Paper name: Conceptual approach on smart car parking system for industry 4.

0 internet of things
assisted networks [1-s2.0-S2665917422001088-main]

What this paper is about:

 The CCTV in the Autonomous Smart Parking takes an image of it.

 If the same license plate is recognised in Exit, the OUT time is computed, and the associated
bill amount is created.
 The first section discusses the introduction of IoT as well as data on manually available
parking.

key takeaways:

 The user can access the app by entering their license plate number.
 The application shows the available slots, after which an OTP is created for the particular
user and recorded.
 This study suggested a system that allows automatic parking spaces without human
involvement and pre-booking to save time wasted searching for a private garage.
 When an automobile is spotted, an image is taken and the associated IN time with the
number plate information from MATLAB is saved.
 And there is a screen that shows the status of Scheduled and Unbooked slots.
Paper name: Optimizing Smart Parking System by Using Fog Computing [ 10.1007@978-981-13-
9942-867 ]

What this paper is about:

 Finding the best location for vehicle parking in the parking area is one of the time-consuming
process and also becoming one of the major problem in almost every countries.

 Various fog nodes will be available near each parking premises that will provide the
information related to availability of parking area to the vehicles and help them to take
parking decision.

 The information regarding online reservation parking gets updated using fog nodes and the
availability of parking space is checked by considering both the information about online and
on spot parking reservation.

key takeaways:

 Total cost is calculated by considering the waiting time and time duration.

 Obtained results shows that the total cost of using on-line reservation for parking is less as
compared to the total cost for on spot parking by using fog nodes.

 The number of vehicles whose parking request has been processed by the fog-nodes
according to the availability of the parking space, proposed algorithm will calculate the total
cost for that vehicle.

 In online reservation of parking, the parking request of user will be processed on-line and
the information regarding availability of the parking space in the parking area gets updated
on-line.

 This work has proposed an online reservation facility for parking area that helps to reduce
the waiting time and cost of parking on per vehicle basis.

 The results have shown that the total cost for parking using online reservation is less as
compared to on-spot parking by using fog nodes.
Paper name: Smart Parking System With Automatic Cashier Machine Utilize the IoT Technology
[ampuni2019]

What this paper is about:

 With this IoT technology, the operation of the system will be easier because the database
will be processed in the cloud computing and also all the related devices are connected to
internet which for each device allows to send status via internet.

 Related to the discussion, this proposed system is only discussed for cars parking. This is
because of the consideration that searching and allocation for the car parking spot is more
complex than other vehicles.

 In addition to this, system is also equipped with features that support car users to get
parking spots such as parking reservations, spot parking monitoring, and automatic car
parking allocation.

What you can learn:

 So, the application must be installed in related devices.

 For smart car receiver and automatic cashier machine are also categorized as smart devices
in this system.

 The application on those machines is only for client-side transaction, for the core transaction
such as payment, transaction verification, data validation, and more will be processed on
Cloud Virtual Machine Web Server.
Paper name: Machine Vision Smart Parking Using Internet of Things (IoTs) In A Smart University
[sieck2020-Advanced Paper]

 The system begins with cameras overlooking parking lots to identify open parking spaces in
college campus and mark them as available for drivers.

 This information is fed into a MySQL database, which the app developed draws data from
using a PHP API

 App was developed using Swift 5.0 to accomplish the objective that the app be deployable
on an iOS platform. Swift’s MapKit Application Programming Interface (API) was used to
display the Apple Maps map

 The system operates in real time to provide drivers with the most accurate information
possible.

 App uses maps to show parking availability and all the parking lots on campus are marked
with large coloured annotations for easy visual access.

 To see how well the Haar Cascade classifier performed, they mounted the Logitech webcam
on top of one of our parking garages at CNU.

 They executed a program that ran the classifier on some images of Luter lot and the
classifier was struggling to detect cars in a skewed position.

 To obtain better results from the classifier, they chose another spot that overlooked cars
that were perpendicular to them.

