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training, vehicle operations, protective clothing and equipment, operations at emergency
incidents, operations at nonemergency incidents, and other related activities.
4.2.1.2* The risk management plan shall include at least the following components:
(1)* Risk identification
(2)* Risk evaluation
(3)* Risk control techniques
(4)* Risk management monitoring
4.2.2 The fire department shall incorporate the provisions of this standard into the vehicle
operations training program.
4.2.3 The fire department shall evaluate the effectiveness of its vehicle operations training
program at least once every 3 years.
4.2.4 An audit report of the findings shall be submitted to the fire chief and to the members
of the occupational safety and health committee.
4.2.5* The operations training program shall address all types of fire service vehicles from a
broad perspective, including risk determination, design, training, maintenance, and record
keeping.
4.3 Coordinated Administrative Policies.
4.3.1 The fire department shall establish and enforce rules, regulations, and standard
operating procedures to reach the objectives of this standard.
4.3.2* The fire department shall establish written policies for variations from standard
operations.
4.3.3 The fire department shall establish written standard operating procedures for safely
driving, riding within, and operating fire department vehicles during an emergency response.
4.3.4 The fire department shall provide fire fighters, including junior fire fighters, with
hazard awareness training that includes unique hazards that can be encountered when
responding to alarms in privately owned vehicles or unconventional means of transportation.
4.3.5 The fire department shall develop, implement, and enforce a policy that requires the
use of approved personal protective equipment (PPE) including helmets and appropriate
clothing when using unconventional means of transportation while responding to or returning
from alarms.
4.3.6 Procedures for emergency response shall emphasize the safe arrival of fire department
vehicles and occupants at the emergency scene as the first priority.
4.3.7 The fire department shall establish written standard operating procedures for driving
and operating fire department vehicles during a nonemergency response.
4.3.8 The fire department shall establish written standard operating procedures for a traffic
incident management system (TIMS) to enhance responder safety at roadside emergency
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scenes.
4.3.9 Members shall be trained to operate specific vehicles or classes of vehicles before
being authorized to drive or operate such vehicles.
4.3.9.1 Members shall not be expected to or permitted to drive or operate any vehicles for
which they have not received training.
4.3.9.2 Members shall be reauthorized annually for all vehicles they are expected to operate.
4.3.10* The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that all vehicle drivers/operators
possess a valid vehicle operator’s license as required by the particular state.
4.3.11* Drivers/operators of fire department vehicles shall be required to notify the
authority having jurisdiction of any changes that can affect their driving privileges.
Chapter 5 Training and Education
5.1 General.
5.1.1 The fire department shall establish and maintain a driver training and education
program with the goal of preventing vehicular crashes, deaths, and injuries to members,
employees, and the public.
5.1.2 The fire department shall provide all members with driver training and education
commensurate with the duties and functions members are expected to perform, in order to
ensure that they are able to perform their assigned duties in a manner that does not pose a
hazard to themselves, other members, or the general public.
5.1.3 Members shall be provided with driver training and education appropriate for their
duties and responsibilities before being permitted to operate fire department vehicles or
apparatus.
5.2 Training Frequency.
5.2.1* Driver training shall be provided for all members as often as necessary to meet the
applicable requirements of this chapter but not less than twice each year.
5.2.2 Annual driver training shall include handson exercises, excluding virtual reality driver
training simulator (DTS), using actual fire apparatus.
5.2.3 Whenever changes in driving procedures or technology are introduced in the work
environment, training and education shall be provided for all affected members.
5.2.4 Whenever new or unfamiliar vehicles are placed into service, training and education
relating to those vehicles shall be provided for all affected members.
5.2.5 New vehicle training shall identify vehicle limitations, manufacturers’ operating
recommendations, and any differences between new vehicles and vehicles previously
operated by the affected members.
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5.3 Basic Training and Education Requirements.
5.3.1* All members shall be trained in and shall exercise the applicable principles of
defensive driving techniques under both emergency and nonemergency conditions.
5.3.2* All members who drive fire service vehicles shall meet the objectives specified in
Chapter 4 of NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications.
5.3.3* Fire apparatus drivers/operators shall meet the requirements of Chapters 4 through
10 of NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications, and Section 4.2 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational
Safety and Health Program, prior to being assigned as a fire apparatus driver/operator.
5.3.4* Fire apparatus drivers/operators shall be familiar with the requirements of 49 CFR
383, 2003 Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act, and its relevance to state requirements for
obtaining a commercial driver’s license (CDL) and to the requirements of the authority
having jurisdiction.
5.3.5* Fire department apparatus drivers/operators shall be trained to perform the routine
tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in Section 10.2.
5.3.6 Members who are authorized to respond or proceed to the scene of emergencies under
nonemergency procedures, but for the purpose of official business, shall be required to
complete a training class that shall, at a minimum, state the department’s procedures, limits,
and applicable local, state, and federal regulations regarding nonemergency response to
incidents.
5.3.7* The fire department driver training program shall include information on the potential
hazards of offroad driving and shall develop written standard operating procedures listing
conditions that justify driving on other than paved or hard surface roads.
5.3.8* The fire department driver training program shall include information on the potential
hazards of driving unconventional or specialized units and shall develop written standard
operating procedures listing conditions that justify responding to the scene of an emergency.
5.3.9 Fire departments shall train operators for inclement weather driving conditions with
emphasis on handling of apparatus, particularly where auxiliary braking devices are to be
used.
5.3.10 Where applicable, the fire department driver training program shall include
information on the potential hazards of retarders, such as engines, transmissions, driveline
retarders, and antilock braking system (ABS) brakes, and shall develop written standard
operating procedures pertaining to the use of such devices.
5.3.11* The training program shall include a review and critique of fire service vehicle crash
scenarios, both local and national, to serve as an objective learning experience.
5.4 Instructor Qualifications.
5.4.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall be responsible for ensuring that only qualified
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persons are assigned as instructors in the driver training program.
5.4.2* Fire department training instructors shall, at a minimum, meet the qualifications for
Instructor I as specified in NFPA 1041, Standard for Fire Service Instructor Professional
Qualifications.
5.5 Training Program Safety.
5.5.1 The fire department safety officer shall monitor the driver training program to ensure
the enforcement of departmental safety rules.
5.5.2 The fire department safety officer or designee shall review all driver training activities,
including the lesson plan and field training area, prior to the exercise.
5.5.3 The fire department safety officer or designee shall monitor the use of all safety
equipment during training exercises.
