Paper 08 Misbah Rehman Final

PJER, Vol 6, Issue 1 (2023) Comparative analysis of…
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHING

STYLES USED BY PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF KARACHI
Misbah Rehman
Research Scholar,
Department of Education, University of Karachi,
Sindh, Pakistan
Email: virgomoon83@hotmail.com
Ahmad Saeed
Professor and Research Supervisor,
Department of Education, University of Karachi,
Sindh, Pakistan
Email: ahmad.saeed@hamdard.com
------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
Teaching is a complex art. Teaching style helps teachers as well as students to improve
the abilities of critical thinking and involves students in the learning process.
Secondary education is the backbone of any education system and it is also a turning
phase of an individual’s life, so the most excellent teaching style should be
implemented at this level according to the needs of the learners. Public and private
schools are the two primary segments of the education system. The study’s aim was a
comparative analysis of the teaching styles used by public and private secondary
school teachers of Karachi. The secondary schools in Karachi were the sole focus of
the investigation. There were two hypotheses put forth. There has been a thorough
analysis of the literature. Surveys were used as a research strategy. The population
included every secondary school teacher. Through the use of a stratified random
sampling design, 300 secondary school teachers were selected as a sample. Data was
gathered using an interview protocol and questionnaire, questionnaire containing six
items and interview has four questions. Data were analyzed and it is found that private
school teachers have used different motivational and instructional techniques and
have better teaching style as compare to their counterparts’ public secondary school
teachers.
KEYWORDS
Teaching styles, public secondary school teachers, private secondary school teachers
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INTRODUCTION
The cornerstone of any nation's global advancement is its commitment to education. It
is a known fact that education is the main driver of all development and advancement
in the globe. (Bregman, 1998). A person's character is raised through education, which
also helps them become wise, competent, open-minded, and keen. The development
of various elements, including competence and capability in persons and the creation
of competent individuals, is significantly influenced by education. All nations,
including Pakistan, have unique educational systems, but we have categorized them
into two general groups: private and public schools (Awan, 2011). In the system of
education teachers are the operative agent. They have very important task to translate
the curriculum in action. Teachers are the director and manager of the classroom. A
significant role plays by teachers in nurturing environmental consciousness in the
society. Thus, for sharpen the skills of teachers more efforts are need to incorporate
local environment content in their teaching methods and activities. A true teacher,
according to (Sabu 2012), can instantly lower themselves to the level of their pupil.
Teaching is the challenging art of guiding students toward the achievement of
appropriate teaching and learning objectives through a variety of chosen experiences.
The concept of style can be interpreted as one's preferred way of thinking, learning,
imparting knowledge, and carrying out tasks or activities. It is one of the contributing
factors to the nature of diversity across persons (Sternberg and Grigorenko, 1997).
Style is a concept that is frequently linked to an associated with individualism, and it
is used to convey a person's greatness, type, activity, or performance over time (Rayner
andriding1997). It is clear that all of these will have an impact on students' performance
in both educational and non-educational settings. The concept of style may be used to
all areas and components of education, including cognition, thinking, teaching, and
learning. The phrase "teaching styles" was first used, according to (Biggs 2001), (Fan
and Ye 2007) in the 1970s, when instructors began to pay more attention to the role
that teaching and learning styles played in affecting the caliber of instruction. Teaching
methods emphasize teachers' unique particular approaches to instruction (Evan et al.
2008). The idea that teaching strategies are connected to thought associations in
students' minds is first put forth by (Bahar and Tangae 2009). When teachers are aware
of their preferred teaching methods, they can reflect and develop a better understanding
of who they are and how their methods might be improved upon, altered, or
supplemented to enhance interactions with students. Teachers will be better able to
reflect and get insight into themselves by being aware of their preferred teaching
methods. They will also be able to see how their methods could be improved to
communicate with students.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The study will be helpful because it is effective at illuminating the secondary school
teachers' pedagogical approaches. It will direct and assist the authorities in making the
101
best choices for enhancing instructors' instructional techniques and pedagogical

approaches. The study will be useful guide line for secondary school teachers to have
effective teaching styles. The study will enhance the body of knowledge in the area of
study. The study revolved around all secondary school teachers of Karachi. The terms
used in the study are:
Teaching styles
Teaching styles can be reflected on to be the broad principles, instructive,
administrative and managerial strategies for classroom instruction.
Public secondary school teachers