 They would like to implement a hands-free way to use the app as it is that user will be
accessing the app while driving.

 Another feature that would be beneficial to implement would be parking spot reservation.

 It would only function if the user is physically within a mile of the campus, and the app
would allow the user to reserve a parking space in an open parking space. This feature would
only be implemented as the app gains popularity among faculty, staff, and students, as those
without the app cannot see reserved parking spaces and thus might park in one, not
knowing it is reserved.
Paper name: Smart parking in IoT-enabled cities: A survey [10.1016@j.scs.2019.101608]
 This survey aims to offer an insight into new parking paradigms in ITS. We look at different
aspects of the smart parking system (SPS).
 There have been similar attempts and surveys in the literature on smart parking solutions
with their own merits and limitations.
 Authors presented some of the vehicular detection sensors with examples from the
literature
 It fails to demonstrate other aspects of the smart parking system (SPS) such as the utilized
communication protocols and/or software systems.
 They did not consider the emerging trends in low power wide area network (LPWAN)
communication protocols and mostly relied on sensors and RFID systems while conducting
their research.
 This survey referred to reasonable aspects of the smart parking system such as information
collection, dissemination, and deployment
 It relies on outdated references and lacks the discussion of new enabling technologies
related to drones and other emerging sensors in the field.
 Smart parking systems are categorized into various categories in which each of them has a
different purpose and use different technologies in detecting vehicles.
 The sensing layer, which is the backbone of the smart parking system, and it is responsible
for detecting the presence and/or absence of a vehicle in an area using different sensing
technologies.
 These technologies are mostly comprised of receivers, transmitters, and anchors.
 These multi-layered parking systems can be categorized into the following three types.
o Centralized-assisted smart parking systems.
o Parking guidance and information system (PGIS) PGIS, or also known as Advanced
Public Transport System (APTS).
o Centralized assisted parking search (CAPS) In this example, the First Come First.

[………………………Too much info is in paper you can refer if the above info is not that
good…………………………….]
Paper name: Smart Vehicle Parking System Using IoT [10.1109@ICE348803.2020.9122980.pdf]

 The main motive of this parking system is to find, allocate the nearer parking and reserve the
parking lot to the authenticated users booked the parking slot in particular place and give
him all instructions about navigation to reach the parking area easily.

 There are a lot of work have been done on parking management system in some countries.

 Book the slot manually and get their unique QR Code when you park your car at parking lot.

 Smart Vehicle Parking using IoT has been implemented in this paper.

 The objective of this paper is to provide best solution to users to minimize the time spent in
searching of parking lot, saving fuel consumption and help in reducing the traffic congestion
and pollution.

 For making better security aspects we can also upgrade security feature by adding face
recognition system etc.
Paper name: RFID based Smart Automatic Vehicle Management System for Healthcare
Applications [10.1109@ICECA.2019.8821986.pdf]

What this paper is about:

 Radio Frequency Identification consists of three components as RFID tag, RIFD reader.

 The information of child is send to their respective parents.

 The person who does not have this particular tag has to make an entry in the main gate,

thereby.

What you can learn:

 As the vehicle enters into the campus, the registered number of the vehicle will be scanned
using RFID and this will be automatically sent to management.
 At the same time, parents as well as the school management will be automatically notified
by receiving the SMS from the system that provide information about their children entry
/exit from the school bus, as shown in.
 Vehicle health monitoring is also done by identifying the overheating in vehicle through
temperature sensor and the smoke problem through the use of gas sensor and immediate
necessary actions will be taken by the driver or the management to ensure proper
functioning of the vehicle.
 The proposed work primarily focuses on real-time automated smart vehicle management
system, which acts as an efficient tracking system that is dedicated to monitor the safety and
security of children travelling in school buses, using Smart Eye Counting approach.
 At the same time, parents as well as the school management will be automatically notified
by receiving the SMS from the system that provide information about their children
entry/exit from the school bus.
 Thus, this work overcomes the limitations of existing system in an efficient manner, by smart
monitoring and tracking for ensuring both safety measures for the children as well as for the
vehicle.
Paper name: An IoT-Based Intelligent System for Real-Time Parking Monitoring and Automatic
Billing [10.1109@ICIoT48696.2020.9089589.pdf]

 To extend the battery lifetime and increase the vehicle detection accuracy, a parking sensor

system has been proposed.