5.5.4 The fire department safety officer or designee shall notify the lead instructor of any
situations that could be unsafe.
5.5.5 The fire department safety officer or designee shall have the authority to stop
operations immediately where an event or condition poses an imminent threat of crash or
injury.
5.5.6 All field exercises shall be conducted under the supervision of a qualified driving
instructor meeting the requirements set forth in Section 5.4.
5.5.7 One instructor shall be assigned to each vehicle during the field exercises.
5.5.8* The field exercise training area shall be designed for the maximum safety of all
participating personnel, apparatus, and bystanders.
5.5.8.1 Safety procedures shall be established to address the following:
(1) Segregation of apparatus on the training course during multiple vehicle use
(2) Backing practices and standard hand signals
(3) Control of personnel and apparatus in the driver training area
(4) Number of supervisory personnel present during training and testing activities
(5) Pretrip safety inspections prior to moving vehicles
5.5.8.2 Vehicles not participating in the training session shall be restricted from the training
area.
5.5.8.3 All field exercises shall be conducted in an area that is secure.
5.5.8.4 Only those personnel involved in the exercise shall be permitted in the field exercise
area, and all other participants and observers shall be restricted to a designated safe area.
5.6* Training Records.
Individual driver training records that indicate dates, subjects covered, satisfactory
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completion, and any certificates achieved shall be maintained.
5.6.1 Individual driver training records shall include a list of vehicles that the driver is
qualified to operate.
5.6.2* The individual driver’s activity operating each vehicle shall be documented.
Chapter 6 Laws and Liabilities
6.1 General.
6.1.1* Fire department vehicle drivers/operators shall have a knowledge of applicable
federal, state, provincial, and local regulations governing the operation of fire service
vehicles.
6.1.2* Fire department vehicle drivers/operators shall become familiar with all applicable
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations.
6.1.3* While certain state, provincial, and local laws governing the response of emergency
vehicles shall be permitted to be waived, the fire department shall maintain a written policy
informing all fire department vehicle drivers/operators or their designated representatives of
the permitted limits.
6.1.4 Members who are under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall not drive or operate
fire department vehicles under any circumstances.
6.2 Financial Protection.
6.2.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall have in place financial protection to ensure
against potential losses from crashes that can occur during training or actual operations, or
both.
6.2.2* All fire service vehicle drivers/operators or their personal representatives shall be
informed in writing of the conditions and limitations of their personal and civil liability and to
what degree the authority having jurisdiction extends protection for personal liability for
crashes involving fire service vehicles.
6.3 Member Assistance Program.
A member assistance program shall be available to render assistance and treatment to all fire
department vehicle drivers/operators as required in NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire
Department Occupational Safety and Health Program.
Chapter 7 Emergency Response
7.1 General.
7.1.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall have written policies governing speed and the
limitations to be observed during inclement weather and under various road and traffic
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conditions.
7.1.2 At no time shall driving regulations be less restrictive than state motor vehicle laws.
7.1.3* The driver/operator of a fire department vehicle encountering any of the following
situations shall bring the vehicle to a complete stop and shall not proceed until it is confirmed
that it is safe to do so:
(1) Any “stop” signal (i.e., sign, light, or traffic officer)
(2) Blind intersections
(3) Intersections where the operator cannot see all lanes of traffic
(4) Stopped school bus with flashing warning lights
7.1.4* Responding emergency vehicles shall stop at all unguarded railroad crossings to
ensure that a safe crossing can be made.
7.1.4.1 The driver/operator shall obey all railroad crossing signals even when responding to
emergencies.
7.1.4.2 Fire department vehicles and apparatus shall not be driven around railroad crossing
gates.
7.1.5* The driver/operator shall maintain a distance in front of the vehicle that is at least
equal to the minimum travel distance necessary to stop the vehicle without contacting
another object.
7.1.6* Fire department vehicles and apparatus following each other in queue shall maintain
an adequate distance to avoid rearend collisions.
7.1.7* Overtaking and passing other vehicles during emergency response shall be
accomplished with extreme caution.
7.1.8 While en route to moveups or to fill an empty station, apparatus shall be operated in a
nonemergency mode, and the driver/operator shall obey all traffic laws.
7.1.9* The fire department shall identify the types of responses that will be made in a
nonemergency mode.
7.2 Emergency Response Considerations.
7.2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish emergency response procedures to
minimize travel times, optimize response safety, and minimize the chances of emergency
vehicles meeting at traffic intersections.
7.2.2 When multiple fire service vehicles are responding to an emergency incident from
different locations, the vehicle operators shall coordinate their intended response routes to
prevent the response vehicles from colliding at road intersections.
Chapter 8 Crash and Injury Prevention
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8.1 General.
8.1.1 Unsafe conditions shall be corrected immediately by the identifying personnel or shall
be reported immediately to personnel with the capability and responsibility of correcting or
assessing the condition.
8.1.1.1 The fire department shall have a procedure in place for implementing the corrective
action.
8.1.1.2 Documentation shall be established to record the following:
(1) Date and time that the risk was discovered
(2) Brief description of the risk found
(3) Any action taken at the time the risk was discovered
(4) Date and time that the corrective action was taken
8.1.1.3 Copies of all riskrelated correspondence and documentation shall be forwarded to
the fire department’s safety officer.
8.1.2* Whenever possible, fire service vehicles shall not be operated in reverse.
8.1.3 The fire department shall develop written standard operating procedures requiring
drivers/operators to discontinue the use of manual brake limiting valves, frequently labeled
“wet/dry road switch,” and requiring that the valve/switch remain in the “dry road” position,
where provided on fire department vehicles.
8.1.4 Where members are operating at an emergency incident that places them in potential
conflict with motor vehicle traffic, they shall wear personal protective equipment as outlined
in 8.4.25 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health
Program.
8.1.4.1 Fire service vehicles shall be utilized as a shield from oncoming traffic wherever
possible.
8.1.4.2* Where a fire service vehicle acts as a shield, the fire service vehicle's warning lights
shall remain on, and fluorescent and retroreflective warning devices such as traffic cones,
illuminated warning devices such as highway flares, or other warning devices shall be used to
warn oncoming traffic of the emergency operations and the hazards to members operating at
the incident.
8.1.5* Helmets and eye protection shall be provided for the use of members riding in cabs or
tiller seats that are not enclosed on at least three sides and at the top.