A person who teaches at secondary school i.e. class vi-x under the supervision of
government and paid by the government.
Private secondary school teachers

An individual who educate students of secondary level and works under the
supervision of the owner of the school and also paid by the owner of the school.
In the formation of human capital education plays an important role. So it is important

to give quality education for quality human capital. Instructing procedures assume a
significant part in change attributes and move information to the future. It tends to be
said that training methodologies are the rules that can move the quantity of populace
in any country into accommodating human resource. Education is the mechanism that
transforms a creature's basic abilities into abilities to support others and knowledge
about the factors that influence people to advance and improve their social systems,
transforming people from objects to resources. For this purpose teacher’s plays
significant role in teaching learning process, teachers should adopt a versatile and
impressive style of teaching which motivates students towards learning. Teaching is
the challenging job, for this teacher needs adequate training for shouldering the
extreme responsibilities of state building. Teaching is the bothersome skill of
instructing students through variety of preferred experiences towards the completion
of reasonable teaching learning objectives. Since secondary education is still in its
early stages, excellent teaching methods must be used in the classroom while taking
the needs of the students into account so that appropriate guidance may be provided.
When learner’s learning styles are aligned with teacher’s teaching styles, they will
learn and get more information, knowledge and perform better. Awan and Saeed
(2014) ) thought that through providing better academic environments, private
educational institutions are vital in boosting the standards of both students and teachers
as well as in eradicating illiteracy. A teaching style is concerned with how an activity
is imparted, rather than what is delivered (Macfadyen T, 2002). Teaching style refers
to the common characteristics and tendencies that a teacher demonstrates in the
102
classroom and that are dependable in a variety of situations. The instructor's personal
habits and the mediums employed to impart knowledge to or collect it from learners
are both examples of their teaching style. This explanation explains how instructors'
behavior and use of media have an important effect on how advice is delivered. The
(Moon et al., 2004) study also found that education is important. Education includes a
sizable portion of teaching. Its stated abilities are to provide facts, produce
comprehension, and generate propensity. There are three main considerations set up
while teaching instructors, students, and the subject matter as a whole. In this
procedure, the teacher involves both the students and the subject. It is a combination
of strategies for guiding pupils toward the accomplishment of the right goals through
a variety of preferred practices. Students will be better able to study and comprehend
the content when it is offered to them using teaching methods that emphasizes their
strongest intelligence or their preferred learning style, this will increase their success.
(Felder, 1988; Kazu, 2009, Kelly and Tangney, 2004). Additionally (Sabu, 2012),
students are better able to relate to themselves and joyfully interpret the novel
knowledge to which they have been exposed.
The prime and derived curricula clearly differ in terms of the subjects covered and the
emphasis placed on the intellectual growth of students; the methods used by teachers
in both contexts are crucial in determining how well the learning process works. R.M.
Harden et al (2000) assert that teaching is a challenging and intricate concept. They
displayed exceptional educators who could support learning and assist pupils in finding
solutions to issues. a kind educator who is in charge of carrying out a number of
important tasks related to the teaching and learning process. According to (Callahan,
Clark, and Kellough 2002), instructors must modify their instructive approaches and
use a wide range of techniques. Not all students can benefit from the same instructional
methodology. For this to occur, teachers must employ a variety of teaching
philosophies and encourage all students including those who struggle with learning to
develop their own unique learning systems and make effective use of them. Strong, et
al. (2008) aimed to choose the formal approaches that would enhance gains in student
learning in a study on instructional practices and educator practices. This study
concentrated on differentiating qualities of effective instructors across four
effectiveness levels (high to low) within four areas: direction, student evaluation,
classroom management, and individual characteristics. The most important aspect
affecting the development of educators' professional skills is their teaching style,
which is constantly dependent on their independent style and interpersonal contrast.
According to (Bassey et al. 2011), In terms of teaching, professional development, and