 While power management technique has been implemented to optimize energy

consumption, high occupancy monitoring accuracy is achieved using two-fold sensing

approach.

 The database processes the received data and changes the status of the parking space with

its ID from unpaid to paid. These data are used as information on the occupation of a

parking space.

 Accordingly, the accelerometer interrupt allows the VTD to broadcast the vehicle ID and

position after occupying a parking lot or leaving it allowing the processing unit to compute

the start time and the stop time as shown in.

 It allows real time parking monitoring along with parking payment without requiring any

user/driver interaction.
Paper name: Smart Parking with Computer Vision and IoT Technology Billing
[10.1109@TSP49548.2020.9163467.pdf]

What this paper is about:

 The number of people using vehicles to travel is considerably rising and thus as time passes
by, people will take a longer time to find a parking spot for their cars. This results in
additional problems like people parking their vehicles in another person's reserved parking
spot.
 In the proposed system the video feed from the CCTV cameras is processed, updating the
cloud database in real-time.
 Similarly, the IoT devices at the parking spots use a proximity sensor to recognize if a car is
present in the parking spot or not.

What you can learn:

 If there is no red dot inside the rectangular box then the server updates the "camera" flag in
the cloud database as. This part shows the prototype of the working system based on the
idea proposed in this paper.
 You can click on any parking lot to see the details that which parking slots is available and
which is not available.
 The IoT device will work in real-time and the status of the parking spot would be updated in
the cloud database constantly.
 The smart parking system confirms if actually there is a car at the parking lot by using IoT
devices and the CCTV camera.
 The reason for using two different hardware to cover every parking spot is to make sure that
there is no inaccuracy when it comes to detecting a car.
 The android application shows live data of the status of each parking spot so that the user
can pick whichever free parking spot he/she wants to park the car.
Paper name: IoT based Smart Parking System [agarwal2021.pdf]

 Any number of nodes can be added or removed from the network; data can also be fetched,
analyzed, and monitored in real-time, reducing human intervention and efforts.

 Though this project finds its application at the multi-story parking lot, where it is challenging
to locate vacant parking space, this technology can save an enormous amount of time,
inconvenience, and pollution that is generated while searching for parking space.

 This paper showcases a Smart Parking System using the Internet of Things on RFID module
and cloud server/mobile application. The project is broadly divided into two parts, such as
mobile application for pre-booking and payment system and another the deployment of IoT
module at entry and exit where security check is done through RFID tags.

 parking lots are tagged on the mobile app, real-time availability of parking slots can be
checked online to save time and resources of manually travel and look for the same.
Paper name: Park King: An IoT-based Smart Parking System [ajchariyavanich2019.pdf]

 How might we allow users to make reservation for a parking spot before arriving at a parking
building?

 Another smart parking system is discussed in that relies on a mobile application for reserving
the parking spot.

 team targets to develop and prototype the IoT-based smart parking system for parking spot
reservation at a university campus.

 The team performed unit testing, integration testing, user interface testing, as well as user
and use case testing.

 The team also checked to see if the system could prevent a user from obtaining a QR code
before reserving the parking spot.

 In this case, the user was redirected to the reservation page if the user did not make a
reservation.

 It comprises a web based application that works seamlessly with a set of IoT sensors and
controllers to allow users to check for parking spot availability, make a reservation for a
parking spot in advance, and make an online payment.

 Software quality assurance tests were conducted to test the seamless integration of both
the Park King hardware prototype and its web-based application.

 controllers to allow users to check for parking spot availability, make a reservation for

a parking spot in advance, and make an online payment .

 The sensor module was deployed at a real-world parking lot to identify any implementation
problem.