8.1.6 No member shall be allowed to stand on the tail step, side steps, running boards, or
any other location on the apparatus while the apparatus is in motion, except when loading
hose provided all provisions of 8.1.7 have been met.
8.1.7 Hoseloading procedures shall be specified in written standard operating procedures
that include at least the safety conditions stated in 8.1.7.1 and 8.1.7.2.
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8.1.7.1 All members involved in the hoseloading procedures shall have been trained in these
procedures.
8.1.7.2 Hoseloading operations shall be permitted to be performed on moving fire
apparatus only where all of the conditions in 8.1.7.2.1 through 8.1.7.2.3 are met.
8.1.7.2.1 A member, other than those members loading hose, shall be assigned as a safety
observer.
8.1.7.2.2 The safety observer shall have an unobstructed view of the hoseloading operation
and shall be in visual and voice contact with the apparatus driver/operator.
8.1.7.2.3 Vehicular traffic other than fire department vehicles shall be excluded from the
area or shall be under the control of authorized traffic control persons.
8.1.7.3 The fire apparatus shall be driven only in a forward direction at a speed of 8 kph (5
mph) or less.
8.1.7.4 Members shall be permitted to be in the hose bed but shall not be permitted to stand
while the apparatus is in motion.
8.1.7.5 Prior to the beginning of each hoseloading operation, the situation shall be
evaluated to ensure compliance with all provisions of the standard operating procedure.
8.1.7.6 Where compliance with the standard operating procedure is not possible, or where
there is any question as to the safety of the operation for the specific situation, the hose shall
not be loaded onto the moving fire apparatus.
8.1.8* Hearing protection shall be utilized wherever noise levels exceed those specified in
NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program.
8.2 Fire Service Vehicle Drivers/Operators’ Responsibility.
8.2.1 Fire service vehicles shall be operated only by members who have successfully
completed an approved driver training program or by student drivers who are under the
direct supervision of a qualified driver.
8.2.2* The driver/operator of a fire service vehicle shall be directly responsible for the safe
and prudent operation of the vehicle under all conditions.
8.2.3* Where the driver/operator is under the direct supervision of an officer, that officer
shall assume responsibility for the actions of the driver/operator.
8.2.4 During nonemergency travel, drivers/operators of fire service vehicles shall obey all
traffic control signals and signs and all the laws and rules of the road in the jurisdiction for
the operation of motor vehicles.
8.2.5* During nonemergency travel, emergency warning lights shall not be used.
8.2.6* All fire service vehicle drivers/operators shall adhere to fire department rules,
regulations, orders, and standard operating procedures of the authority having jurisdiction,
even where operating in a jurisdiction other than their own.
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8.2.7 Drivers/operators shall not move fire department vehicles until all persons on the
vehicle are seated and secured with seat belts in approved riding positions, other than as
specifically allowed in 8.3.3.
8.3 Responsibility of Persons Riding in or on Fire Service Vehicles.
8.3.1* All persons riding in or on a fire service vehicle or apparatus shall be seated in
approved riding positions and shall be secured to the vehicle by seat belts whenever the
vehicle is in motion.
8.3.1.1* Riding on tail steps, side steps, running boards, or in any other exposed position
shall be specifically prohibited.
8.3.1.2 Standing while the vehicle is in motion shall be specifically prohibited.
8.3.2 The number of members riding on a piece of apparatus shall be limited by the number
of seats and seat belts that are provided in approved locations.
8.3.3* Members actively performing necessary emergency medical care while the vehicle is
in motion shall be secured to the vehicle by a seat belt, or by a safety harness designed for
occupant restraint, to the extent consistent with the efficient provision of such emergency
care.
8.3.4 All persons in the vehicle, other than those covered in 8.3.3, shall be seated and belted
in approved riding positions while the fire service vehicle is in motion.
8.3.5 Members riding in a fire service vehicle shall remain seated and secured until the
vehicle comes to a complete stop.
8.3.6 While the vehicle is in motion, the donning or doffing of equipment and personal
protective clothing that requires removal of any restraining belt or other device shall be
prohibited.
Chapter 9 Crash Review
9.1 General.
9.1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall be responsible for developing and implementing
a crash investigation procedure.
9.1.2* All crashes, injuries, fatalities, and violations of rules, regulations, laws, and orders
involving fire service vehicles shall be investigated, the root causes shall be determined, and
full documentation shall be provided.
9.1.3 The authority having jurisdiction shall take whatever corrective action is necessary to
avoid repetitive occurrences of incidents identified in 9.1.2.
9.1.4* The training program shall include a review and critique of crash scenarios, both local
and national, to serve as an objective learning experience.
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9.2 Crash and Injury Reports and Records.
9.2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish a data collection system and shall
maintain permanent records of all onduty crashes and injuries involving fire service vehicles
in accordance with NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program.
9.2.2 The safety officer shall manage the collection and analysis of this information as
specified in NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer.
9.2.3* The data collection system also shall maintain individual employee records of all
onduty crashes and injuries involving motor vehicles, service vehicles, and fire apparatus.
9.2.3.1 Individual employee records shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
(1) Onduty motor vehicle crash history
(2) Preventable versus nonpreventable crashes
(3) Remedial training recommended/received as a result of previous crashes
(4) Safety/crash review committee recommendations
(5) All investigative/review committee reports of crashes
(6) Transcripts of state driver’s license records
9.2.4 Reports shall be issued to the fire chief on a recurring basis to summarize the status,
disposition, and subsequent corrective actions relative to onduty crashes and injuries
involving vehicles owned or leased by the fire department, fire apparatus or heavy
equipment, and personal vehicles that are used to transport members.
9.2.5 Records shall be maintained on all crash and injury prevention recommendations made
and actions taken to correct unsafe conditions or practices involving the usage or operation
of fire department vehicles or apparatus as specified in NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire
Department Safety Officer.
Chapter 10 Vehicle and Apparatus Care
10.1 Fire Department and Aircraft Rescue/FireFighting Vehicles and Apparatus.
10.1.1 The fire department shall consider the safety and health of vehicle occupants as
primary concerns in the specification, design, construction, acquisition, operation,
maintenance, inspection, and repair of all fire department vehicles.
10.1.2 All new fire apparatus shall be specified and ordered in accordance with the fire
apparatus standards specified in Section 4.1.
10.1.3 Where tools, equipment, or selfcontained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are stored
within enclosed seating areas of fire department vehicles, such items shall be secured by
either a positive mechanical means that holds the items in stowed positions or in a
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compartment with a positive latching door.