summative evaluation, private school teachers outperformed their counterparts in
state-funded institutions. Private schools offer instruction of a far higher calibre than
do public ones. In private based schools, the quality of instruction is far higher than in
103
public schools, and private based school teachers, as opposed to public teachers, first
organized the exercise and then entered the classroom. The main problem in this
research is that it depends on the income level of the household, as (Alderman et al.
2001) assured that exhibition contributions to private schools are better than those to
government schools. According to another researcher, decisions that affect the level of
knowledge, philosophy, classroom environment, instructor motivation, and students'
behaviors are used to improve the encouraging quality exhibitions. According to a
study, private schools' presentation evaluation is far better than that of government
schools, which also indicates that government schools need to improve (Khan et al,
2014). According to a study by (Egel 2009), he examined the elements of primary
school children' language learning styles and the ways in which these styles affect the
exhibiting styles of educators in order to investigate the topic of encouraging styles.
According to the results of the test, private teachers were more equipped than teachers
at government schools, whose classes are sometimes overcrowded, to recognize pupils'
preferred learning styles and modify their teaching methods accordingly.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To study the teaching techniques and methodologies used by secondary school
teachers.
2. To compare the instructional approaches used by secondary school instructors in
public and private institutions.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1. There will be no significant difference in the teaching techniques and methodologies
used by secondary school teachers.
2. There will be no significant difference in the teaching styles among public and
private secondary school teachers.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Survey was the research strategy. There was a sizable and varied population. A sample
of 300 teachers using a stratified random sampling design was created.. Data was
collected through questionnaire and interview protocol and analyzed.
Composition of the Sample on the basis of control

Table 1: Secondary School Teachers' Distribution according to the Control
CONTROL PUBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL

Number of 160 140 300
teachers
Percentage 53% 47% 100%
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The table clearly shows that teachers made up 53% of the public sector and 47% of the
private sector. The sample's public: private secondary school ratio is 53:47.
DATA ANALYSIS
Testing of Hypotheses
Analysis of the Problem
1. HO : µ1 = µ2
2. H1 : µ1 ≠ µ2
3. α = 0.05
4. Test Statistics :
5. Decision Rule: If computed t exceeds tabular t, reject the null hypothesis

6. Conclusion
Hypothesis
There will be no significance difference in the mean scores regarding effectiveness of
the teaching among public and private secondary school teachers.
Application of t - test
The t test was used to compare the differences between secondary school instructors
in public and private institutions.
Mean Variance Sample Df t t
computed tabulated
value value
Private 217.39 603.40 140 N-2, 3.53 1.96
x1 df=300-
2= 298
Public x2 205.95 989.90 160
With reference to table t, it was discovered that the computed value of t = 3.53 is
greater than the tabulated value of t = 1.96 with df = 298 at = 0.05. As a result, the null
hypothesis is disproved. Conclusion: The mean score for teaching style across
secondary school teachers in public and private schools differs significantly.
It is evident from a close examination of the table that private school teachers have
more effective teaching methods than do their colleagues in public secondary school
teachers.
105
Item-wise analysis
All the items were analyzed through the application of chi square test (Test of
Goodness of fitness) one variable case.
Analysis of the Problem