 Park King has been developed as a generic parking application so that it can be implemented
at any university campus, transforming and networking a traditional parking system into a
smart system by integrating IoT technologies.
Paper name: Web-based framework for smart parking system [alharbi2021.pdf]

 Moreover, 34% would resort to parking in illegal places, exposing themselves to violations
and causing more complications and traffic problems.

 This research seeks to contribute to reducing traffic congestion in major centers during peak
times. This is achieved by presenting the idea of a smart parking system, based on automatic
detection of the vehicle number plate, and providing a supporting web system in order to
enable drivers to book in advance from anywhere and at any time before arriving at the
intended parking location, eliminating the need for drivers to search for a carpark for a long
time or being forced to park illegally.

 To prove the effectiveness and capability of implementing the proposed SPS, they have
developed the required software to support it.

 implemented the OCR algorithm to read vehicle number plates through MATLAB for the
proposed smart parking, converted this code after testing it to the DLL library to allow it to
be used by a.Net Framework like Microsoft Visual Studio

 First the system will read the car’s plate as RGB, it will convert it to Gray, and to Binary (Black
and White).

 The crop process would be executed to the remaining characters and numbers, any noise
like lines would be removed.

 Afterwards, morphology filters would be applied to fill the holes in each residual object, each
of which would be separated and resized to match the templates.

 A template’s objects would undergo comparison to find those which are quite similar to
each other to complete the identification process to find the car’s plate number and match
the same in the parking database
Paper name: Smart Parking—A Wireless Sensor Networks Application Using IoT
[balhwan2018.pdf]

 The data sensed by the sensors and processed by the RPi is uploaded on the cloud
from where the user can determine the availability of the parking space using an Android
app.

 One of the nodes is made as the master node and the rest acts as slave nodes and send their
data to the master node. The slave nodes communicate to the master RPi using inbuilt Wi-Fi

 Various QoS parameters are observed and calculated when packets are transmitted from

slave nodes and received at the master node in an ethernet connected heterogeneous
network.

 developed a wireless sensor node, i.e., a smart parking system using IoT, employing two
sensors and a Raspberry Pi for detection of parking slot availability.

 The data sensed by the sensors and processed by the RPi is uploaded on the cloud from
where the user can determine the availability of the parking space using an Android app.

 When the developed prototype will be on, it gives the measured distance in case of
ultrasonic sensor in cm and the presence/absence of an object in case of IR sensor.

 The measured data from the sensors is sent to ThingSpeak (Fig. 13) from the Raspberry Pi
using the Wi-Fi communication module.

 The data is displayed graphically for the two fields corresponding to the data sensed by the
two sensors (Fig. 14).

 An heterogeneous WSN is made by connecting together different WSNs like smart parking
system, LPG and fire detection system, intrusion detection system, and so on.
Paper name: IoT in Vehicle Presence Detection of Smart Parking System[chu2020.pdf]

 IoT smart parking system is composed of three layers: sense layer, communication layer, and
application layer. (Fig.3.) The data center in the application layer uses a cloud-based device
to collect, compute, and store the information from different car parking locations.

 The data center in the application layer uses a cloud-based device to collect, compute, and
store the information from different car parking locations.

 A wireless magnetometer sensor is small and self-contained, making it easier to maintain

and commission quicker compared with the inductive sensors powered by electricity.

 The installation of this kind of sensor only requires a three-inch diameter drill hole,
indicating that it only takes a short time and leads to low cost.

 A wireless ultrasonic sensor is restricted to install overhead and uses the sound wave to
detect the vehicles.

 This sensor can sense any vehicles regardless of the size, shape, or parking angle.

 A wireless magnetometer sensor measures the change of the magnetic field to detect the
vehicle the sensing range depends on the size of the target object.

 For city street parking lots management, it is more suitable to install a wireless
magnetometer sensor due to street parking may include both indoor or outdoor spaces
which require flexibility on installation location.