10.1.4 The means of holding the items in place or the compartment shall be designed to
minimize injury, during travel, to persons in the enclosed area of the vehicle resulting from
loose equipment that moves in the event of a crash, a rapid deceleration, or a rapid
acceleration.
10.2 Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair of Vehicles.
10.2.1* A member assigned by the authority having jurisdiction shall be responsible for the
readiness of the vehicle prior to operation of the vehicle.
10.2.2* To identify and correct unsafe conditions, fire apparatus shall be inspected at least
weekly and within 24 hours after being used in emergency response.
10.2.2.1 If repairs are required, the apparatus shall be placed out of service until repairs are
completed.
10.2.2.2 The apparatus shall be reinspected prior to being placed in emergency service.
10.2.3* A preventive maintenance program shall be established, and records shall be
maintained as specified in Section 10.3.
10.2.3.1 Maintenance, inspections, and repairs shall be performed by qualified persons in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
10.2.3.2 Operating and maintenance instructions and manuals shall be provided and
maintained for those performing routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions.
10.2.4 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish a procedure to remove unsafe
vehicles from service.
10.2.4.1* This procedure shall include a list of defects considered unsafe by the authority
having jurisdiction and the individual with the responsibility and authority to remove a unit
from service.
10.2.4.2 Any fire service vehicle found to be unsafe shall be taken out of service
immediately until repaired.
10.2.5 All aerial devices shall be inspected and service tested in accordance with the
applicable requirements of NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices.
10.3 Vehicle Records.
10.3.1 A complete inspection, maintenance, and repair record of every vehicle used by the
authority having jurisdiction shall be maintained by a responsible person or persons.
10.3.2 The record shall include the date and description of all maintenance, repairs, and
state, provincial, or local inspections performed on the vehicle.
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Annex A Explanatory Material
Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for
informational purposes only. This annex contains explanatory material, numbered to
correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.
A.1.2.1 Unconventional means of transportation include bicycles, motorcycles, motor
scooters, and so forth.
A.1.2.2 Compliance should help to reduce the cost of replacement, repairs, and
outofservice time of vehicles. Compliance can also reduce insurance premiums and civil
liability and can enhance public relations.
A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or
certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate
testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment,
or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with
NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may
require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction
may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization that is concerned with
product evaluations and is thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate
standards for the current production of listed items.
A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “authority having jurisdiction,”
or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and
approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the
authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or
individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor
department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having
statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating
bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction.
In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role
of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or
departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.
A.3.3.5 Hazard. Hazards include the characteristics of facilities, equipment systems,
property, hardware, or other objects and the actions and inactions of people who create such
hazards.
A.3.3.8 Member. A fire department member can be a fulltime or parttime employee or a
paid or unpaid volunteer, can occupy any position or rank within the fire department, and
might or might not engage in emergency operations.[1500, 2007]
A.4.1.4 Although the frequency of the medical evaluation is not specified, it is
recommended that the medical evaluation be made at least annually.
A.4.2.1 Section 4.2 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program, requires that the fire department adopt an official written risk management
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plan that addresses all fire department policies and procedures, including those pertaining to
vehicle operations.
A.4.2.1.2 Essentially, a risk management plan serves as documentation that risks have been
identified and evaluated and that a reasonable control plan has been implemented and
followed.
A.4.2.1.2(1) For every aspect of the operation of the fire department, a list of potential
problems should be compiled in the identification of risks. The following are examples of
sources of information that can be useful in this process:
(1) A list of risks to which the members are or can be exposed
(2) Records of previous crashes, illnesses, and injuries, both locally and nationally
(3) Information from sources such as facility and apparatus surveys and inspections
A.4.2.1.2(2) Each item specified in the risk identification process should be evaluated using
the following two questions, which can help to set priorities in the control plan:
(1) What is the potential frequency of occurrence?
(2) What is the potential severity and expense of occurrence?
Some sources of information that can be useful include the following:
(1) Safety audits and inspection reports
(2) Prior crash, illness, and injury statistics
(3) Application of national data to the local circumstances
(4) Professional judgment in evaluating risks unique to the jurisdiction
A.4.2.1.2(3) Once risks are identified and evaluated, a control for each should be
implemented and documented. The two primary methods of controlling risk, in order of
preference, are as follows:
(1) Wherever possible, the risk or the activity that presents the risk should be totally
eliminated or avoided. For example, if falling on the ice is the risk, members should
not be permitted outside when icy conditions are present.
(2) Where it is not possible or practical to avoid or eliminate the risk, steps should be
taken to control it. For the example in A.4.2.1.2(3)(1), some methods of control
would include sand or salt procedures and the use of proper footwear. Other
methods of control to consider are the following:
(a) Safety program development, adoption, and enforcement
(b) Standard operating procedures development, dissemination, and enforcement
(c) Training
(d) Inspections
A.4.2.1.2(4) As with any program, it is important to evaluate whether the plan is working.
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Periodic evaluations should be made and, if the program elements are not working
satisfactorily, modifications should be made.
A.4.2.5 Departments with unique vehicles such as, but not limited to, the following should
ensure that all risks are reviewed:
(1) Amphibious vehicles
(2) Bulldozers
(3) Buses
(4) Cranes
(5) Graders
(6) Mobile water supply apparatus
(7) Offroad vehicles
(8) Tractors
(9) Tractor trailers
(10) Rescues
(11) Staff and command vehicles
(12) Utility vehicles
A.4.3.2 Situations requiring such variations can include, but are not limited to, responding in
congested areas, driving in adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, and civil unrest or
disorders.
A.4.3.10 All fire departments are recommended to encourage all vehicle drivers/operators to
obtain the appropriate CDL operator’s license as required by the federal government for
commercial vehicle drivers.
A.4.3.11 Such changes might include revocation or suspension of driver’s license or other
driving restriction, the development of a medical condition, or changes in eyesight. The
authority having jurisdiction might also consider an accumulation of “points” to be sufficient
to reevaluate the driver status.
A.5.2.1 Driver training can include the use of virtual reality driver training simulators (DTS)
that simulate fire department response conditions, provided the requirement of 5.2.2 is
strictly enforced.