1. H0:f1=f2=f3=f4=f5
2. H1: f1≠f2≠f3≠f4≠f5
3. α=0.05
4. test statistics=²
²=Ʃ (fₒ-fₑ)²/fₑ
5. Decision Rule: Reject the null hypothesis if computed ² ≥ tabulated ²
Item No 1
Teachers understands the significant relation with other discipline.
There will be no significant difference in the quality of teaching carried out by
secondary school teachers in respect of item no. 1
Conclusion: it is discover that the computed ² =261.4 is more than the tabular
²=9.488 with df=4 at 0.05. As a result, the Hₒ is disproved, and it is determined that
Karachi's secondary school teachers deliver instruction of significantly different
quality.
The table's examination reveals that the majority of professors concur that students
comprehend the importance of the connections between disciplines.
Item No 2
Teacher respect the ideas of students and try to enhance his knowledge through their
experiences.
secondary school teachers in respect of item no. 2.
Conclusion: The tabulated ²=9.488 with df =4 at =0.05 is less than the computed²
=296. This is seen in Table of ². As a result, the Hₒ is disproved, and it is determined
that Karachi's secondary school teachers deliver instruction of significantly different
quality.
The table's contents make it obvious that the majority of teachers concur that teachers
should respect students' opinions and work to deepen his understanding via their
experiences.
Item No 3
Teacher motivates to utilize different techniques for better learning.
Conclusion: With reference to Table of ², we discover that the computed ² =256 is
106
larger than the tabulated ² =9.488 with df =4 at 0.05. As a result, the Hₒ is disproved,
and it is determined that Karachi's secondary school teachers deliver instruction of
significantly different quality.
The table's examination reveals that the majority of teachers concur that motivating
students to use various learning strategies improves learning.
Item No 4
Teacher uses different strategies to arouse the interest of the student.
Conclusion: The tabulated ² =9.488 with df= 4 at =0.05 is less than the computed ²
=296.95, according to Table of ². As a result, the Hₒ is disproved, and it is determined
quality.
Examining the table reveals that the majority of the teachers concur those diverse
teaching methods are used to pique students' interests.
Item No 5
Teacher plan and develop effective lessons by organizing instructional activities and
material.
Conclusion: The tabulated ², =9.488 with df= 4 at =0.05 is less than the computed ²
=245.35, according to table of ². As a result, the Hₒ is disproved, and it is determined
quality.
According to a table inspection, it is evident that most teachers concur that structuring
instructional activities and resources helps teachers plan and produce effective classes.
Item No 6
The use of audio visual aids makes teaching process more effective.
Conclusion: According to Table of ², the calculated ², =304.01 is greater than the
tabulated ² =9.488 with df= 4 at 0.05. As a result, the Hₒ is disproved, and it is
determined that Karachi's secondary school teachers deliver instruction of significantly
different quality. It is evident from a close examination of the table that the majority
of teachers concur that the use of audiovisual aids improves the effectiveness of
teaching and learning.
107
Content Analysis of the Data from Interview Protocol

Responses of Principals of Secondary School.
A protocol for interviews was created. There were four broad questions in it. The
interview protocol's questions were built around certain goals. The interview's
respondents were the heads of secondary schools. Purposive sampling was used to
choose 25 secondary school principals. Control and expertise were the criteria used by
the principals. Ten principals worked in Karachi's private secondary schools, while 15
were from the public sector. Content analysis was used to examine the data. Qualitative
analysis was used to identify and examine the major themes and sub-themes.
1. How you facilitate students during teaching learning process?

Six subthemes centered on the overarching theme of assisting students in the teaching
and learning process. The subthemes were the utilization of educational tools and
technology, laboratories, guidance and counseling, classroom environment, and strong
interpersonal relationships. The majority of secondary school principals agreed that
teachers help their students learn through lectures, the availability of science labs,
various techniques and activities, the provision of audiovisual aids, the appropriate use
of technologies like projectors, multimedia, etc., the provision of notes on challenging
topics, and the development of friendly relationships between students and teachers.
Twenty percent of principals claimed that teachers help children by building strong
bonds with them, offering advice and counseling, and fostering a positive environment.
2. What type of motivational strategies teachers use to achieve the goals?