 Installing wireless magnetometer sensors only require a small inch drill hole which can be
done quickly making it an ideal choice for large scale city implementation.
Paper name: UParking: Developing a Smart Parking Management System Using the Internet of
Things [farooqi2019.pdf]

 The devices used are an Android smartphone, ANPR Camera, TCRT5000 sensor, servo motor,
and an ESP8266/NodeMCU microchip.
 The system is supported by interrelated IoT devices such as ANPR Camera and the TCRT5000
sensor to provide automated control technology with minimal human intervention.
 It will control access to parking and continuously monitor the location of the cars and
parking lot.
 It allows the administrator to manage parking, booking and users
 It generates statistics and facilitates viewing of records and exporting them as PDF files.
 Connecting with Arduino The UParking system provides a monitoring service that shows the
state of each slot in the parking lot by using TCRT5000 sensors, an Arduino mega board and
Nodemcu chip.
 Both the Arduino mega board and Nodemcu are programmed separately and run
sequentially.
 The tested functions involved the detailed processes of signing in, generating statistics, and
controlling the parking, users and reservations.
Paper name: An IoT based Smart Outdoor Parking System [gokulkrishna2021.pdf]

 IoT module in which the load sensor senses the presence of vehicles and the indication to
the vehicle owners is shown by the LED in the module.
 The load cell is designed in such a manner that when force is applied to it, The NodeMCU
sends the data to the database to record the time at which the vehicle is parked, Load cell
acts as a transducer that converts a load or force on it into electronic signals by varying its
resistance.
 As long as the load is applied to the proper spot on the cell, it provides accurate weight
information.
 Timestamps of the parking IN and OUT are registered following the activation of the load
cell.
 The database contains all the details along with the slot number.
 It can be powered using a USB (Universal Serial Bus ).
 This paper confers an ultra-modern framework for outdoor parking using the IoT. 
convenient to detect the vacancy of parking spots and provides high security and favourable
parking of vehicles.
Paper name: A Smart, Efficient, and Reliable Parking Surveillance System With Edge Artificial
Intelligence on IoT Devices [ke2020.pdf]

 […………………………………………………………………………………………..]
Paper name: Intelligent Vehicle Parking System (IVPS) Using Wireless Sensor Networks
[kumar2021.pdf]

 To implement an efficient and reliable Intelligent Vehicle Parking System (IVPS), many
phases are followed.
 While in open air condition, the sensor is mounted in the floor of the stopping
space.Mounting sensors in outdoor becomes more popular due to the fact of its
environment independent location
 With this setup of first phase, the presence or absence of vehicle at a single parking slot is
monitored.
 The third phase is integrating a smart mobile android application to the FTP server by which
the data stored in the FTP server is fetched and indications about the available parking slot is
send to the users at anytime and at anywhere
 This Intelligent Vehicle Parking System (IVPS) is designed in the way to sustain all the
environmental conditions.
 The proposed Intelligent Vehicle Parking System (IVPS) involves a base station, switches,
sensor hubs, and a remote server.
 Sensor hubs are set near to the roadside and each sensor hub is mounted within, focus floor
of a parking space.
 Each sensor hub distinguishes intermittently the world’s attractive field.
 Right when a sensor hub distinguishes a vehicle entering or leaving, at that point it transmits
a message to the switch.
 The switch propels the got message to a base station which is set some distant from the
sensor hubs.
 In most of the present work around 2.4 GHz exchange speed is utilized for the data
transmission.
 ZigBee is used as remote correspondence stack. Sensor hub involves HMC5883L attractive
sensor.
 While passing on the sensor hubs in the muddled reasonable ecological condition there
emerge a few issues.
 This issue is handled by protecting a sensor hub with a fantastic PVC-steel material which
limits the squash safe issue for the stopping vehicles.
 Another issue is to guarantee against the overrunning water through our hub shell in
dreadful atmospheres.
 This is averted by setting the sensor hub with waterproof paste.
 In the test field setup, we put the sensor node in the center the parking spot. HMC5883L is a
3-axis magnetic sensor.
 HMC5883L has temperature float, and the technique for temperature pay alludes to its
datasheet
 It is the three-axis magnetic direction of a vehicle stopping process.
 Entering Stage Initially, the parking slot is set vacant and the directions x, y, z are the
environment’s magnetic fields.
 Parking Stage Once the vehicle is parked, the vehicle produces stable disturbance on the
environment’s magnetic field
 This represents the vacant parking slot is occupied.
 For the above mentioned actions such as entering, parking and leaving, the directional axis
and amplitude of the magnetic field are not much important; rather the important key factor
to be considered is the significant shift in the magnetic field.
Paper name: Traffic Signal Automation Through IoT by Sensing and Detecting Traffic Intensity
Through IR Sensors [parekh2018.pdf]