A.5.3.1 Defensive driving means doing all that can be done to prevent a crash from
occurring. The defensive driver adjusts his or her driving to fit the weather conditions and
the actions of other drivers and pedestrians. Where a dangerous situation is identified, the
defensive driver takes preventive action. The defensive driver does not assume that the crash
will be prevented by another driver.
Driver trainees should think about what can happen when approaching a potentially
dangerous situation. For example, where children are playing by the side of the road, the
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defensive driver should be prepared if a child runs into the street. A ball rolling onto the
roadway is often followed by a child.
It is important to see and be seen. Driver trainees should avoid driving in the blind spots of
other vehicles and should scan the sides and rear of the vehicle continually to prevent tunnel
vision.
The keys to defensive driving include the following:
(1) Aiming high in steering
(2) Getting the big picture
(3) Maintaining eye movement
(4) Leaving an “out”
(5) Making sure others see you
A.5.3.2 The committee’s intent is that this standard be applied to all fire service vehicles.
Drivers of vehicles not specifically addressed in Chapters 5 through 10 of NFPA 1002,
Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications (e.g., staff or
command vehicles, rescue or utility vehicles, buses), are expected to meet the requirements
of Chapter 4 of NFPA 1002. Agencies operating unique or special vehicles (e.g., tractors,
bulldozers, cranes, graders) should develop job performance requirements and training
programs for those vehicles.
A.5.3.3 The committee’s intent is not to restrict training opportunities for fire department
vehicle trainees under the provisions of this paragraph. However, the committee’s intent is
that all drivers/operators who have been approved by the authority having jurisdiction
comply with this requirement.
A.5.3.4 In 1986, the United States Congress passed the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety
Act. This act requires that states adopt uniform minimum licensing and testing standards for
drivers of commercial vehicles. Although waivers have been granted for the operation of
some emergency vehicles equipped with audible and visual signals while operated by a
member of a volunteer or paid fire or rescue organization, the committee feels that those
members should be knowledgeable of their state requirements.
A.5.3.5 Hazards associated with preventive maintenance procedures should be included in
training sessions. Some examples of these hazards include hydrogen gas explosions and
sulfuric acid burns resulting from the improper testing or “jumping” of batteries, flammability
and toxicity of fumes associated with fuels, and scalding resulting from improper opening of
radiators.
A.5.3.7 Drivers who could be required to drive or operate emergency response vehicles
under offroad driving conditions should be familiar with the dangers unique to those
conditions.
A.5.3.8 Examples of unconventional and specialized units could include fabricated water
tankers that can or cannot have baffling, heavyduty rescue units, towing vehicles, cranes,
etc., that due to unique roadhandling characteristics can warrant additional training and
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certification.
A.5.3.11 A common training method used in the fire service is a critique of fire suppression
activities. Whenever a vehicular crash occurs, the incident should be investigated thoroughly
and critiqued to ensure that preventive measures are used in the future. Crash reports should
be used as training tools, and care should be taken not to embarrass those involved in the
crash.
A.5.4.1 While requirements and regulations can vary by jurisdiction, the following should be
considered when selecting an instructor:
(1) Possession of a valid license for the type and class of vehicle
(2) Approval of the official with overall responsibility for the authority having
jurisdiction’s training program
(3) Prior demonstration of the ability to operate the type and class of vehicle properly
and safely
(4) Availability of a professional instructor employed by a private sector driver training
program
A.5.4.2 A particular training class or session can be conducted by an individual who has
special expertise or abilities in the subject area, whether or not the instructor is a member of
the fire department or a qualified fire service instructor.
A.5.5.8 Field testing should be conducted in an isolated area away from public vehicular or
pedestrian traffic. The serpentine exercise can be used as practice for or in the evaluation of a
driver’s ability to steer the apparatus in close clearances without stopping. The exercise
should be conducted with the apparatus moving first backward and then forward. The course
or path of travel for this exercise can be established by placing a minimum of three markers
in a line, each spaced between 9 m and 12 m (30 ft and 38 ft). The spacing of the markers
should be based on the wheel base of the vehicle used. Adequate space should be provided
on each side of the markers so the apparatus can move freely. The driver should drive the
apparatus along the left side of the markers in a straight line and stop just beyond the last
marker. The driver then should back the apparatus between the markers by passing to the left
of marker No. 1, to the right of marker No. 2, and to the left of marker No. 3. At this point,
the driver should stop the vehicle and then drive forward between the markers by passing to
the right of marker No. 3, to the left of marker No. 2, and to the right of marker No. 1. Note
that for large vehicles, such as aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) apparatus, this course
could need to be modified.
A.5.6 See NFPA 1401, Recommended Practice for Fire Service Training Reports and
Records, for further information and guidance.
A.5.6.2 A log of the driver’s experience should be maintained that includes whether the
activity is nonemergency, training, or emergency driving experience.
A.6.1.1 Most motor vehicle laws and regulations are governed by the appropriate state or
province; however, there could be certain local ordinances regarding the operation of motor
vehicles with which the fire department driver should be familiar. Weight and height
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restrictions on certain highways, local parking plazas, bridges, and overpasses should be
observed.
A.6.1.2 In addition to state and local regulations on most vehicles, the DOT establishes
specifications and operating requirements by weight and application for buses, trucks, and
trailers.
A.6.1.3 These waivers pertain to restrictions such as responding and returning speed limits,
driving in adverse weather conditions, direction signs, and traffic signals.
A.6.2.1 The fire department should have, as a minimum, the following insurance protection:
(1) Worker’s compensation/employer’s liability coverage meeting the state’s legal
requirements
(2) Automobile liability coverage on all owned, nonowned, or hired vehicles covering
both injury and property damage
(3) Commercial liability coverage for both bodily injury and property damage caused by
or arising out of the department’s operations, which can be either through the
purchase of traditional commercial insurance, a selffunded program, or a
combination of both
A.6.2.2 Acts of gross negligence can void any tort protection afforded by the authority
having jurisdiction.
A.7.1.1 Each jurisdiction or fire department could have its own rules governing the speed of
fire service vehicles when responding to emergencies. Some jurisdictions permit fire
apparatus vehicles to exceed posted speed limits, while others limit emergency vehicles to
the posted speed limit. All drivers should have a thorough knowledge of the rules governing
speed for fire service vehicles in their own jurisdictions and the jurisdictions of their mutual
aid partners.