The primary idea was Focus was placed on the nine subthemes and the motivating
techniques employed by teachers. Teaching and learning activities, instructional
technology, pertinent literature, assessment strategies, assignments with feedback, a
supportive classroom climate, appreciation, and brainstorming were the sub topics.
Ninety percent of the principals reported that instructional resources, questions based
on prior knowledge, the use of contemporary instructional technology, providing a
good learning environment, using different activities, using different tests, and giving
interesting assignments were the teachers' go-to motivational techniques. 10% of
principals agreed that teachers employed new techniques including brainstorming and
audiovisual devices to motivate students, create a positive learning atmosphere, and
show appreciation for their work.
3. What are the basic principles and strategies of effective classroom management?
Principles of efficient classroom management served as the major theme, on which
nine subthemes were concentrated. The number of students in a class, classroom
activities, communication (pronunciations, teaching pace), discussions, instructional
technology, rules, physical facilities, and the classroom environment were the
subthemes. Individual differences (IQ, personality traits like interest, shyness, and
108
temperaments, for example) were also discussed. The majority of secondary school
principals stated the fundamental concepts and methods of classroom management.
First and foremost, students should be seated according to their age and mental
capacity. They should also be kept busy with various tasks or activities and engaged
in class discussions. Teachers should also speak clearly and loudly, deliver clear
instructions, maintain classroom discipline, and encourage student interaction
4. How the classroom environments influence teaching learning process?

Nine subthemes were concentrated on the major theme of the classroom environment.
Discipline, skill development, motivation, affirmative feedback, teaching
effectiveness, acceptable behavior, instructional management, and instructional
techniques were among the supporting subjects. The majority of secondary school
principals agreed that the classroom environment has a 50% impact on how well
students learn, and that teachers should behave in ways that respect others, focus on
the lesson at hand, refrain from crying or shouting, maintain composure, encourage
students and support their efforts, teach through mistakes, and use simple, engaging,
informative, and effective methods of instruction.
DISCUSSION
Teaching is an expressive art. To attract and hold students' attention and elicit a
response from them, excellent teachers use their voices, gestures, and actions.
Compared to instructors in the public sector, private school teachers employ a variety
of motivational strategies and forge important connections between disciplines. Private
school teachers used versatile style of teaching, respect student’s ideas and through
different experiences, try to enhance student’s knowledge. For better learning teachers
motivate their student, utilize different techniques and used different teaching
strategies to arouse the student’s interest. They organize different instructional
activities in their lesson plan which makes it more effective, informative and
interesting. Teaching learning process becomes more effective through the use of audio
visual aids. Through the content analysis it was concluded that students facilitate by
their teachers through classroom lectures, laboratories, uses of latest technologies like
multimedia, projectors etc. develop good and friendly relationship with students,
provide them guidance and counseling. It was also stated by the principals that their
teachers used different motivational strategies , ask questions from previous
knowledge, used modern instructional technology, healthy environment, make them
busy in different activities, used different assessment, and different interesting
assignments, appreciate students on their work, used new methods like brain storming.
Teachers maintain the classroom management. Good and healthy environment
influence the teaching learning process which directly impact on students learning.
109
RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to meet the goals and objectives of the nation's national education strategy, it
is advised that all teachers are aware of their own teaching styles. To understand the
teaching styles of pre-service and in-service teaching staff, training and seminars
must be initiated.
Government-sponsored training sessions should be attended by public school
instructors in order to enhance their methods of instruction and meet their objectives.
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PJER, Vol 6, Issue 1 (2023) Comparative analysis of…

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHING

best choices for enhancing instructors' instructional techniques and pedagogical

Public secondary school teachers

Private secondary school teachers

In the formation of human capital education plays an important role. So it is important

According to (Bassey et al. 2011), In terms of teaching, professional development, and

Composition of the Sample on the basis of control

CONTROL PUBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL

5. Decision Rule: If computed t exceeds tabular t, reject the null hypothesis

Analysis of the Problem

Content Analysis of the Data from Interview Protocol

1. How you facilitate students during teaching learning process?

2. What type of motivational strategies teachers use to achieve the goals?

4. How the classroom environments influence teaching learning process?

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