 The system uses IR sensors for detection of the traffic.

 If density is higher than any other lanes, that lane gets higher priority and longer
time duration for clearing out of traffic.
 Infrared sensors are mounted in the dividers in order to detect the vehicles.
Equipped with Bluetooth and GPS to identify vehicles.
 The mechanical stress can be applied on the piezoelectric elements in the form of
vehicles moving on the road; Energy produced by the piezoelectric cells is converted
into 1⁄2CV2 and used to power the traffic light system.
 In case of priority vehicles like ambulance that particular road can be given higher
priority using this application.
 Components used for a working model are—Arduino mega, IR sensor (Fig. 6),
Bluetooth Module HC 05 (Fig. 7), 16 × 2 LCD display (Fig. 8).
 A 16 × 2 LCD can display 16 characters per line and 2 rows of that.
 It is an easy to use Serial Port Protocol module
 It accepts the data and sends it through the TX pin which is connected to RX pin of
Arduino [10].
 B Connecting LCD display and Bluetooth chip with Arduino.
 10 80 50 30 90 45 Density and length of the traffic Fig. 10 Duration of time interval in
current versus proposed system (3) 15 IR sensors, (4) 6 LEDs.
 Possibility of erroneous results; What if traffic is too long that Bluetooth of vehicle
cannot connect; Equipped with GPS so, why need IR sensors and Bluetooth to sense
or identify the traffic or vehicle you can do it using GPS itself.
 Possibility of erroneous results; In case of same light code uses by another vehicle
system may detect it as priority vehicle and change its signal sequence.
Paper name: IOT Based Smart Vehicle Parking System Using RFID [thakre2021.pdf]

 ESP12 Node MCU board is acting as a brain for the proposed system.
 The card reader system extracts the details stored in the card as the Vehicle enters and exits.
 The RFID vehicle is given to each registered user, which stores various details such as Vehicle
number; the vehicle belongs to, the registered contact number to communicate, and the
amount available in the vehicle.
 The card reader system extracts the details stored in the vehicle as to the vehicle enters and
exits.
 ESP12 Node MCU has an inbuilt IOT module that can use the internet to interface with the
website.
 The microcontroller Arduino Uno is having 14 digital input/output pins along with 6 analog
pins.
 Allocate and update the server from the total slot will decrease by one.
 Slot Allocate having all the necessary information about the owner of the vehicle.
 The proposed system will check whether any free space is available in the parking slot.
 All the necessary information will be updated and it is made available on the website so that
other vehicles owner is benefitted.
 B. Flow Chart For vehicle Allocation During dislocation of the vehicle, the user scans the RFID
vehicle while exiting from the parking slot IR sensor detects the particular vehicle.
 The count is updated and incremented by 1.
 How much time the vehicle is a park and according to their time amount will be detected.
 Total available slot will increment by one Depend upon time amount will be deducted
 Exit from the parking slot:
 When vehicles want to exit parking the system checks all the steps required to update the
count.
 Using the IP address that is been generated by the Node MCU will be entered on the address
bar of the browser then the user can access the available parking slot at that particular
location will be displayed on the website. For each parking zone, there will be a unique IP
address which when entered user can access the website to check the availability.