A.7.1.3 Crashes at intersections can contribute to both civilian and fire department
personnel deaths and injuries while fire department vehicles are responding to or returning
from an emergency incident. Coming to a complete stop where there are any intersection
hazards and proceeding only when the driver can do so safely can reduce crashes and risk of
injury or death. It is recommended that intersection control devices be installed that allow
emergency vehicles to control traffic lights at intersections.
A.7.1.4 It is recommended that where railroad crossings are unguarded or where visibility is
limited for any reason, including geography or weather, the fire apparatus should come to a
complete stop before entering the crossing and should not proceed to cross until a crew
member on foot outside the vehicle has signaled that it is safe to cross.
Where the vehicle driver is responding alone or where, due to patient care, the crew member
is unable to assist, the vehicle driver should idle the engine; turn off all radios, fans, wipers,
and other noiseproducing equipment in the cab; lower the windows; and listen for a train’s
horn before entering a graded crossing.
A.7.1.5 Operating space is that area around the vehicle that enables the driver to stop or
turn in order to avoid another vehicle or object. The necessary following distance varies
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depending on the type of pavement and whether the roadway is wet or dry, the speed of the
vehicle, the condition of the braking system, and the reaction time of the driver. Rearend
collisions often occur because of inadequate operating space. Table A.7.1.5(a) through Table
A.7.1.5(c) were developed for educational rather than legal or engineering purposes. They
provide recommended following distances based on vehicle.
Table A.7.1.5(a) Recommended Following Distances for Light TwoAx
Speed Driver Reaction Distance Vehicle Braking Distance
kph mph m/sec ft/sec m ft m
16 10 5 15 3 11 2
24 15 7 22 5 17 5
32 20 9 29 7 22 9
40 25 11 37 9 28 14
48 30 13 44 10 33 20
56 35 16 51 12 39 28
64 40 18 59 13 44 38
72 45 20 66 15 50 50
80 50 22 73 17 55 69
89 55 25 81 19 61 84
96 60 27 88 20 66 110
Table A.7.1.5(b) Recommended Following Distances for Heavy TwoAx
kph mph m/sec ft/sec m ft m
16 10 5 15 3 11 2
24 15 7 22 5 17 7
32 20 9 29 7 22 12
40 25 11 37 9 28 20
48 30 13 44 10 33 28
56 35 16 51 12 39 38 125
64 40 18 59 13 44 50 165
72 45 20 66 15 50 64 210
80 50 22 73 17 55 78 255
89 55 25 81 19 61 99 310
96 60 27 88 20 66 113 370
Table A.7.1.5(c) Recommended Following Distances for ThreeAxle Trucks an
kph mph m/sec ft/sec m ft m ft
16 10 5 15 3 11 4 13
24 15 7 22 5 17 9 29
32 20 9 29 7 22 15 50
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Table A.7.1.5(c) Recommended Following Distances for ThreeAxle Trucks an
kph mph m/sec ft/sec m ft m ft
40 25 11 37 9 28 24 80
48 30 13 44 10 33 35 115
56 35 16 51 12 39 49 160
64 40 18 59 13 44 63 205
72 45 20 66 15 50 79 260
80 50 22 73 17 55 98 320
89 55 25 81 19 61 119 390
96 60 27 88 20 66 142 465
A.7.1.6 A rule of thumb established by some training organizations standardizes the
traveling distance for vehicles and apparatus traveling in queue as a 5second interval for
nonresponding and 8second interval for responding apparatus and vehicles. This margin
would provide adequate safe separation during speedup and braking maneuvers.
A.7.1.7 When it is necessary to pass other vehicles, the pass should be made to the left side
of the other vehicle. Passing on the right side of other vehicles should be avoided.
A.7.1.9 Many fire department responses can be done in a nonemergency mode. Such
responses can include the following:
(1) Lockouts
(2) Dumpster fires (no exposures)
(3) Investigation of unknown odors
(4) Assisting police
(5) Standby for bomb scare
A.8.1.2 In general, when drivers position fire apparatus, the vehicles should be positioned so
that they are not required to back up. Where vehicles need to be backed up, at least one
person (spotter) should be positioned at the rear of the vehicle to assist the driver. In the
event an apparatus needs to be backed up without assistance, the driver should come to a
complete stop, secure the apparatus, and walk completely around the unit to identify any
potential obstacles or problems. All fire apparatus should be equipped with a backup alarm.
A.8.1.4.2 The United States Fire Administration (USFA) has initiated a partnership with the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to research the effects and effective mitigation of
the disorientation of motorists caused by the day and nighttime use of emergency warning
lights, including the effects on normal, impaired, and drowsy drivers (also known as the
“moth effect”). Part of this research involves examining collisions between fire apparatus and
related emergency vehicles, as well as incidents where fire fighters have been struck and
killed while operating at emergency incidents where the use of emergency lighting could
have been a factor.
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A.8.1.5 Helmets and eye protection (e.g., goggles, safety glasses, or face shields) should be
worn by all members riding in positions that do not provide the protection of an enclosed
cab. Helmets are also recommended for members riding in enclosed areas where seats are not
designed to provide head and neck protection in the event of a collision. Properly designed
seats with head and neck protection alleviate the need for helmets and, in some cases,
helmets can compromise the safety provided by the seats.
A.8.1.8 NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health
Program, requires that hearing protection be provided and used by all members riding on fire
apparatus where subjected to a noise level in excess of 90 dB. In order to meet this
requirement, it is the responsibility of the fire department to conduct surveys and measure
sound levels in each vehicle under all operating conditions. Where necessary, the fire
department should install adequate protective equipment to shield employees from
overexposure.
A.8.2.2 The driver of any vehicle has a legal responsibility for its safe and prudent operation
at all times.
A.8.2.3 While the driver is responsible for the operation of the vehicle, the officer is
responsible for the actions of the driver.
A.8.2.5 Emergency lights should be used only when responding to and operating at the
scene of an emergency. Their use at other times can be confusing to other motorists and can
create apathy by the public. The use of identification lights or nonemergency warning lights
such as amber flashers on the rear of apparatus can be appropriate, depending on the
circumstances. This standard is not intended to contradict the requirements of federal, state,
or provincial laws or the provisions of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus.
A.8.2.6 As is the case with most mutual aid arrangements, the rules governing that
jurisdiction designated for emergency operations and response should be observed.
A.8.3.1 For more specific information concerning this subsection, the reader should refer to
Section 6.3 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health
Program.
A.8.3.1.1 See 8.1.6.
A.8.3.3 There are some instances in which members need to provide emergency medical
care while the vehicle is in motion. In some situations, the provision of such care does not
allow the members to remain seated and secured to the vehicle. Such situations, while they
occur infrequently, could include performing chest compressions during CPR. If a vehicle
crash were to occur while an unsecured member was performing necessary medical care,
there could be substantial risk of injury to the member.
A.9.1.2 The responsibility for establishing and enforcing safety rules and regulations is that
of the management of the fire department. Enforcement implies that appropriate action,
including disciplinary measures, if necessary, is to be taken to ensure compliance. A standard
approach to enforcement should address both sanctions for violations and rewards for
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accomplishments.
A.9.1.4 A common training method used in the fire service is a critique of fire suppression
activities. Whenever a vehicular crash occurs, the incident should be investigated thoroughly
and critiqued to ensure that preventive measures are used in the future. Crash reports should
be used as training tools, and care should be taken not to embarrass those involved in the
crash.
A.9.2.3 As part of a crash prevention program, the fire department should maintain on a
permanent basis a copy of a state driver’s license transcript for all fire department vehicle
drivers/operators. These records should detail, at a minimum, a 3year driving history that is
updated at least annually. These records should be reviewed by the safety officer for
potential safety and risk exposure as specified in 4.2.3 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire
Department Occupational Safety and Health Program.
A.10.2.1 The fire department driver/operator is not expected to be a mechanic. However,
the driver/operator is expected to perform routine maintenance such as replacing light bulbs,
checking and maintaining fluid levels and tire pressures, and keeping vehicles clean.
Additional items that should be checked include the following:
(1) Windshield and all windows are clean.
(2) Driver’s seat is adjusted properly.
(3) Mirrors are adjusted properly.
(4) Seat belts are easily accessed.
(5) Lights and warning devices are in working order.
(6) All compartments and vehicle doors are closed.
A.10.2.2 The purpose of the requirements in 10.2.2 is to ensure that all vehicles are
inspected on a regular basis and checked for the proper operation of all safety features. This
inspection should include tires, brakes, warning lights and devices, headlights and clearance
lights, windshield wipers, mirrors, and seat belts. Apparatus should be started and the
operations of pumps and other equipment should be verified. Fluid levels should be checked
regularly. Where apparatus is in regular daily use, these checks should be performed daily.
Apparatus stored in unattended stations that might not be used for extended periods should
be checked weekly. Any time such a vehicle is used, it should be checked before being placed
back in service. The 24hour reference provides for situations where a vehicle can be used
within the period preceding a scheduled inspection, although any deficiencies noted during
use should be corrected without delay.
A.10.2.3 Fire service vehicle drivers/operators should perform routine tests, inspections, and
servicing functions on the specified systems and components, according to manufacturer’s
specifications, so that the safe operational status of the vehicle is verified. Areas to be
checked include the following:
(1) Batteries
(2) Braking system
Copyright NFPA
(3) Coolant system
(4) Electrical system
(5) Fuel
(6) Hydraulic fluids
(7) Lubrication
(8) Oil
(9) Tires
(10) Steering system
(11) Belts
(12) Tools, appliances, and equipment
The preventive maintenance program should further build on the inspections with monthly,
semiannual, and annual servicing and testing. This should be done in accordance with
existing NFPA testing standards, manufacturer’s recommendations, local experience, and
accepted good maintenance practices. The manufacturer’s instructions should be considered
as minimum criteria for the maintenance, inspection, and repair of equipment.
A.10.2.4.1 The authority having jurisdiction should establish, in writing, the conditions in
the following vehicle equipment systems that require the vehicle to be placed out of service:
(1) Brakes
(2) Steering
(3) Emergency warning lights
(4) Audible warning devices
(5) Tires/wheels
(6) Fuel system
(7) Hydraulic system
(8) Air system
(9) Crankcase oil
(10) Running lights
(11) Electrical system
(12) Coolant system
(13) Drive train
(14) Suspension
Note that this list should not be considered allinclusive. The authority having jurisdiction
Copyright NFPA
should review and expand it as appropriate.
Annex B Informational References
B.1 Referenced Publications.
The documents or portions thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the
informational sections of this standard and are not part of the requirements of this document
unless also listed in Chapter 2 for other reasons.
B.1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 021697471.
2003 edition.
NFPA 1401, Recommended Practice for Fire Service Training Reports and Records, 2006
edition.
edition.
B.1.2 Other Publications.
B.1.2.1 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402.
Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 383, 1986 Federal Commercial Motor Vehicle
Safety Act, Federal Highway Administration, Commercial Driver’s License Standards:
Requirements and Penalties, revised October 1, 2003.
B.2 Informational References.
The following documents or portions thereof are listed here as informational resources only.
They are not a part of the requirements of this document.
NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2005 edition.
NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2002 edition.
B.3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections.
edition.
Index
A
see Crash and injury prevention; Crash review
Accidents ..........................................................
Copyright NFPA
see Crash and injury prevention; Crash review
Accidents ..........................................................
Aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicles and 10.1
apparatus, maintenance and care ................
Alcohol use/testing ..........................................4.1.5, 6.1.4
see Fire apparatus
Apparatus, fire ..................................................
Application of standard ....................................1.3
Approved (definition) ......................................3.2.1, A.3.2.1
Authority having jurisdiction (definition) ..........3.2.2, A.3.2.2
B
Basic training and education requirements ........5.3, A.5.3.1 to A.5.3.11
C
Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act .............. 5.3.4, A.5.3.4
Coordinated administrative policies ..................4.3, A.4.3.2 to A.4.3.11
Crash and injury prevention ..............................Chap. 8; see also Training and education
Drug and alcohol testing, postcrash ..........4.1.5
Fire apparatus driver/operator, 8.2
responsibility of ....................................
Fire department safety officer and ..............5.5.4, 5.5.5
Persons riding in or on fire service 8.3, A.8.3.1 to A.8.3.3
vehicles, responsibility of ......................
Reports and records .................................... 9.2, A.9.2.3
Crash review ....................................................Chap. 9
Drug and alcohol testing, postcrash ..........4.1.5
Reports and records .................................... 9.2, A.9.2.3
Training program and .................................. 5.3.11, 9.1.4, A.5.3.11, A.9.1.4
D
Defensive driving .............................................. 5.3.1, A.5.3.1
Definitions ........................................................
Chap. 3
Department of Transportation (DOT) ..............6.1.2, A.6.1.2
Drivers ............................................................see Fire apparatus driver/operators
Driver training simulators (DTS) ......................5.2.2, A.5.2.1
Drug use/testing ..............................................4.1.5, 6.1.4
E
Education ........................................................see Training and education
Emergency response ........................................Chap. 7
Equivalency to standard .................................... 1.4
Eye protection .................................................. 8.1.5, A.8.1.5
Copyright NFPA
F
Financial protection .......................................... 6.2, A.6.2.1, A.6.2.2
Fire apparatus
Definition ....................................................
3.3.1
Maintenance and care .................................. Chap. 10
Fire apparatus driver/operators
Basic training and education requirements ..5.3, A.5.3.1 to A.5.3.11
Definition ....................................................
3.3.2
General rules and considerations ................4.1.2 to 4.1.5, A.4.1.4
Responsibilities ..........................................8.2, A.8.2.2 to A.8.2.6
Fire departments
Definition ....................................................
3.3.3
Member (definition) .................................... 3.3.8, A.3.3.8
Fire department safety officers .......................... 5.5.1 to 5.5.5, 9.2.2
Fire service vehicles
Care of ........................................................
Chap. 10
Definition ....................................................
3.3.4
General rules and considerations ................4.1.1
Inspection, maintenance, and repair ............10.2, A.10.2.1 to A.10.2.4.1
Multiple vehicles from different locations, 7.2.2
response by ..........................................
Operations training program ........................ 4.2
Records ......................................................
10.3
Responsibility of persons riding in or on ...... 8.3, A.8.3.1 to A.8.3.3
Risk management plan ................................4.2.1, A.4.2.1, A.4.2.5
Types of vehicles for which training 4.2.5, A.4.2.5
provided ................................................
Following distances, recommended ..................7.1.5, 7.1.6, A.7.1.5, A.7.1.6
G
General rules and considerations ......................Chap. 4
Coordinated administrative policies ............4.3, A.4.3.2 to A.4.3.11
Operations training program ........................
4.2, A.4.2.1, A.4.2.5
H
Hazards
Basic training and education requirements ..5.3.7, 5.3.10, A.5.3.5, A.5.3.7
Definition .................................................... 3.3.5, A.3.3.5
Hearing protection ............................................ 8.1.8, A.8.1.8
Helmets ............................................................
4.3.5, 8.1.5, A.8.1.5
Hoseloading procedures .................................. 8.1.6, 8.1.7
Copyright NFPA
I
Industrial fire brigade (definition) ...................... 3.3.6
Injury prevention .............................................. see Crash and injury prevention
Inspection, fire service vehicles ........................Chap. 10
Instructors
Definition ....................................................
3.3.7
Qualifications ..............................................
5.4, A.5.4.1, A.5.4.2
Insurance protection ........................................A.6.2.1
L
Laws and liabilities ............................................
Chap. 6
Financial protection ....................................6.2
Member assistance program ........................ 6.3
Definition ..............................................
3.3.9
Licenses, driver's
Commercial (CDL) ....................................5.3.4, A.4.3.10, A.5.3.4
For drivers/operators ..................................4.3.10, 4.3.11, A.4.3.10, A.4.3.11
For instructors ............................................ A.5.4.1(1)
Lights, warning ................................................8.1.4.2, 8.2.5, A.8.1.4.2, A.8.2.5
M
Maintenance, fire service vehicles ....................Chap. 10
Manual brake limiting valves ............................8.1.3
Medical evaluations .......................................... 4.1.4, A.4.1.4
Member assistance program .............................. 6.3
Definition ....................................................
3.3.9
Members (definition) ........................................3.3.8, A.3.3.8
N
Nonemergency response
Basic training and education ........................ 5.3.1, A.5.3.1
Drivers log ..................................................
A.5.6.2
Procedures ..................................................
7.1.8, 7.1.9, 8.2.4, 8.2.5, A.7.1.9, A.8.2.5
Risk management plan ................................4.2.1.1, 4.3.7
O
Offroad driving ................................................ 5.3.7, A.5.3.7
Operations training program ............................4.2, A.4.2.1, A.4.2.5
Operators ........................................................see Fire apparatus driver/operators
Copyright NFPA
P
Personal protective equipment (PPE) ................ 4.3.5; see also Helmets
Eye protection ............................................
8.1.5, A.8.1.5
Hearing protection ...................................... 8.1.8, A.8.1.8
Selfcontained breathing apparatus .............. 10.1.3
Purpose of standard ..........................................
1.2, A.1.2.1, A.1.2.2
Q
Qualified persons (definition) ............................
3.3.10
R
Railroad crossings ............................................7.1.4, A.7.1.4
see Reports and records
Records ............................................................
References ........................................................
Chap. 2, Annex B
Repair, fire service vehicles ..............................Chap. 10
Reports and records
Crash and injury prevention ........................9.2, A.9.2.3
Fire service vehicles .................................... 10.3
Training ......................................................
5.6, A.5.6
Risk
Control techniques ...................................... 4.2.1.2(3), A.4.2.1.2.(3)
Definition ....................................................
3.3.11
Evaluation ..................................................4.2.1.2(2), A.4.2.1.2.(2)
Identification ..............................................4.2.1.2(1), A.4.2.1.2.(1)
Management monitoring ............................4.2.1.2(4), A.4.2.1.2.(4)
Risk management plan ...................................... 4.2.1, A.4.2.1, A.4.2.5
Rules and considerations, general ...................... see General rules and considerations
S
Safety officers, fire department ........................see Fire department safety officers
Scope of standard ............................................1.1
Selfcontained breathing apparatus .................... 10.1.3
Shall (definition) ..............................................3.2.3
Should (definition) ............................................ 3.2.4
Standard (definition) ........................................3.2.5
T
Traffic Incident Management System (TIMS) ..4.3.8
Training and education ...................................... Chap. 5
Basic ..........................................................5.3
Crash review and ........................................ 9.1.4, A.9.1.4
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Crash review and ........................................ 9.1.4, A.9.1.4
Education requirements ..............................5.3
Records ......................................................
5.6, A.5.6
Training frequency ...................................... 5.2, A.5.2.1
Training program safety .............................. 5.5, A.5.5.8
U
Unconventional means of transportation ..........1.2.1, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 5.3.8, A.1.2.1, A.5.3.8
Definition ....................................................
3.3.12
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) ......6.1.2, A.6.1.2
V
Valves, manual brake limiting ..........................8.1.3
see Fire service vehicles
Vehicles ............................................................
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